Presentation on the topic of the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian Orthodox Church. Plan for learning new material

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Church and state in the XV - early XVI centuries.

1. Changes in the position of the Russian Orthodox Church In 1448 - the Council of the Russian Orthodox clergy elected Bishop Jonah as metropolitan. In 1453 - the Russian Orthodox Church becomes independent.

2. Monasteries of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Solovetsky Monastery Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery Nikitsky Monastery

3. Heresies Strigolniki opposed: priests taking payment for ordination, Church hierarchy, Doubted the correctness of the sacred sacraments. The Judaizers did not recognize the dogma of the trinity of God, they denied the sacredness of icons, they denied the church hierarchy, they criticized the monks, believing that they did not lead a worthy lifestyle.

4. Josephites and non-covetous people 1st row – Non-covetous people (p. 188, paragraph No. 2) 2nd row – Josephites (p. 188, paragraph No. 3). 3rd row – grand-ducal power (pp. 188 – 189, paragraph No. 4) Task: 1, 2nd row: identify the essence of the main ideas, main ideologists, 3rd row: identify the attitude of the grand-ducal power to the church dispute

Non-covetous Josephites Nil Sorsky Joseph Vlotsky Liquidation of monastic land ownership. Independence from civil power Protected monastic possessions. The primacy of royal power

5. Formation of the ideology of autocracy The theory “Moscow is the third Rome” in the history of Christianity there were three great centers: Rome Constantinople Moscow - the third Rome

Homework § 22, repeat vocabulary words

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Lesson topic: “Church and state in the 15th – early 16th centuries.”

Objectives: To provide an understanding of the relationship between church and state. To familiarize students with the characteristic features of monastic life. Talk about religious disputes. Identify the reasons for the emergence of the theory...

Lesson summary on the history of the Middle Ages: "Church and state in the 11th -13th centuries"

Topic: “Church and State in the 11th - 13th centuries” is studied in the 6th grade. Using a variety of forms of student work in the lesson, it is possible to ensure that even the most passive students become interested...

Lesson plan: I Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 15th century. II Church during the period of state centralization: (The “Moscow-Third Rome” theory.) III Anti-Church movements: 1.Strigolniki, Judaizers and anti-Trinitarians. 2. Non-covetous people and Josephites (covetous people). IV Internal structure and state of the Church in the 15th century.

Concepts of the lecture: Heresy (in the translation - a chosen way of thinking) is a religious trend that deviates from official church doctrine and causes condemnation, excommunication and repression from the Church and secular authorities. Asceticism is an extreme degree of abstinence, renunciation of the blessings of life. The Creed is a brief statement of the tenets of Christianity that every believer should know. Hesychasts are adherents of the mystical doctrine of hesychia - inner peace, detachment as a way of spiritual ascent to God. Autocephaly (literally) – independence. ROC – Russian Orthodox Church. Trade execution is a type of criminal punishment that consisted of public whipping in the marketplace and other public places. Charity is the provision of material assistance to the poor out of mercy.

I Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 15th century: 1. The Church under the Mongol yoke. A. V. Kartashev: “The catastrophe of the Mongol yoke defined the boundary between the Kyiv and Moscow periods of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church” - the Russian Orthodox Church receives legal and economic benefits from the Golden Horde - the lands and lands of the Church, church property were recognized as inviolable. 1229 (1309) – Kiev Metropolitan Maxim moves his residence to Vladimir-on-Klyazma. 1328 (1326) – transfer of the department of Kyiv metropolitans from Vladimir to Moscow.

II Church during the period of centralization of the state: 1448 - Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, election of Jonah as metropolitan - division of the Russian Orthodox Church into metropolitanates: Kyiv and Moscow - official proclamation of autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Strigolnichestvo The founder is (according to legend) the artisan Karp. Distribution since the middle of the 14th century. Centers: Moscow, Pskov, Novgorod... The teaching of the Strigolniks practically freed a person from the obligation of official, legalized rituals, turning his religious views into a private, personal matter for everyone. The ideal was the church of apostolic times. They stood for the dignity of man, his right to be a teacher of faith in life, regardless of belonging to the clergy... They did not recognize the essence of confession. They rejected the dogma of the “afterlife.” In general, this movement is characterized as urban, expressing the interests of the people.

