What are antioxidants. Antioxidants in medicine: new opportunities Antioxidants in medicine in brief

L. SMIRNOV.

We usually do not think about how our body works at the biochemical level, and yet thousands of different reactions take place in it every second. Many of these reactions, especially oxidation processes, involve free radicals, extremely reactive species. Sometimes, due to a failure in biochemical regulation systems, free radical oxidation gets out of control, and radicals begin to attack everything that surrounds them - primarily cell membranes. Antioxidants help to pacify the "violators of cellular peace" - that is, substances that can intercept radicals and inhibit oxidation. In recent years, antioxidants, both natural and synthetic, have been increasingly included in clinical practice, and they work in various fields of medicine, from surgery to psychiatry. Special correspondent of the journal "Science and Life" E. LOZOVSKAYA visited the Institute of Biochemical Physics. N. M. Emanuel of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where drugs with an antioxidant effect, which have no foreign analogues - emoxipin and mexidol, were synthesized. L. SMIRNOV, Head of the Laboratory of Low-Molecular Bioregulators, Doctor of Chemistry, answers the editorial questions.

Professor, Doctor of Chemical Sciences L. D. Smirnov.

The biological membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipids into which protein molecules are embedded (shown in yellow in the figure).

-Leonid Dmitrievich, how did the use of antioxidants in medicine begin?

Each drug has a main target, which is aimed at its action. For antioxidants, such a target is free radicals. If we talk about the history of the issue, then the assumption that free radicals are actively involved in biological processes, including the development of pathological conditions, was first expressed by Academician N. M. Emanuel in the 1960s. Indeed, experiments have shown that with the growth of tumors, and with radiation sickness, and with many other diseases, as well as with aging, there is an excessive formation of free radicals.

In order to control the reactions of radicals, we first decided to test aromatic phenols, fat-soluble antioxidants. The first drug in this group was dibunol. They made it on the basis of ionol, a well-known stabilizer for rubber, which was also added to edible fats to prevent their rapid oxidation and rancidity. Dibunol has proven itself in the treatment of burns, bladder cancer, ulcerative lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Another phenolic antioxidant, probucol, is effective in preventing atherosclerosis.

I must say that at first, doctors reacted to antioxidant drugs with great distrust. I remember when, in the early 1970s, Elena Borisovna Burlakova (deputy director of the Institute of Biochemical Physics. - Ed.) made a report to pharmacologists, she was asked the question: "Do you seriously think that people can be treated with substances that are added to rubber tires?" She said: "Yes, if these substances are not toxic." Laughter erupted in response to her words.

It took several years of work by a large team of scientists to prove that free radicals take part in a variety of processes in a living organism. And antioxidants regulate these processes - both endogenous (that is, those that are present in the body initially) and exogenous (coming from outside).

In the end, doctors believed in antioxidants. Moreover, thanks to the efforts of our well-known pharmacologist Mikhail Davydovich Mashkovsky, a special section appeared in the national pharmacopoeia: "Antihypoxants and antioxidants."

Many foods are known to be rich in natural antioxidants. Can diseases be treated with a special diet?

Natural antioxidants are great when it comes to prevention. Almost all of them are fat-soluble compounds, and therefore are absorbed rather slowly and act gently. This is enough to smooth out the influence of adverse environmental factors or correct minor deviations in the antioxidant system of a young healthy organism.

It is quite another matter - acute conditions, such as cerebral hemorrhage. Here help is needed immediately, because we are talking about life and death. Therefore, a strong antioxidant is required, and, unlike dibunol and probucol, it must be highly soluble in water in order to immediately get to the right place with the blood flow.

It was in the early 1960s that our group of synthetic chemists began searching for such antioxidants. We took vitamin B 6 as a structural prototype and synthesized a number of its analogues - 3-hydroxypyridine derivatives. Two drugs are registered as medicines - emoxipin and mexidol.

-Why are these drugs interesting?

Emoksipin proved to be very effective in ophthalmology. This is a universal remedy for the treatment of vascular eye diseases. It is used for traumatic hemorrhages, with retinal damage, including diabetic retinopathy, and also as a prophylactic to protect the eye from too bright light.

Mexidol has a much wider spectrum of action. In order to synthesize this drug, we, figuratively speaking, "sewn" succinic acid to the emoxipin molecule. The result was a combined bifunctional drug: on the one hand, it acts as an antioxidant, and on the other hand, thanks to succinic acid, it improves energy metabolism in the cell. The therapeutic properties of mexidol were studied at the Institute of Pharmacology, and it turned out that the drug combines the properties of a tranquilizer and a nootropic agent, that is, it calms and at the same time stimulates memory and mental functions of the brain. It does not cause drowsiness and is therefore recommended as a daytime tranquilizer.

The cerebroprotective effect of mexidol was studied in 17 leading clinics, including the Research Institute of Neurology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the Russian State Medical University, and the neurological clinic of the medical center of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. Now it is used not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. The drug showed itself especially well in acute cerebrovascular accident, as an addition to traditional therapy. Mexidol can be used for all types of stroke - both ischemic and hemorrhagic. This is very convenient for emergency care when it is not possible to immediately conduct an examination. It is also important that when administered intravenously, the drug enters the brain within 30 minutes.

The therapeutic effect of mexidol is also manifested in many other diseases: memory impairment in old age, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, inflammatory processes, diabetes mellitus.

-How can one medicine help in the treatment of so many different diseases?

