Which language group does the Uzbek language belong to? History of the emergence and development of the Uzbek language. An excerpt characterizing the Uzbek language

, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, Turkey, China, etc.

Spread of the Uzbek language. Blue - to a greater extent, blue - to a lesser extent.

Grammatically and lexically, the closest modern relatives of literary Uzbek are officially the Uyghur and Ili-Turkic languages ​​of the Karluk (Chagatai) group. However, in fact, the Uzbek language is the result of an Oghuz-Karluk synthesis with a predominance of Oghuz phrases, which is especially noticeable when compared with Uyghur [ ] .

Modern literary Uzbek, based on the dialects of the Fergana Valley, is characterized by a lack of vowel harmony. In the 20s of the 20th century, attempts were made to artificially consolidate vowel harmony in the literary language, which was preserved only in peripheral dialects (primarily Khorezm). In phonetics, grammar and vocabulary there is a noticeable strong substrate influence of Perso-Tajik, which dominated in Uzbekistan until the 12th-13th centuries, and still has a certain distribution. There is also the influence of another Iranian language, Sogdian, which was dominant before the Islamization of Uzbekistan. Most Arabisms in the Uzbek language were borrowed through Perso-Tajik. Since the mid-19th century, the Uzbek language has been heavily influenced by the Russian language.

Story

The formation of the Uzbek language was complex and multifaceted.

Largely thanks to the efforts of Alisher Navoi, Old Uzbek became a unified and developed literary language, the norms and traditions of which were preserved until the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century. In the Uzbek literary language, a tendency has emerged to democratize its norms, as a result of which it has become simpler and more accessible.

Until the beginning of the 20th century. on the territory of the Bukhara Khanate and the Khorezm (Khiva) state, the literary languages ​​were Persian and Chagatai (Old Uzbek). Since the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the efforts of supporters of Jadidism (Fitrat, Niyazi, etc.), a modern literary language has been created based on the Fergana dialect.

The term “Uzbek” itself, when applied to the language, had different meanings at different times. Until 1921, “Uzbek” and “Sart” were considered two dialects of the same language. At the beginning of the 20th century, N.F. Sitnyakovsky wrote that the language of the Sarts of Fergana is “purely” Uzbek (Uzbek-tili). According to the Kazakh Turkologist Seraly Lapin, who lived at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, “there is no special Sart people different from the Uzbeks, and there is no special Sart language different from the Uzbek.” Others divided the Sarts and the Uzbeks.

Dialects

The modern Uzbek language has a complex dialect structure and occupies a unique place in the classification of Turkic languages. The dialects of modern spoken Uzbek are genetically heterogeneous (speakers of the Karluk, Kipchak, Oguz dialect groups participated in their formation), conditionally divided on a phonetic basis into 2 groups - “local” (dialects of the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, etc. and adjacent areas) and “ accusatory” (divided into two subgroups depending on the use of the initial consonant “y” or “j”);

There are four main dialect groups.

• Northern Uzbek dialects of southern Kazakhstan (Ikan-Karabulak, Karamurt, probably belong to the Oghuz group).
• Southern Uzbek dialects of the central and eastern parts of Uzbekistan and northern Afghanistan, as well as the dialects of most large centers of settlement of Uzbeks (Tashkent, Ferghana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara and Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the Karluk (Chagatai), or southeastern group of Turkic languages ; on this basis, it is customary to include the Uzbek language as a whole, together with Uyghur. The Fergana and Turkestan-Chimkent dialects are closest to the literary norm. The pronunciation standard is assigned to the Fergana-Tashkent group of dialects (after 1937).

The main feature of these dialects is that they are more or less Iranianized. The long-lasting influence of Iranian dialects (mainly the Tajik language) is strongly noticeable here not only at the lexical, but also at the phonetic levels.