Judaizers: Formation of the movement at the end of the 15th century. The founder is the Kyiv Jew Skhariya. The teaching came to Novgorod from Lithuania. Based on criticism of eschatological ideas and practices of the Novgorod church. “The heretics were strict monotheists and rejected all objects of worship that at least indirectly reminded of polytheism - icons, relics, crosses” N.M. Nikolsky.

14 Money-grubbers (Josephites) Ideologist Igumen of the Volokolamsk Monastery Joseph(). The teaching presupposed strict social life, no property, compulsory labor and refusal of the most necessary things in everyday life. At the same time, he was convinced that monasteries should serve as centers of education, charity, spiritual and moral influence in society.

Slide 1

During the Second World War

Russian Orthodox Church

Slide 2

1) On the eve of the war 2) The policy of the German invaders 3) Patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church 4) “Metropolitan Sergius”

Slide 3

On the eve of the war

The Soviet state, with the firm hand of Stalin, pursued a course towards building a non-religious society. Existing religious communities and clergy were persecuted. First of all, this applied to the largest of all denominations that existed in the USSR - the Russian Orthodox Church.

Slide 4

In 1937 - 1941, another large-scale wave of closures of prayer buildings and repressions against priests swept across the country. At the end of the 1930s, trials of leaders of religious associations were a common feature of “public” life.

Slide 5

In 1937 alone, more than 8 thousand Orthodox churches were closed, 70 dioceses and vicancies were liquidated, almost 60 bishops were shot, tens of thousands of Orthodox clergy and clergy, as well as lay believers, were tortured.

Execution of clergy

Slide 6

At the same time, Soviet legislation declared the equality of all citizens, including “clergy.” Adopted on December 5, 1936, the USSR Constitution proclaimed “freedom of religious worship and freedom of anti-religious propaganda” for all citizens of the USSR. At the same time, propagandists enjoyed state support, and believers were persecuted for even one mention of God...

Slide 7

In April 1938, when it seemed that the Russian Orthodox Church was destroyed, it was dissolved. After this, the only state structure dealing with religious issues was the “church department” of the NKVD.

Tuchkov Evgeniy - head of the 6th secret department of the OGPU/NKVD.

Slide 8

Policy of the German invaders

Slide 9

The basis of any fascist policy was the fight against dissent. The investigation of the activities of all forces hostile to Nazism, including among religious associations, was carried out by the secret police (Gestapo).

Slide 10

Fragmentation (“atomization”) of traditional religious structures; total control over all manifestations of religious life. In Germany itself, strict restrictions were introduced on the activities of almost all religious organizations, many thousands of religious leaders and believers were tortured.

The main objectives of the anti-religious policy of the Third Reich were:

Slide 12

Hitler was closely involved in the problems of control over religious life and considered such control to be very important in the matter of “managing conquered peoples.” In April 1942, among those close to him, he outlined his vision of anti-religious policy:

Slide 13

“It would be in our interests to have a situation in which each village would have its own sect, where they would develop their own special ideas about God. Even if in this case shamanic cults, like Negro or American-Indian cults, arose in individual villages, we could only welcome this, because this would only increase the number of factors crushing Russian space into small units.”

Slide 14

In the occupied Soviet territory, the Nazi media persistently discussed the topic of persecution of religion and believers by the Bolsheviks, emphasizing that the German authorities provided complete religious freedom.

Slide 15

Unauthorized anti-religious events were prohibited during the war with the USSR by a special order from Hitler in July 1941. A spontaneous revival of religious life began in the occupied territory. This was manifested in the widespread opening of churches and houses of worship.

Slide 16

The RSHA reports emphasized that “among the part of the population of the former Soviet Union liberated from the Bolshevik yoke, there is a strong desire to return to the rule of the church or churches.”

Slide 17

In mid-1943, there were 6,500 Orthodox churches operating in the occupied territories, which was almost twice the number of churches in the rest of the USSR (3,329).

Slide 18

With the permission of the Reichskommissariat Ostland (East), which controlled the occupied territory of the Baltic states and Belarus, the Patriarchal Exarch of Latvia and Estonia, Metropolitan. Sergius (Voskresensky) in August 1941 organized the “Pskov Mission” (“Orthodox Mission in the Liberated Regions of Russia”), which was engaged in active charitable, educational, and publishing activities in the southwestern regions of the Leningrad, part of the Kalinin, Novgorod and Pskov regions occupied by the Germans. Go to the article “Metropolitan Sergius”

Slide 19

Collective photo of the "Orthodox Mission" in Pskov

Slide 20

In Ukraine, with the support of nationalists, the suffragan bishop of Vladimir-Volyn. Polycarp (Sikorsky) and Archbishop. Alexander (Inozemtsev) uncanonically established the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.