It's all about the mechanism of action. The most vulnerable place for attack by free radicals is the cell membrane. This protective shell regulates the exchange of the cell with the outside world, letting in the necessary substances and throwing out the unnecessary ones. Damage to the molecules that make up the membrane disrupts its structure. And if the membrane cannot perform its functions normally, pathological processes begin, and very different ones. This is where the antioxidant comes to the rescue - it stops the destructive attack of free radicals and restores the functioning of the membrane.

By the way, it is thanks to the membrane-protective action that Mexidol can eliminate the side effects of other drugs. For example, some drugs that improve cerebral circulation violate the integrity of blood vessels, in other words, leave holes in them. And Mexidol heals these holes. Addiction to drugs - sleeping pills, antipsychotics, nitrites - also occurs due to damage to cell membranes. But if you take these drugs in combination with mexidol, the membrane will be under reliable protection and addiction will not develop. Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism depend on the state of cell membranes, hence the effect of antioxidants in atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

-What are the anti-inflammatory properties of antioxidants?

Antioxidants are able to block the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, that is, signal transmitters of the inflammatory process. Moreover, this effect is most pronounced in acute conditions - with pancreatitis, peritonitis, arthritis.

-We can say that antioxidants are a universal medicine ...

In a sense, yes. But so far, their use, in particular mexidol, is limited to four main areas - neurology, psychiatry, cardiology and surgery. The fact is that in accordance with the system of standardization of pharmaceutical preparations adopted now, with the expansion of the scope of the drug, it is necessary to conduct new clinical trials. This procedure costs at least 30 thousand dollars. As a rule, Russian developers don't have that kind of money; the state does not allocate funds for testing; investors are also in no hurry, because they are not sure of making a profit. Promotion of a drug on the market is an expensive business, and the cost of the actual scientific development is usually no more than 20 percent, the rest is spent on the necessary registration procedures and advertising. Our pharmaceutical companies cannot invest in new domestic drugs - it is easier for them to produce an analogue of an already "promoted" foreign drug. True, there are intermediary firms that are willing to buy a license, but there is no guarantee that the drug will not be "buried" in the interests of competitors.

-Do foreign companies produce anything similar?

There are no analogues of emoxipin and mexidol in the world. The only synthetic antioxidant produced abroad is probucol. Probucol is used to lower cholesterol levels, but in recent years it has been greatly supplanted by more effective statins. Under the pressure of active advertising of statins, Probucol was also discontinued in our country. But when the results were summed up, it turned out that statins are not available to the population of our country - they must be taken constantly, but they are expensive. In addition, it is not at all necessary to lower cholesterol drastically, it is enough to lower its level by 10 percent, and Probucol did an excellent job with this. It is hardly realistic to restore the production of probucol, but now Mexidol could well replace it. It is even more effective in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides, while the content of "good" high-density lipids is even increased.

Antioxidants- a term that has long become popular. These substances are used in various aspects of human activity (including medicine), so it is important to understand what they are, what they are for, how they work and what the consequences may be.

First you need to understand in simple terms what it is - antioxidants. They include specific compounds that have antioxidant activity. That is, antioxidants act against harmful substances in our body (free radicals), thereby slowing down aging by fighting cancer cells.

What are antioxidants for? Photo: zen.yandex.ru

The action of antioxidants

The mechanism of action depends on the characteristics of a particular substance. But antioxidants have a common feature - they trigger a chain of specific reactions, the essence of which is to interact with free radicals and convert them into inactive forms. The latter are gradually destroyed, while additional oxygen is released. This mechanism of action clearly shows why humans need antioxidants.

The mechanism of action of antioxidants. Photo: russiaherb.com

Types of Antioxidants

These compounds are classified into natural and synthetic, synthesized in the human body itself or entering it from the outside. They are also divided according to enzymatic activity. According to this criterion, these substances are classified into non-enzymatic and enzymatic. The latter include various proteins that trigger various reactions in the body. The group of enzymatic antioxidants includes vitamins (carotene), phenols (tannins, flavonoids), lycopene. Another classification criterion is solubility.

Formation of free radicals. Photo: slide-share.ru

Antioxidants are divided into lipophilic and hydrophilic. The former dissolve in lipids, the latter in water. This criterion affects the availability of a particular compound, the completeness of its effect on the body.

Antioxidants are found in a wide variety of foods. They are rich in fruits and berries - blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, cherries, plums, strawberries. Apples are powerful natural antioxidants. These compounds are found in dried fruits, tea and. Red wine is also an antioxidant. From vegetables it is worth giving preference to artichoke and beans.

Foods rich in antioxidants include freshly squeezed juices. Of these, drinks made from citrus fruits, apples, pomegranate, and black ash are considered the best. Natural antioxidants are also found in foods such as spices. Of the latter, the choice should be given in favor of cloves, saffron, rosemary.

Table 1 - Antioxidants in food. Photo: kreativlife.ru

The use of antioxidants

The most powerful antioxidants (natural and artificial) are widely used in various aspects of activity. They are indispensable in the composition of products, in medicine, cosmetology.

Antioxidants in the food industry

It is important to know what antioxidants are for in the food industry, where they are widely used. The main task is to extend the shelf life of products. Unlike canning, the use of antioxidants is safer for food quality. Both natural and artificial compounds are used. The most popular in such cases are phenols as antioxidants, ascorbic acid, tocopherols.