• The Oguz group includes the Khorezm dialect, which is close to the Turkmen language, and other dialects of the south- and north-west of Uzbekistan (as well as two dialects in Kazakhstan) under the general name Oguz dialect. In the classification of A. N. Samoilovich, these dialects are described as Khiva-Uzbek and Khiva-Sartov dialects and are separated into an independent group called Kipchak-Turkmen.
• Kipchak dialects, relatively close to the Kazakh language, are widespread throughout the country, as well as in other Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan. This also includes the Surkhandarya dialect. Historically, these dialects were formed among the nomadic Uzbeks, who by origin were related to the Kazakhs, but were not subjects of the Kazakh Khanate.

Grammar

Unlike most other Turkic languages, Uzbek morphology is characterized by monovariance of affixes (as a result of the absence of synharmonicity).

It does not have a grammatical category of gender: there is no agreement in gender, case and number of the definition and the defined. It is mandatory to agree between the subject and the predicate in person, but not necessarily in number.

There are 6 cases in Uzbek:

• main - zero indicator;
• genitive (attributive) - exponent -ning; draws up the adopted definition;
• dative (directive) - indicator -ga; expresses the direction of action on an object; basically forms an indirect addition;
• accusative - indicator -ni; acts as a direct object;
• local - indicator -da; expresses the place or time of the action, the name acts as a circumstance;
• initial - indicator -dan; basically expresses the object along which (through which, past which, through which) the action is performed.

A noun has a category of belonging (izafet), the forms of which are formed using affixes of belonging, denoting the person of the owner: kitob"book", kitobim"my book", kitobing"your book", kitobi“his (her) book”; uka"Brother", ukam"my brother", ukang"your brother", ukasi his (her) brother; oʻzbek " Uzbek", til"language" - oʻzbek tili"Uzbek language".

Phonetics

Main phonological features: lack of vowel harmony (synharmonism) and okanye.

The law of vowel harmony, characteristic of most Turkic languages, is that a word can contain either only front vowels or only back vowels. In modern Uzbek, common Turkic vowels o And ö correspond to one sound “o”, in spelling - ў (Cyrillic) or oʻ(Latin); u And ü - like Russian "y"; ı And i- like Russian "And". Remnants of vocal synharmonism are preserved only in the Kypchak dialects. “Okanye” consists in the transition in a number of cases of the common Turkic a in or "o", at the same time common Turkic ä more often [

Invention of the concept of “Uzbeks”
Before the national-state demarcation of Soviet Central Asia, such a people as the Uzbeks did not exist. The settled population that lived in this territory was called the collective term “sart,” which in Persian means “trader.” The word “sart” was found in Plano Carpini in the 13th century. However, the concept of “sart” was not so much ethnic as it reflected the economic and cultural type of the settled population of Central Asia. The Sarts called themselves by the name of the area where they lived: Tashkent, Kokand, Khivan, Bukharan, Samarkand...

In addition to the Sarts, the territory of the future Uzbekistan was inhabited by numerous nomadic Turkic tribes, such as Ming, Yuz, Kyrk, Jalair, Sarai, Kongurat, Alchin, Argun, Naiman, Kipchak, Kalmak, Chakmak, Kyrgyz, Kyrlyk, Turk, Turkmen, Bayaut, Burlan, Shymyrchik, kabasha, nujin, kilechi, kilekesh, buryat, ubryat, kyyat, hytay, kangly, uryuz, dzhunalahi, kuji, kuchi, utarchi, puladchi, dzhyyit, juyut, dzhuldzhut, turmaut, uymaut, arlat, kereit, ongut, tangut, Mangut, Jalaut, Mamasit, Merkit, Burkut, Kiyat, Kuralash, Oglen, Kara, Arab, Ilachi, Juburgan, Kyshlyk, Girey, Datura, Tabyn, Tama, Ramadan, Uyshun, Badai, Hafiz, Uyurji, Jurat, Tatar, Yurga, batash, batash, kauchin, tubay, tilau, kardari, sankhyan, kyrgyn, shirin, oglan, chimbay, charkas, uyghur, anmar, yabu, targyl, turgak, turgan, teit, kohat, fakhir, kujalyk, shuran, deradjat, kimat, Shuja-at, Avgan - a total of 93 clans and tribes. The most powerful tribes were the Datura, Naiman, Kunrat and, of course, the Mangyt.