Slide 21

Council of Bishops of the UAOC in Pinsk (1942). At this (first) Council of the UAOC, sitting from left to right: Archbishop Alexander Inozemtsev and Archbishop Polycarp Sikorsky, a later metropolitan of the UAOC. Standing from left to right: Archbishop. Nikanor Abramovich (executive Chigirinsky and Archbishop of Kiev), ext. Yuri from Berest of Lithuania and Archbishop. Igor Guba (Archbishop of Uman).

Slide 22

After the occupation of Estonia in the summer of 1941, Metropolitan of Tallinn. Alexander (Paulus) announced the separation of Estonian parishes from the Russian Orthodox Church. In October 1941, at the insistence of the German General Commissioner of Belarus, the Belarusian Church was created.

Metropolitan of Tallinn Alexander (Paulus)

Slide 23

The religious factor was taken into account when planning domestic policy in areas where Islam traditionally spread, primarily in the Crimea and the Caucasus. German propaganda declared respect for the values ​​of Islam, presented the occupation as the liberation of peoples from the “Bolshevik godless yoke,” and guaranteed the creation of conditions for the revival of Islam.

Slide 24

In fact, nothing was sacred to the invaders. This is evidenced by the history of the desecration of temples and monasteries. According to far from complete data from the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, 1,670 Orthodox churches, 69 chapels, 237 churches, 532 synagogues, 4 mosques, and 254 other prayer buildings were completely destroyed, looted or desecrated in the occupied territory.

Slide 26

Patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church

Slide 27

Since the fall of 1941, arrests of the clergy practically ceased, dozens of clergymen began to be released from prison. In a number of places, religious organizations were allowed to raise funds for the front; distribution of patriotic appeals; public prayer for victory; prayer buildings were opened, although without legal registration.

Slide 28

During the period of evacuation, Metropolitan remained in Moscow on behalf of the Patriarchal Locum Tenens. Nikolai. During the battle for Moscow, he often went to the front line, performed services in churches in Moscow and Moscow region, and delivered sermons, calling on Muscovites not to panic and to steadfastly defend the capital.

Metropolitan Nikolay

Slide 29

A true example of courage is the behavior of Orthodox Christians. clergy and laity during the 900-day siege of Leningrad. 1) Being in a besieged city, Metropolitan of Leningrad. Alexy (Simansky) - later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' - served the liturgy in St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral and other churches, performed funeral services for the victims of the siege, and addressed patriotic appeals to the clergy and believers of the diocese.

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Slide 30

2) His example was followed by the Leningrad clergy, who did not stop pastoral care for the believers and provided all possible assistance with medicines and firewood from parish reserves.

Slide 31

Divine service in the St. Nicholas Cathedral during the siege

Slide 32

In the very first year of the war, collections of money for the Defense Fund began to be organized in Orthodox churches. In 1942-1944, there was a widespread movement to raise funds for the construction of tank columns. December 30, 1942 Metropolitan. Sergius called on believers to donate funds for the construction of a tank column named after. Dimitry Donskoy.

Slide 33

At the tank plant in Chelyabinsk, 40 tanks were built, which Met. Nicholas handed it over to the Red Army on March 7, 1944. Tanks from the column named after. Dmitry Donskoy participated in the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, and as part of the 516th regiment reached Berlin. Church-wide fundraising continued for the air squadron named after. Alexander Nevsky

Slide 34

Tank column named after Dmitry Donskoy

Slide 35

Orthodox believers took an active part in the construction of tanks and aircraft on the initiative of the regional population, for example, the clergy and believers of Novosibirsk donated 110 thousand rubles for the construction of the Siberian squadron “For the Motherland.”

Slide 36

Late in the evening of September 4, 1943, Metropolitans Sergius, Alexy (Simansky) and Nikolai (Yarushevich) arrived in the Kremlin to meet with Stalin. During the two-hour conversation, Stalin expressed approval of the patriotic activities of the Church and emphasized that She “can count on the full support of the government in all matters related to Its organizational strengthening and development within the USSR.”