As food additives, these compounds are widely used in the production of sausages and fish products, dairy products, confectionery, semi-finished products. They not only lengthen the shelf life, but also improve the taste of food. Antioxidants are an essential part. This is due to the fact that many vitamins have the corresponding activity, which explains their widespread use in these products - they are classified as both food supplements and medicines.

Antioxidants in medicine

After it became clear what antioxidants are, you should understand why they are needed in medicine. The main rule is dosed use as an addition to the main therapy. The biochemistry of antioxidants-vitamins determines their widespread use in treatment regimens for various diseases. Carotenes and tocopherols protect intracellular structures from destruction by free radicals.

• The antioxidant improves the metabolism in the nervous tissue, improves its blood supply. This effect is used to treat age-related changes in the body.
• Antioxidant ascorbic acid() protects muscle and nerve tissue from harmful compounds.
• Ubiquinone is used to build muscle mass.

The activity of free radicals and antioxidants allows scientists to assume that in the future this mechanism can be used to significantly extend life. Work in this area is being actively carried out, but so far no methods have been developed to radically extend life.

Products containing a large amount of antioxidants include not only foods, but also cosmetics. Manufacturers use the beneficial properties of these substances to improve the quality of skin and hair, slow down aging. Antioxidants in cosmetics are presented in the form of extracts of various plants and fruits: grapes, green tea, ginkgo, rosemary, pine, chestnut.

The presence of these compounds in creams, serums, balms, shampoos and other cosmetic products has a number of beneficial properties for the skin and hair. Antioxidants fight free radicals, splitting them into oxygen and water, thereby saturating the outer layer with moisture, improving its metabolism. This mechanism helps fight premature aging and reduce the severity of already existing age-related changes.

Antioxidants in cosmetology. Photo: tonic.ro

Also, creams and other products with antioxidants help to eliminate small defects in the skin and hair, nourishing them. These substances improve cell renewal, the outer cover becomes elastic and more elastic, the blood vessels of the dermis are strengthened, and the severity of inflammatory reactions is significantly reduced. Antioxidants for the skin of the face and body are also useful in that they prevent the harmful effects of solar radiation. Therefore, they are found in products for natural and artificial tanning.

All these facts give an idea of ​​what antioxidants are used for in cosmetics. In cosmetology, these compounds are used as part of special preparations that are used in mesotherapy and other procedures. This helps to smooth and improve skin color, saturates it with moisture and oxygen, prevents aging, and eliminates minor cosmetic defects.

Antioxidant preparations

Antioxidant preparations are widely used and are gaining more and more popularity. The choice is large, the list of manufacturers is significant. The list of drugs with antioxidants is as follows:

• Japanese firm Takeda. It is a dietary supplement containing all the necessary list of substances for the body.
• Antioxidants of Youth also applies to vitamin supplements. Designed to fight aging and improve skin quality.
• replenishes the deficiency of vitamins in the body, improves metabolic processes, increases the body's resistance during stressful situations.
• Antioxidant NSP has all the characteristic properties for the preparations of this line, but has a feature - a more natural composition of the complex.

This list can be attributed to the list of drugs with antioxidants with proven effectiveness.

Vitrum Superstress Plus. Photo: eapteka.ru

Funds are produced by various companies, the choice is made after consulting a doctor. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant. This substance is part of the most popular complexes today. It is believed that the antioxidant astaxanthin is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which helps its more pronounced effect on the body. The actions of this substance are as follows:

• Protective effect of the cardiovascular, nervous system. The metabolism improves, the influence of harmful factors decreases, and the tissues of organs are strengthened.
• Improving the condition of the organ of vision. Astaxanthin helps to reduce the severity of age-related changes, helps to eliminate the decrease in visual acuity.
• Improving the condition of the skin. Astaxanthin protects the skin from the harmful effects of the sun, reduces aging, activates metabolism. The skin becomes more elastic and elastic.

Astaxanthin is found in many dietary supplements from different manufacturers. The substance is available both in pure form and in combination with other compounds.

Interesting facts about antioxidants

• Green tea is an antioxidant. Black and other varieties of this drink contain beneficial compounds with similar activity to a lesser extent.
• Molecular hydrogen also has antioxidant activity. It is contained in our body, due to which, among other things, the elimination of cancer cells is carried out.
• When using freshly squeezed juices to saturate the body with antioxidants, they should be diluted with boiled water, the maximum amount is 1 glass per day. In case of problems with the organs of the digestive tract, their use should be abandoned.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that any use of antioxidants is possible only after consulting a doctor. Self-use can be harmful to the body, therefore, before taking the drugs, you should visit a specialist and undergo the necessary studies (if required).

Antioxidants are substances that help prevent cell damage due to the oxidative process. Every day the human body consumes oxygen, resulting in the oxidation of chemical elements and their transformation into free radicals. There is an increase in their negative influence due to sunlight, bad habits, bad ecology. To restore cells and prevent the development of many diseases, antioxidants are used in natural or synthetic form.

In the human body every second there is a huge number of physiological processes. One of their main sources is oxygen, which is involved in oxidative processes in tissues. The resulting energy is responsible for biological combustion. Oxidants neutralize bad toxins, keep internal organs healthy and help the body cope with stress. The situation worsens when a given element approaches a critical point.

Free radicals enter cells, destroying them. The process leads to premature aging, problems with the cardiovascular and digestive systems, development. Antioxidants will help restore the natural balance, preventing the formation of harmful molecules. Internal reserves may not be enough, so you have to take additional drugs or foods high in antioxidants.