Average Uzbek

Average Uzbek woman
The Mangyts also included a secular dynasty in the Bukhara Emirate, which in 1756 replaced the Ashtarkhanid dynasty - the former Astrakhan khans and ruled until the capture of Bukhara by the Red Army in 1920. Another powerful tribe was the Mings, who formed the ruling dynasty of the Kokand Khanate in 1709.

Son of the last Bukhara emir, Major of the Red Army Shakhmurad Olimov

The last Emir of Bukhara, Alim Khan, from the Mangyt clan
Since the question of what peoples live in Soviet Turkestan did not have a clear answer, a special Commission was created to study the tribal composition of the population of the USSR and neighboring countries. Summing up the results of its work during 1922-1924, the Commission committed an obvious forgery, passing off representatives of various tribes and clans of Turkic-Mongolian origin as historically non-existent ethnic Uzbeks. The Commission appointed Khiva Karakalpaks, Fergana Kipchaks, Samarkand and Fergana Turks as Uzbeks.

At first, Uzbekistan was the same territorial concept as Dagestan, where more than 40 nationalities live, but over several decades the peoples of Central Turkestan managed to drum into it that they were an Uzbek nation.

In 1924, the population of the central part of Central Asia was given the collective name of Uzbeks in honor of Uzbek Khan, who stood at the head of the Golden Horde in 1313-41 and zealously spread Islam among the Turkic tribes subject to him. It is the reign of Uzbek that is considered the starting point of current Uzbek historiography, and some scholars, such as academician Rustam Abdullaev (not to be confused with the famous Moscow proctologist), call the Golden Horde Uzbekistan.

Bukhara zindan
Before the national-state demarcation, the territory of Uzbekistan was part of the Turkestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, formed instead of the Bukhara Emirate as a result of the Bukhara operation of the Red Army, and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (from October 1923 - Khorezm Soviet Socialist Republic), formed instead of the Khiva Khanate as a result of the Khiva Revolution.

Uzbek customs
Urban Uzbeks are quite normal people. Most of them know Russian, are polite and educated. However, it is not representatives of the Uzbek intelligentsia who go to Russia, but residents of small towns and rural areas, who have a completely different mentality and observe their patriarchal traditions.

It is noteworthy that even in the 21st century, rural Uzbeks have preserved the custom according to which parents find a life partner for a lonely child; personal preferences are strictly secondary. And, since one of the unspoken laws of the Uzbeks is to obey and honor their parents, the son or daughter is forced to meekly agree.

Brides in most regions of Uzbekistan still pay bride price. According to local standards, this is compensation to the girl’s family for her upbringing and for the loss of workers. Often the money that the groom's family gives to the girl's family at the time of the wedding provides for the living of the bride's younger siblings. If, after many years of waving a broom in Russia, they have not been able to save up for the bride price, the bride is simply stolen. The police of Uzbekistan are engaged in the return of the bride only if the parents pay well. But Uzbeks steal brides in other countries too. Thus, in the Osh region of Kyrgyzstan, where many Uzbeks live, a large-scale action against the practice of bride kidnapping was recently held. Activists then came out with information that every year in Kyrgyzstan over ten thousand girls are forced into marriage, half of such marriages subsequently break up, and there have been cases of suicide of kidnapped girls. As a result, bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan is now equivalent to kidnapping, and this crime is punishable by imprisonment for a period of 5 to 10 years. Often cases of simple rape are passed off as theft of a bride, and sometimes grooms demand a ransom to return the bride home.

Another deep-rooted Uzbek tradition remains pedophilia. The sexual exploitation of boys in Uzbek is called bacha-bozlik Bacha bazi (in Persian - playing with “calves”), and these boys themselves are called bacha.

Before the annexation of these regions to Russia, the Kokands and Bukharans made frequent raids on Kazakh villages and even Russian villages. The main prey during such raids were boys, who were sold into sexual slavery, and when they began to grow beards, they were simply killed.