Alexy (Simansky) and Nikolay (Yarushevich)

Slide 37

On September 8, 1943, the historic Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church took place, at which Metropolitan was unanimously elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. Sergius.

Slide 38

As the Red Army advanced, facts of patriotic actions of the clergy and believers in the occupied territories became known. Many Orthodox clergy and laymen were liaisons, comrades-in-arms, and assistants to partisan detachments and underground groups. Hundreds of patriotic clergy were subjected to arrest, imprisonment, torture, were shot or burned alive. Clergymen and active believers, starting in the fall of 1943, began to be nominated for awards with state orders and medals .

Slide 39

The first big award took place in Leningrad, when a group of clergy was awarded medals “For the Defense of Leningrad.”

Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad".

Slide 40

On September 14, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church was formed. Issues of opening prayer buildings at the request of believers and legal registration of communities, primarily operating in previously occupied territory.

The number of Orthodox churches and monasteries grew in the 2nd half of the 40s: in August 1944 there were 8,809 parishes in the USSR, in July 1945 - 10,243, in January 1946 - 10,547.

Slide 41

After the death of Patriarch Sergius, according to his will, Metropolitan took over the rights of Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal Throne. Alexy (Simansky). At the last meeting of the Local Council, he was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

Slide 42

On April 10, 1945, Stalin received a delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church led by Patriarch Alexy. At the meeting, issues of patriotic activity and the internal life of the Church, its possible participation in strengthening international relations in the post-war period were discussed. Stalin highly appreciated the patriotic activities of the Russian Orthodox Church during the war years, evidence of this was the presence of Patriarch Alexy on the podium of the Lenin Mausoleum during the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945.

Slide 45

He managed to successfully resist the tactics of dismembering church and administrative units pursued by the Nazis. He not only kept the entire Exarchate intact, not allowing it to be divided into several pseudo-independent churches-dioceses, but was also able to resist local nationalist tendencies that could lead to an intra-church split.

Slide 46

He managed to defend church unity not only within the territory of the Exarchate, but also its unity with the Moscow Patriarchate. The great merit of Metropolitan Sergius was his care for Red Army prisoners of war. The Nazis imposed a categorical ban on communication between the Orthodox clergy and prisoners of war, but for some time Metropolitan Sergius achieved its abolition within the Exarchate he headed.

Slide 47

Metropolitan Sergius took charge of the occupied part of the Pskov, Novgorod and Leningrad regions, where over 200 churches were opened. In Vilnius, Metropolitan Sergius opened theological courses. The courage, flexible mind and extraordinary courage of Metropolitan Sergius allowed him to defend the interests of his flock before the occupation authorities for almost three years.

Slide 48

In Moscow, he was put on trial in absentia, “as having gone over to the side of fascism.” But in reality, Metropolitan Sergius served the Church and the Fatherland. On April 29, 1944, on a deserted section of the Vilnius-Riga highway, the car of the Patriarchal Exarch of the Baltic States, Metropolitan Sergius, was shot by machine gunners. Metropolitan Sergius and his companions died.

Otsarev Eduard Nikolaevich

History teacher, MBOU "Bratslav Secondary School"

History of Russia (17-18 centuries), E.V. Pchelov, 2012.

Level of training - basic

Topic:: Russian Orthodox Church of the 16th century.

The total number of hours allocated to study the topic is 1 hour

Lesson No. 9 Total number of hours allotted for studying the topic Total number of hours allotted for studying the topic

Topic: Russian Orthodox Church of the 16th century.

Lesson objectives.

Educational:

To trace what has changed in the position of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Reveal the reasons for the dispute between the non-possessors and the Josephites.

Reveal the essence of heresies of the 16th century.

Consider the changes that occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church with the establishment of the patriarchate.

Educational:

Work on developing oral speech;

Develop skills in working with a textbook and additional material.

Develop the ability to compare, generalize, and draw conclusions.

Educational:

To develop an interest in history;

Foster respect for the traditions and historical past of your homeland.

Contribute to the moral education of students.

Basic concepts of the lesson: heresies, strigolniki, non-acquisitors, holy fools, virigs, Patriarch.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Plan for learning new material.

1. Monasteries. Non-possessors and Josephites.

2. Heresies in the 16th century.

3. Stoglavy Cathedral.

4. Establishment of the patriarchate.

Conducting a lesson.