Antioxidants are synthetic or natural substances that protect body cells from the negative effects of free radicals, they are also called antioxidants. The normalization of the work of the organs contributes to the reduction of active oxygen. Similar compounds (antioxidants) are associated with hydroperoxides and beneficial atoms block the catalysts.

The action of antioxidants:

• increase in overall stress resistance;
• acceleration of cellular recovery after injuries;
• reducing the likelihood of developing cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases;
• strengthening protective functions;
• protecting the body from harmful radiation.

Antioxidants are necessary for a person for the full functioning of all organs and systems of the body and for protection against free radicals.

Functions of Antioxidants in the Body

The main function of antioxidants is to protect the human body from excess free radicals.

Free radicals are molecules and atoms that form themselves at the expense of "donors", turning other atoms and molecules into new free radicals. Such a chain reaction leads to the destruction of cells, as a result of which chronic diseases develop and the aging process accelerates. For the full functioning of the body, free radicals are necessary, only their imbalance is harmful. Antioxidants act as "donors" without further conversion into free radicals. There are two types of free radicals - reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen.

Causes of free radicals in the body:

• bad habits;
• bad ecology;
• radioactive radiation;
• taking medications;
• excess ultraviolet.

According to statistics from the Research Institute of Food Hygiene, half of the people suffer from a lack of vitamin A and 85% of the population does not have enough minerals and ascorbic acid in the body. The reason for this is physical and moral exhaustion, which increases the burning of nutrients. Unbalanced nutrition, stress, environmental degradation are also negative factors for a person.

The benefits and harms of antioxidants

Antioxidants are a kind of donors that stop the formation of free radicals by donating their electrons. As a result, the oxidative process is reduced or completely suppressed. The first scientist to prove the possibility of life extension by antioxidants was Denham Harman.

Here are the main benefits of antioxidants:

• body detoxification;
• preservation of vision;
• reducing the risk of developing cancer;
• support of organism in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's diseases;
• prevention of heart failure, stroke.

Slowing down aging is a way to protect the cells of all organs and systems from the harmful effects of free radicals.

Uncontrolled use of antioxidants can harm the human body. Excess substances cause such conditions:

• hypervitaminosis;
• nausea;
• headache;
• skin irritation;
• decreased immunity;
• muscle and joint pain;
• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• vision problems;
• increased intracranial pressure;
• metastases in the presence of a tumor.

An excess, as well as a lack of useful components in the body, including antioxidants, leads to serious consequences.

anti aging antioxidants

Cosmetology is developing rapidly, releasing new products every year to prolong youth. At the moment, there is no universal antioxidant, but to improve the effect, it is worth choosing products with several antioxidants. For example, the combination of vitamins E and C works better than separately. Substances in cosmetics slow down skin aging and help other active ingredients retain their properties. The positive effect of the use of antioxidants in the fight against aging has been proven, but you should not rely on them alone. Aging skin needs products that include collagen and antioxidants.

Benefits of Antioxidants for Athletes

A huge impact on the human body is influenced by negative factors. When tissues are destroyed by free radicals, many toxins are formed, only antioxidants fight them. These substances can reduce muscle fatigue, allowing faster recovery after physical exertion. Antioxidants are indispensable for athletes, they protect the body from stress due to increased training. Additionally, antioxidants maintain health and youth.

Antioxidants for children

The lack of nutrients that have an antioxidant effect reduces the resistance of the child's body to various infections and viruses. Many diseases occur against the background of a violation of the functionality of biological membranes that are destroyed by free radicals due to the lack of antioxidants.

Important! In children, the mechanisms of antioxidant protection are unstable, therefore, for the full development of the child, vitamins A and E, which are antioxidants, are needed.

The diet should include all the necessary substances, especially in unfavorable environmental conditions, unbalanced nutrition, frequent colds.

Varieties of antioxidants

Conventionally, antioxidants are divided into two types - synthetic and natural. Natural antioxidants include:

• low molecular weight compounds (micro-, macroelements, vitamins);
• enzymatic antioxidants (enzymes);
• hormones produced by the human body by endocrine glands.

Synthetic antioxidants are derivatives of phenols. These include esters of gallic acid. These are vitamins that are developed and synthesized in the laboratory. The chemical origin helps to make the most active form of the component with the maximum concentration.

The most effective antioxidants that fight free radicals:

• vitamins A, B, C and E;
• resveratrol;
• unsaturated fatty acids Omega 3 and 6;
• superoxide dismutase;
• milk serum;
• coenzyme Q10.

Other beneficial antioxidants include plant extracts, including ginkgo biloba, pine bark, and green tea.

There are primary and secondary types of antioxidants based on their antioxidant protection. The primary form turns free radicals into passive and safe for the human body. Secondary antioxidants consist of vitamins that eliminate harmful components and prevent the formation of new ones.

There are a huge number of different multivitamin complexes containing antioxidants. These include:

Vitamin C. The most powerful and necessary antioxidant for the human body. It is found in almost all fruits and vegetables. The substance helps to strengthen protective functions, fights colds, cleanses blood vessels, and reduces the level of bad cholesterol. Ascorbic acid activates the production of collagen and improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system. This is a real champion in the neutralization of free radicals, so vitamin C must be taken daily.

Selenium. When ingested, this substance reacts with heavy metals, removing them from the body later. The selenium complex with vitamins E and C strengthens the nervous system, removes depression and increases resistance to stress. The substance is necessary for the full functioning of the whole organism, especially the heart, brain and digestive tract. Additionally, selenium reduces the negative effects of radioactive radiation.