In Soviet times, Uzbeks were terribly offended by the fact that in the official speeches of the leaders of the USSR the Russian people were called their elder brother. The fact is that if for us the elder brother is the one who stands up for you in a street fight, then among these peoples the elder brother is the one who has you in the anus. The fact is that in their families they have a clear hierarchy - the father can have all the sons, daughters and daughters-in-law, and the older brother can have all the younger brothers and sisters, as well as the wives of the younger brothers. If younger brothers begin to have nephews - children of older brothers, then they are already punished for this, but, as a rule, not much, but still, fearing punishment, such teenagers rape other people's children, for which, however, they can get severe punishment. Therefore, they either rape very young children who cannot complain, or resort to child prostitution.

Bacha from Samarkand
Child prostitution has deep roots in Uzbekistan. The pimps in it are the parents of minor prostitutes and prostitutes, but if a girl can be sold for good, under the guise of being given in marriage, then the boys have to be rented out.

Traditional farming
By the beginning of the 20th century, there were few purely nomadic groups left among the future Uzbeks: most tribes led a semi-sedentary lifestyle, combining cattle breeding with agriculture. However, their way of life and organization of everyday life remained connected with the pastoral culture. Home crafts for processing livestock products were preserved: tanning, felting, carpet weaving, patterned weaving from woolen threads.

The main dwelling for cattle breeders was the yurt, but even where permanent houses appeared, it was used as an auxiliary and ritual dwelling.

Uzbek men's and women's clothing consisted of a shirt, wide-legged trousers and a robe (quilted with cotton wool or simply lined). The robe was belted with a sash (or a folded scarf) or worn loose. Sometimes the robe was belted with several scarves at once - the number of scarves corresponded to the number of wives of the owner of the robe. Women wore Chavchan, over which they put a burqa.

Uzbek cuisine is characterized by its diversity. The Uzbek food consists of a large number of various plant, dairy, and meat products. An important place in the diet is occupied by bread baked from wheat, less often from corn and other types of flour in the form of various flatbreads (obi-non, patir and others). Ready-made flour products, including dessert ones, are also common. The range of dishes is varied. Dishes such as Lagman, shurpa and porridges made from rice (shawl) and legumes (mashkichiri) are seasoned with vegetable or cow butter, fermented milk, red and black pepper, various herbs (dill, parsley, cilantro, raikhan, etc.) . There are a variety of dairy products - katyk, kaymak, sour cream, cottage cheese, suzma, pishlok, kurt, etc. Meat - lamb, beef, poultry (chicken, etc.), less often horse meat.

Such popular foods as fish, mushrooms and other products occupy a relatively insignificant place in the diet. The favorite dish of Uzbeks is pilaf. Uzbeks also love manta rays.

Uzbek language
The Uzbek language also does not represent something unified. Each of the above tribes spoke its own language or dialect, which even belonged to different linguistic branches of the Turkic languages ​​- Kipchak (which includes Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Nogai, Tatar, Karaite, Karachay-Balkar, Crimean, Urum and Karakalpak), Oguz (which includes Turkish, Turkmen, Gagauz, Afshar and Azerbaijani) and Karluk (Uyghur, Khoton, etc.). At the same time, in the 20s, the Uzbek literary language was artificially created on the basis of the language of the inhabitants of the Fergana Valley. The Ferghana language was taken as a basis not only because it was closest to the extinct Chagatai literary language, which was written in the Timurid era, but also in order to prevent the dominance of the Mangyt language and, accordingly, the Bukharians, who had previously had their own statehood. Here it must be said that the Central Asian intelligentsia had previously used mainly the Tajik language, but after that the New Uzbek language was intensively introduced, prudently cleared of many Tajik borrowings. For the same reason, on September 1, 1930, the capital of the Uzbek SSR was moved from Tajik-speaking Samarkand to Turkic-speaking Tashkent. Until now, in Bukhara and Samarkand, the Uzbek intelligentsia prefers to speak Tajik, not caring about all directives. The speakers of this language are not actually Tajiks at all. These are the so-called chalas (literally “neither this nor that”), who are mainly Bukharian Jews who converted to Islam in appearance. They have almost completely lost elements of Jewish ritual, and they carefully hide their Jewish origin.