Checking d/z (frontal survey).

Studying a new topic.

Teacher's word:

In the 12th century, the Russian Orthodox Church remained the only force in Rus' that resisted fragmentation and princely strife. She sought to restore the spiritual and political unity of Rus' during the Mongol invasion of Rus'. She remained as a real force and consoled the people in this difficult ordeal. The Russian Church played an important role in the revival of the unity of the Russian state.

Try to formulate the topic of our lesson. (Students' answers).

Write down the topic and lesson plan.

Monasteries enjoyed particular influence in the Russian state. They protected the people from influences coming from the West, preserved Russian culture and the national identity of the people.

Formulation of the problem:

Why were some monasteries poor, while others were very rich and increased their wealth in different ways?

Read in the textbook on page ... ways to enrich monasteries and write them down in your notebook.

What methods did you write down? (Examination)

Student's message about the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery.

Student's message about Nil Sorsky.

Work in groups:

Divide students into 2 groups. One protects the interests of the Josephites, the other protects the interests of non-possessors. Assignment: write a defense speech.

Who did the power of the Grand Duke ultimately give preference to?

2. Heresies of the 16th century.

Heresies (from the Greek word "heresis") are deviations from the official doctrine of the church.

In Rus', the first heresies appeared in large cities connected with Europe by trade ties. These were Pskov and Novgorod. Heretics opposed the official dogma and accused monks and clergy of greed and the accumulation of land and wealth. Such people could not teach people faith. Heretics believed that a person, without the help of the church, could communicate with God on his own.

What danger did heresies pose?

3. Stoglavy Cathedral.

Independent work.

On page ... we read the item “Stoglavy Cathedral”.

Problem: What role did the cathedral play in the later life of Rus'?

Student answers. (1. The Church brought order and harmony into its life. 2. Supported the state. 3. Opposed violence and tyranny.)

4. Establishment of the patriarchate.

The Russian Church became independent in 1589. The head of the church began to be called the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. Moscow Metropolitan Job was the first to be elected to this rank. In terms of its position, the rank of patriarch is higher than the rank of metropolitan. Now the Patriarch of Constantinople was not the head of the Russian Church. This means that it becomes independent (autocephalous). The Russian Church became equal in rights with other churches - Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria and others.

The state in Rus' was now headed not by the Grand Duke, but by the Tsar.

Reflection:

- I remembered in class...

I liked the lesson...

I understood in today's lesson

Homework

Learn paragraph, questions No. 2,3 in writing.

From the history of the Russian Orthodox Church 988 - the baptism of Rus' 988 - the baptism of Rus' - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Metropolitan - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Metropolitan. –synoidal period -synoidal period led by the Holy Synod with the Chief Prosecutor Since 1917. - to the present - Patriarch Since 1917 - currently Patriarch

Questions for the class: What was the significance of the adoption of Christianity for Rus'? What was the significance of the adoption of Christianity for Rus'? Describe the role of the Orthodox Church in the history of Russia. Describe the role of the Orthodox Church in the history of Russia. What ideals and values ​​did it carry? What ideals and values ​​did she carry? What ancient Russian monasteries do you know? What ancient Russian monasteries do you know?

Ambrose of Optina Optina Pustyn ()

Filaret 1827 – catechism (instruction) is the teaching of the Orthodox faith 1. Knowledge of God 2. Faith in him 3. Living on good deeds 4. Knowledge (by experience), faith (by trust) 5. The need for faith for every person Takes part in compiling the text Manifesto of February 19, 1861 on the liberation of peasants from serfdom ()

His Holiness Innocent (Borisov) at the Vologda See ()

Working with the document “From the works of Academician D.S. Likhachev” What thoughts and feelings does this statement evoke? What thoughts and feelings does this statement evoke? What, according to the academician, is included in the concept of “Holy Rus'?” What, according to the academician, is included in the concept of “Holy Rus'?” - - Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery
Consolidating new material Which saints and companions of the 19th century have we met today? What saints and companions of the 19th century have we learned about today? What did the keepers of the Orthodox faith teach? What did the keepers of the Orthodox faith teach? Are these thoughts and beliefs consonant with our time? What do they teach us? Are these thoughts and beliefs consonant with our time? What do they teach us? John of Kronstadt Alexy II