Vitamin E. Another powerful antioxidant that improves overall health, preserves youth and strengthens the nervous system. The best result is observed in the fair sex, because the substance has a positive effect on the reproductive function of women. Research data confirm that regular intake of vitamin E in an individual dosage reduces the likelihood of developing cancer by 3 times.

Carotene. The antioxidant shows good results, restoring the body from the negative effects of free radicals. The component strengthens the immune system, protects DNA from various pathologies, and reduces the harmful effects of the environment. Regular intake of carotene reduces the risk of developing cancer of the skin, bladder, intestines and uterus.

Zinc. The antioxidant is part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme. The substance improves the absorption of vitamin A and stabilizes the level of vitamin E in the body. The mineral enhances immunity and normalizes the functions of the glands, including the genitals.

Melatonin. The hormone is produced by the pineal gland, which is located in the brain. This antioxidant is valuable because it is able to penetrate into any part of the body. The substance helps to repair DNA in case of damage. The production of melatonin is promoted by vitamins B6 and B12, protein and acetyl-carnitine. The development of the component is prevented by lack of sleep, the use of alcoholic beverages, and constant exposure to light.

Natural antioxidants are much more effective than chemicals of chemical origin. But getting the required dosage in winter is very difficult, so multivitamin complexes help maintain health and youthful appearance.

How many antioxidants does the body need

After eating a meal, antioxidant protection drops sharply, because reactive oxygen species are formed during the assimilation of food. Therefore, antioxidants must be supplied to the body constantly, and their amount depends on the overall diet and the number of calories consumed. Professor Ronald Prior presented a scheme according to which his daily intake of antioxidants is selected:

• 500 kcal - 2.5 mmol;
• 1000 kcal - 4.5 mmol;
• 1500 kcal - 6.5 mmol;
• 2000 kcal - 9 mmol;
• 2500 kcal - 11 mmol.

You need to focus on your own calorie intake. Women consume approximately 1800 kcal per day, and men - 2500 kcal. Therefore, the strong half needs about 11 mmol of antioxidants, while the fairer sex needs 8 mmol.

The body needs higher doses of antioxidants during physical exertion, bad habits, and bad ecology. But uncontrolled intake of supplements can lead to a stroke and provoke prostate and lung cancer. You can not take only one type of actio-oxidant, only a combination of substances will benefit.

Foods that are rich in antioxidants

To prevent cell destruction, you need to eat foods that are high in antioxidants.

First, consider fruits and berries:

And here are some useful vegetables for the human body and its cells with a lot of antioxidants:

kale consists of flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercenin, which are irreplaceable in cancer;

spinach is a great source of beta-carotene and lutein, which help maintain healthy vision and protect against heart disease;

broccoli is indole-3-carbidol, which improves the condition of the liver and prevents cancer of the cervix, breast and prostate;

Brussels sprouts contain Vitamin A, C, isothiocyanates that protect genes from damage;

beets in combination with other antioxidants prevent the development of cancer and maintain eye health.

The list of vegetables in which antioxidants are found in large quantities includes:

• bell pepper;
• alfalfa seedlings;
• corn;
• eggplant.

It is also worth considering which nuts and dried fruits contain a large amount of antioxidants:

Raisin. The composition of the product additionally includes anthocyanins, which help maintain the health of the skeletal system.

Prunes. Dried plums are a source of antioxidants and fiber, they should be consumed as a prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and breast cancer.

Dates. The product contains B-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, vitamin A, tannins. It has anti-infective, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Almond. Nuts reduce the risk of developing cataracts and other eye diseases. The composition includes vitamin E, gamma-tocopherol, isorhamnetin, kaemferol, quercetin, these components fight skin cancer.

Cashew nuts. A useful product contains zeaxanthin, lutein, eliminates free radicals and improves bone health. In addition to this list include dried apricots, figs, pistachios, walnuts, peanuts. It is necessary to eat nuts regularly, but in small quantities due to their high calorie content.

How cooking affects the presence of antioxidants in it

Products lose their useful components by 30% when stored in the refrigerator and by 50% at room temperature. Also, vitamins are destroyed by sunlight. Greens, green onions, spinach are especially sensitive to light.

Some foods should not be left in the air for a long time, because they begin to deteriorate when exposed to oxygen. Vegetable oils fall into this category.

Meat, fruits and vegetables must be washed under running water. Soaking is allowed for a maximum of 10 minutes in case of heavy contamination in a small amount of liquid. If this rule is not followed, sugar, minerals and vitamins will remain in the water. The greatest amount of nutrients is under the peel, so it should be cut very thinly. Foods are cut before they are lowered into the pan in order to avoid the occurrence of an oxidative process. For this reason, salads are dressed with oil just before serving.

Frying is the most traumatic method of food processing, because high temperature destroys vitamins and leads to fat oxidation. The best cooking methods are baking in the oven and steaming. Cooking takes less time due to the absence of oxygen and high pressure. Cooking food should be short. Vegetables should be dipped in boiling water to eliminate the enzymes that destroy vitamin C. Ascorbic acid can be saved by adding dressings, salt, and acids to food.

Try to keep antioxidants in your food to get the most benefit from it.

What Antioxidants Can't Be Without?

The optimal result for the human body will bring a wide variety of antioxidant substances. One of these is glutathione, which is a peptide. It enhances the effect of other antioxidants that enter the body with foods or vitamin complexes. Glutathione protects cells from mitochondria.