A rabbi teaches literacy to Bukharian Jewish children.

(the state language of the country), partly in other Central Asian states of the former USSR, in Afghanistan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. In the USSR, according to the 1989 census, there were about 16.7 million Uzbeks (the third largest ethnic group after Russians and Ukrainians), of which about 16.4 million called Uzbek their native language; there are about 1.2 million Uzbeks in Afghanistan; given the rapid growth of the Uzbek population, current figures are higher; Uzbek is one of the largest Turkic languages ​​along with Turkish and Azerbaijani.

Distributed in the very heart of the Turkic-speaking area, the modern Uzbek language has a complex dialect structure and occupies a unique place in the classification of Turkic languages. The dialects of most large centers of settlement of Uzbeks (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara and Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the Karluk, or southeastern group of Turkic languages; on this basis, it is customary to include the Uzbek language as a whole, together with Uyghur. However, modern Uzbek also includes a group of dialects belonging to the Kipchak group (they are widespread throughout the country, as well as in other republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan); the dialects of Khorezm and a number of adjacent territories in the north-west of the country (and two dialects in Kazakhstan) belong to the Oghuz group.

The Uzbek language, unlike related Turkic languages, is characterized by the absence of synharmonism (similarity of vowels in a word), which is preserved only in Kipchak dialects. In phonetics, grammar and vocabulary, a strong influence of the Persian language is noticeable; The vocabulary also contains numerous Arabic and Russian borrowings.

The Uzbek language has a centuries-old written tradition in the form of the Central Asian Turkic language (Chagatai, or Old Uzbek), which developed in the 15th–16th centuries. based on the Karluk-Uyghur dialects of Transoxiana and which became the official language in Timur’s power. The Old Uzbek language was influenced by the literary language of the Karakhanid state (11th–12th centuries; the so-called Karakhanid-Uyghur language), the Karluk-Khorezmian literary language of the Syr Darya valley (12th–14th centuries; also known as the Khorezm-Turkic language) and Persian literature . The heyday of Turkic-language literature in Central Asia dates back to the 15th–16th centuries; the pinnacle of poetry in the Old Uzbek language is the work of Alisher Navoi (1441–1501; sometimes the language of this period is called Central Uzbek).

The modern literary Uzbek language was formed on the basis of the Fergana-Tashkent group of dialects. Writing in the Uzbek language existed in Arabic until 1930, in 1930–1939 on a Latin basis, and since 1939 on the basis of Russian graphics with some additional letters. A variety of original literature has been created in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek schools, all general education disciplines are taught in it; its use in higher education is expanding; In Russian schools, the Uzbek language is studied as a subject.

The scientific study of the Uzbek language was started by M.A. Terentyev, who published in 1875 in St. Petersburg Turkish, Persian, Kyrgyz and Uzbek grammar. Subsequently, the works of E.D. Polivanov, A.N. Kononov, V.V. Reshetov and other researchers made an important contribution to the study of the Uzbek language.

The history of the emergence and development of the Uzbek language is closely intertwined with the history of its speakers. The emergence of such a nation as the Uzbek people was due to the process of merging a number of ethnic groups, the means of communication of which were Turkic and Iranian languages. This explains the large number of dialects in the Uzbek dialect, between which there is a huge difference.

The history of the development of the Uzbek language can be divided into three stages: the periods of ancient Turkic, old Uzbek and modern languages.

Old Turkic language

This stage dates back to the V-XI centuries. The Turks settled along the banks of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya and Zeravshan, gradually pushing aside the inhabitants of the Indo-Iranian tribes. The means of communication was the ancient Turkic language, on the basis of which many Asian languages ​​were subsequently formed. Today, only fragments of ancient Turkic writing remain, imprinted on cultural monuments dating back to this period.