Other antioxidants necessary for a person for a full existence:

Alpha Lipoic Acid. The substance enhances the action of some cells in the presence of an inflammatory process in the body. Effectively and quickly removes toxins and heavy metals from the body. The only antioxidant that can enter the brain.

Resveratrol. Establishes a blood-brain barrier. The substance protects the nervous system and brain. Additionally, it lowers blood pressure and prevents the spread of cancer cells.

Ubiquinone. The component stimulates the production of energy by cells, strengthens the immune, cardiovascular systems, and prevents rapid aging.

Carotenoids. This type of antioxidant has many varieties, ten of which each person has.

These are the main antioxidants that help all organs and systems work in intensive mode.

Antioxidants in medicine

Antioxidants are used as an adjunct to the main treatment. The biochemistry of antioxidants allows them to be used in the treatment of various diseases. Tocopherols and carotenes protect cells from the negative effects of free radicals. Mexidol improves metabolism in the tissues of the nervous system, improves blood circulation. This helps to cope with diseases against the background of age-related changes.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) keeps nerve and muscle tissue from harmful compounds. Ubiquinone helps build muscle mass. The function of antioxidants and the action of reactive oxygen species allows scientists to assume that the mechanism in the future can be used to extend life. At the moment, there are no methods to radically increase the time allotted to a person.

Antioxidants in cosmetology

In cosmetics, antioxidants are added in combination. The larger the composition, the faster it will cope with free radicals. All components help each other to be synthesized and restored. The most commonly added antioxidants to cosmetics are:

Vitamin C. Increases collagen production, reduces inflammation, protects from the sun, strengthens the skin's natural barrier.

Raises the tone and immunity of the dermis, participates in the recovery processes.

It is used in anti-aging preparations, improves cellular metabolism, relieves peeling and redness, is found under the names like retinol and retinoic acid.

Selenium. It is part of glutathione peroxidase, improves the absorption of vitamin E, moisturizes the skin.

Coenzyme Q10. The fat-soluble compound dissolves under the influence of ultraviolet rays, reduces skin damage from the sun and activates collagen production.

Vitamin F. Improves the condition of a fading and dry dermis, restores the hydro-lipid balance.

Vitamin K. Eliminates pigmentation, dilated blood vessels on the surface of the skin.

Additionally, in the production of cosmetics, the following components with an antioxidant effect are used:

grape seed extract contains polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, which have anti-aging properties and reduce the damaging effects of the sun;

carotenoids accelerate wound healing, eliminate peeling and dryness of the skin, protect from ultraviolet radiation;

witch hazel consists of concentrated tannins that have an anti-inflammatory and astringent effect;

bioflavonoids are plant polyphenols that are structurally similar to human estrogen;

green tea reduces the risk of skin damage at the DNA level from reactive oxygen species radicals and prevents the destruction of collagen;

superoxide dismutase neutralizes free radicals; in cosmetic products, the enzyme is used of plant, microbial and animal origin;

ginkgo biloba strengthens blood vessels, reduces inflammation, enhances collagen synthesis and protects against elastin destruction.

The protein glutathione is sometimes added to cosmetics, these are antioxidants that effectively fight free radicals and keep cells healthy after sun exposure.

Antioxidants in industry

Antioxidants are widely used in the food industry. Intracellular processes lead to spoilage of products, discoloration of polymers, decrease in their strength, formation of acids, etc. To increase the stability of food containing vitamins and fats, natural (vitamin E) and synthetic (dodecyl, propyl esters) antioxidants are used.

There are several antioxidants in the form of dietary supplements used in industry:

Pectin. Substances are part of some algae and all land plants. They increase the stability of berries, fruits and vegetables during storage, prevent premature drought of plants. Pectin is a purified polysaccharide that facilitates the filtration process and is a thickener and stabilizer.
Pectin is used in the production of jelly products, sweets, ice cream, desserts, dairy products, fruit fillings. Also, the substance is important in the manufacture of jam, marshmallow, ketchup, mayonnaise, marmalade and jam. Pectin is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Registered as additive E440.

Lemon acid. It is a white crystalline substance, sparingly soluble in ethereal alcohol and highly soluble in water. Propantricarboxylic acid takes part in the biochemical reactions of various organisms. Included in the Chinese magnolia vine, shag stem, needles, citrus fruits, berries, unripe lemons. Sodium citrate and acid are widely used in the beverage industry as a flavoring agent. Registered as additive E330.

Dihydroquercetin. The flavonoid is extracted from wood. The substance is presented in the form of a yellow finely crystalline powder. It is used as an antioxidant for fat-containing products, increasing its shelf life several times.

Antioxidants are used in industry to improve the stability of foods containing vitamins and fats. These are citric acid, vitamin E, etc. Some of the substances are very useful for the human body, having a pronounced restorative property.

Preparations with antioxidants

Medicines containing antioxidants are very common and very popular. Among the huge list of such drugs, it is worth highlighting the most popular:

Vitrum Superstress Plus. The product is a dietary supplement produced by the Japanese company Takeda. Contains all the necessary components for the body.

Active Antistress Doppelhertz. The drug allows you to fill the lack of vitamins, improves metabolism, strengthens the nervous system and increases the body's resistance to stress.

Radiance Complivit. Women prefer to take youthful antioxidants that improve skin condition and fight the signs and effects of aging.

Antioxidant NSP. The product has the characteristic properties of this type of preparation, but it contains more natural ingredients.