Starousbek

The second stage dates back to the XI-XIX centuries. During this time, the Uzbek language developed under the influence of many neighboring languages. A huge contribution to the formation of the language was made by the poet Alisher Navoi, who created a unified and developed literary language. It was in this form that it was used until the turn of the 19th century without changes.

Modern Uzbek language

The twentieth century was marked by the beginning of the formation of the modern Uzbek language. It is based on the Fergana dialect, which is generally recognized among all residents of Uzbekistan. Most of the population spoke this dialect, which they knew as the Sart language, and its speakers were called Sarts. Ethnic Sarts did not belong to the Uzbek people, but in the 20s of the last century the word “Sart” was abandoned, and the inhabitants of the country began to be called Uzbeks. The norms of the literary language became more democratic, which made it much simpler and more accessible.

Uzbek writing

Throughout the history of development in the Uzbek language, there have been three different scripts.

From antiquity until the end of the 20s of the last century, the Uzbek ethnic group was based on the Arabic alphabet. With the advent of Soviet power, writing was subjected to a number of reforms. Until 1938, the Latin alphabet was in use, and then they switched to the Cyrillic alphabet, which lasted until 1993. When the Uzbek Republic became an independent state, the Latin alphabet returned again.

Nowadays, in Uzbek writing, Arabic letters, Latin and Cyrillic alphabet are used in parallel. The older generation prefers Cyrillic graphics, and Uzbeks living abroad prefer Arabic letters. In educational institutions they teach in the Latin alphabet, so it is difficult for pupils and students to read books that were published under Soviet rule.

The Uzbek language is rich in borrowed words from the Persian language. In the 20th century, the vocabulary was significantly enriched with Russian words, and today it is intensively replenished with English borrowings. According to the state program. There is an active cleansing of the language from borrowed words.

All this, naturally, causes special difficulties in learning the Uzbek language and translations, but makes it unique and more interesting.

And other countries. It is dialectical, which allows it to be classified into different subgroups. It is the native and main language of most Uzbeks.

Modern literary Uzbek, based on the dialects of the Fergana Valley, is characterized by a lack of vowel harmony. In the 20s of the 20th century, attempts were made to artificially consolidate vowel harmony in the literary language, which was preserved only in peripheral dialects (primarily Khorezm). In phonetics, grammar and vocabulary there is a noticeable strong substrate influence of Perso-Tajik, which dominated in Uzbekistan until the 12th-13th centuries, and still has a certain distribution. There is also the influence of another Iranian language, Sogdian, which was dominant before the Islamization of Uzbekistan. Most Arabisms in the Uzbek language were borrowed through Perso-Tajik. Since the mid-19th century, the Uzbek language has been heavily influenced by the Russian language.

Story

The formation of the Uzbek language was complex and multifaceted.

The Old Uzbek language was influenced by the literary language of the Karakhanid state (XI-XII centuries; the so-called Karakhanid-Uighur language), the Karluk-Khorezm literary language of the Syr Darya valley (XII-XIV centuries; also known as the Khorezm-Turkic language), Oguz- Kipchak literary language and Persian literature. The flourishing of the old Uzbek literary language is associated with the work of the founder of Uzbek classical literature Alisher Navoi (1441-1501), Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur (1483-1530) and other poets. The language of this period is sometimes also called Central Uzbek.

Largely thanks to the efforts of Alisher Navoi, Old Uzbek became a unified and developed literary language, the norms and traditions of which were preserved until the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century. In the Uzbek literary language, a tendency has emerged to democratize its norms, as a result of which it has become simpler and more accessible.

Until the beginning of the 20th century. on the territory of the Bukhara Khanate and the Khorezm (Khiva) state, the literary languages ​​were Persian and Chagatai (Old Uzbek). Since the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the efforts of supporters of Jadidism (Fitrat, Niyazi, etc.), a modern literary language has been created based on the Fergana dialect.