Medications and dietary supplements, which include antioxidants, are selected only by the attending physician, who will set the individual dosage.

Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant, it is part of most vitamin complexes. The substance is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, having a pronounced effect on the entire body. The action of astaxanthin:

improvement in the state of vision, a decrease in the severity of age-related changes, an increase in visual acuity;

protection of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, normalization of metabolism, strengthening of organ tissues, reducing the impact of negative factors;

improving the condition of the skin from ultraviolet rays, preventing dryness and loss of elasticity.

Astaxanthin is a part of dietary supplements both in pure form and in combination with other substances.

Why don't antioxidants always work?

Natural antioxidants, which are found in vegetables and fruits, always have a positive effect on the human body. But dietary supplements do not always cope with their task. Antioxidants in drugs and foods can work differently due to their different chemical structures. For example, tocopherol (vitamin E) is found in 8 different forms in foods and one in supplements. Dietary supplements do not act instantly, so for a long-term and lasting result, you will have to take capsules for a long time.

Why are free radicals dangerous?

Free radical molecules need one or more electrons. To make up for this loss, they aggressively destroy healthy molecules, which sets off a chain reaction. This is an oxidative process or, as it is also called, biological "rusting". Basically, free radicals accumulate in cell membranes, which become leaky and brittle. As a result, the cells of the human body are destroyed and die. Then tissue damage occurs, premature and accelerated aging, and a decrease in protective functions. Against the background of the negative effects of free radicals, the risk of developing diseases of the heart, eyes, diseases and atherosclerosis, etc., increases.

Antioxidants: how to get the maximum effect?

It is worth remembering that supplements cannot completely replace natural antioxidants, especially with an unbalanced diet and an unhealthy lifestyle. Smoking and drinking only exacerbate the situation and activate the formation of free radicals. To improve the condition of body cells and prevent premature aging, it is recommended to follow some rules:

To stay healthy for a longer period, it is worth breathing more clean air, using chemicals to a minimum, and not abusing medicines.

Antioxidants: scientific research

To date, there is no complete confirmation of the effectiveness of antioxidants in the fight against heart disease and malignant tumors. Some data indicate positive changes when taking drugs, while the latter argue about the dangers of substances.

As a result, it has been proven that high doses of antioxidants can lead to the protection of cancer cells from free radicals. Here are the supporting studies:

experiments on rodents have shown that antioxidants increase the risk of malignant melanoma spreading to different parts of the body;

trials conducted in 1994 confirmed that daily use of beta-carotene increased the likelihood of lung cancer by 18% in male smokers;

in 1996, studies had to be terminated early when a high risk of lung cancer was found with retinol and beta-carotene. The probability was increased to 28%, changes were seen in people who worked with asbestos and in smokers;

in 2011 conducted research among 35,000 older men. According to the results, it was found that large doses of vitamin E increase the risk of prostate tumors by 17%.

Based on the data provided, antioxidants can prevent cell damage and prevent the development of cancer. But in the presence of a tumor process, substances can activate the reproduction of cancer cells. So when thinking about protecting yourself from free radicals, be aware of the risks of consuming antioxidants.

Myths about antioxidants

There are several common myths that go along with substances that fight free radicals. Consider some myths about antioxidants.

There are not enough antioxidants in food. The best source of this component are nuts, fresh vegetables and fruits. They contain the optimal amount of antioxidants for the human body. This applies only to wholesome meals, not to snacking on a banana once a week.

Dietary supplements are the best alternative to natural antioxidants. With a lack of vitamins, a person begins to run to the pharmacy and buy unnecessary drugs. Dietary supplements are prescribed for those who urgently need to solve a problem, and the body is unable to cope with it on its own. Such a remedy is ineffective with regular consumption of junk food and lack of physical activity.

Natural antioxidants are best replaced with synthetic ones. It is better to give preference to natural ingredients found in food. Often in the manufacture of drugs, manufacturers save on useful substances. But there is no doubt about the quality of nuts or fresh carrots.

Antioxidants are found only in fruits and vegetables. This is one of the main myths. The main source of substances is indeed fresh vegetables and fruits. A large amount of antioxidants is also found in other foods. This is cocoa, red wine, green tea, etc.

Oxidants are the enemy for the human body. It is not the substance that causes harm, but their excess. In normal volume, they help the body fight bacteria and viruses.

The label says fortified with antioxidants. Such an inscription does not always indicate the enrichment of products with substances useful for the body. The composition should include ascorbic acid, vitamin E, selenium or beta-carotene.

There is another myth that all antioxidants have the same effect. Any molecule that protects cells from an oxidizing agent is this useful substance. Today, over 8,000 different compounds have been registered. Each of them performs its function under certain conditions.

Antioxidants are substances that help the body's cells stay healthy. Free radicals have the ability to destroy the molecules of the body, causing the development of many diseases. Today, antioxidants can be found in foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. Giving up bad habits, an active lifestyle and daily consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables will help maintain health and beauty for a long time.

How often do we hear that some mysterious substances-antioxidants are certainly needed by people to improve health, prolong youth and longevity. And I really want to know more precisely: an antioxidant - what it is, what preparations it contains, what it is eaten with both literally and figuratively, what it opposes (after all, as you know, the prefix "anti" means "against") . This topic is very relevant, because today a healthy lifestyle is in trend. We invite our readers to deal with the questions that have arisen in more detail.

Oxidant and antioxidant - what is it?