Dialects

The modern Uzbek language has a complex dialect structure and occupies a unique place in the classification of Turkic languages. The dialects of modern spoken Uzbek are genetically heterogeneous (speakers of the Karluk, Kipchak, Oguz dialect groups participated in their formation), conditionally divided on a phonetic basis into 2 groups - “local” (dialects of the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, etc. and adjacent areas) and “ accusatory” (divided into two subgroups depending on the use of the initial consonant “y” or “j”);

There are four main dialect groups.

• Northern Uzbek dialects of southern Kazakhstan (Ikan-Karabulak, Karamurt, probably belong to the Oguz group).

• Southern Uzbek dialects of the central and eastern parts of Uzbekistan and northern Afghanistan, as well as the dialects of most large centers of settlement of Uzbeks (Tashkent, Ferghana, Karshi, Samarkand-Bukhara and Turkestan-Chimkent) belong to the Karluk (Chagatai), or southeastern group of Turkic languages ; on this basis, it is customary to include the Uzbek language as a whole, together with Uyghur. The Fergana and Turkestan-Chimkent dialects are closest to the literary norm. The pronunciation standard is assigned to the Fergana-Tashkent group of dialects (after 1937).

The main feature of these dialects is that they are more or less Iranianized. The long-lasting influence of Iranian dialects (mainly the Tajik language) is strongly noticeable here not only at the lexical, but also at the phonetic levels.

• The Oguz group includes the Khorezm dialect, which is close to the Turkmen language, and other dialects of the south- and north-west of Uzbekistan (as well as two dialects in Kazakhstan) under the general name Oguz dialect. In the classification of A. N. Samoilovich, these dialects are described as Khiva-Uzbek and Khiva-Sartov dialects and are separated into an independent group called Kipchak-Turkmen.

• Kipchak dialects, relatively close to the Kazakh language, are widespread throughout the country, as well as in other Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan. This also includes the Surkhandarya dialect. Historically, these dialects were formed among the nomadic Uzbeks, who by origin were related to the Kazakhs, but were not subjects of the Kazakh Khanate.

Grammar

Unlike most other Turkic languages, Uzbek morphology is characterized by monovariance of affixes (as a result of the absence of synharmonicity).

It does not have a grammatical category of gender: there is no agreement in gender, case and number of the definition and the defined. It is mandatory to agree between the subject and the predicate in person, but not necessarily in number.

There are 6 cases in Uzbek:

• Basic - zero indicator
• genitive (attributive) - exponent -ning; draws up the accepted definition
• dative (directive) - indicator -ga; expresses the direction of action on an object, mainly forms an indirect object
• accusative - indicator -ni; acts as a direct complement
• local - indicator -da; expresses the place or time of the action, the name acts as a circumstance
• initial - indicator -dan; basically expresses the object along which (through which, past which, through which) the action is performed

A noun has a category of belonging (izafet), the forms of which are formed using affixes of belonging, denoting the person of the owner: kitob- book, kitobim- my book, kitobing- your book, kitobi- his (her) book; uka- Brother, ukam- my brother, ukang- your brother, ukasi- his (her) brother; oʻzbek- Uzbek, til- language, oʻzbek tili- Uzbek language.

Phonetics

Main phonological features: lack of vowel harmony (synharmonism) and okanye. The law of vowel harmony, characteristic of most Turkic languages, is that a word can contain either only front vowels or only back vowels. In modern Uzbek, common Turkic vowels o And ö correspond to one sound o, in spelling ‹ў› (Cyrillic) or ‹oʻ› (Latin), u And ü - u(Kir. ‹у›), and ı And i - i(Kir. ‹и›). Remnants of vocal synharmonism are preserved only in the Kypchak dialects. “Okanye” consists in the transition in a number of cases of the common Turkic a in or ‹о›, at the same time common Turkic ä often implemented as a simple a.

Other features: lack of primary long vowel sounds. Secondary (substitute) longitudes appear as a result of the loss of a consonant sound adjacent to the vowel. Phonetic ultralongitude or emphatic lengthening of individual vowels is observed. There is no division of affixes into front and back.