Our whole world is built on the unity and struggle of opposites: if there is a plus, then there must certainly be a minus nearby, light coexists side by side with darkness, etc. And it would be logical to assume that since there are antioxidants in the world, this means that they are inextricably linked with something directly opposite, i.e. with oxidants. And this pair is connected by nothing more than a constant struggle of the first with the second.

After a lyrical digression, let's plunge into dry scientific facts. Studies have long proven that the indispensable participants in the metabolic processes of our body are the so-called free radicals (oxidants) - these are not substances, as many mistakenly believe, but molecules - much smaller matter. Each oxidant has a free unpaired electron. And it is this property that gives them high chemical activity.

By themselves, oxidants are neither harmful nor bad, they are needed by the body and are actively involved in its work. But under the influence of certain factors (diseases, poor ecology, stress, unhealthy diet, smoking, etc.), their number begins to grow uncontrollably, and these extra, chemically active molecules begin to destroy healthy cells and tissues; harmful oxidative processes begin to occur. To resist destruction, antioxidant substances are needed that are able to neutralize the action of harmful molecules.

What are antioxidants

Our smart body is able to produce its own internal antioxidants. Many healthy foods also contain them, so by eating healthy foods, we help the body fight oxidants. In childhood and adolescence, a lot of antioxidants are produced, but over time, their deficiency begins to increase more and more, which negatively affects health: a person gets sick more and more often, and the aging process grows faster and faster.

But we can help our body by supplying it with vital substances from the outside, not only with food, but also with various drugs and vitamins. Summing up the above, we conclude that antioxidants are internal and external (food, various vitamins, drugs). It is the second group that we will consider in more detail in the future.

How do antioxidants work in the human body?

There are antioxidants - drugs that are very expensive, and yet people do not spare money to buy them. This happens because these substances are able to literally transform our body, both inside and out, and even at a very advanced age. Here is a list of what happens to the body due to the activity of antioxidants:

• Strengthens immunity.
• The formation of altered cells is prevented, the growth of tumors is inhibited.
• Collagen is restored.
• Rejuvenation processes are launched, etc.

The cure for old age

To the question: "Antioxidant - what is it?" you can give a well-founded answer that this is a cure for old age. It is believed that the increased content of such substances in the body can directly affect the increase in life expectancy. This conclusion was made after the experiment of scientists from the United States, conducted on mice. Animals that were stimulated to increase the production of internal antioxidant enzymes lived much longer than the rest of their brethren and were much less sick. If this also works for humans, this means that the average life expectancy of people could increase to 100 years.

Indeed, there are research results that confirm that taking antioxidant drugs in old age greatly reduces the likelihood of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and reduces the risk of heart and vascular diseases. In general, people who took antioxidant supplements along with a healthy diet began to feel much better, more active and younger.

List of the most famous antioxidants

From the group of vitamins:

• Tocopherol - vitamin E - an antioxidant that counteracts the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes by radicals.
• Vitamin C. Actively neutralizes oxidants and at the same time restores vitamin E consumed in the fight against them.
• A (carotene).

C, E and A are antioxidant vitamins that make up a very strong bond, they are able to multiply each other's action.

Minerals:

There are some plants and foods that are considered antioxidants on their own. These include:

• Green tea.
• Ginseng.
• Blueberry.
• Grape.
• Medicinal mushrooms (meitake, veselka, shiitake, cordyceps, reishi).

What foods are high in antioxidants

The substances of interest to us are most in products such as fruits, berries and vegetables (fresh, of course), as well as in a number of oils and nuts, but not in all, but only in those that are presented in the following lists:

1. Fruits and berries:

• Plums.
• Black chokeberry.
• Citrus.
• Grenades.
• Black currant.
• Cranberry.
• Blueberry.
• Cherry.
• Blackberry.

• Radish.
• Broccoli.
• Eggplant.
• Garlic and onion.
• Beet.
• Spinach and asparagus.
• Beans.
• Radish and turnip.
• Carrot.

• Palm.
• Milk thistle.
• Wheat germ.
• Corn.

• Almond.
• Pistachios.
• Walnuts.

Some spices and herbs cannot be ignored: oregano, parsley, cinnamon, turmeric and cloves - they are all excellent antioxidants. Preparations containing these herbal ingredients are often found and are in good demand.

Vitamin and mineral complexes

The nutrition of modern man is far from ideal, most people today live in cities; He takes vegetables and fruits not in the beds, but from store shelves, sometimes far from the first freshness. These foods lack valuable nutrients. To make up for their deficiency, you have to go to the pharmacy and buy various mineral complexes and antioxidant vitamins there.

Fortunately, the choice of such drugs is very large, even the eyes run up from beautiful multi-colored boxes with useful pills and capsules inside. And it is very convenient that in many of these health products, the necessary minerals and vitamins are combined together. That is, the way it happens in nature. Here is an approximate range of what can be freely purchased today in the pharmacy chain:

• "Selmevit".
• "Vitrum memory".
• "Selenium-active".
• "Retinol acetate".
• "Selenium Compliment".
• Selmevit intensive.
• "Oxylik".
• "Glutathione".
• "Doppelgerz Active".
• "Vetoron".
• "Triovit".
• "Synergin".
• "Rehabilar" and others.

I would like to say a few separate words about "Complivit" - an antioxidant that is in constant demand. A small tablet of the drug contains about 19 essential elements for humans, including minerals: magnesium, zinc, cobalt, copper, calcium, manganese; vitamins E, B1, C, B2, A, B12, PP, B5, P, B6, folic acid and thioctic (lipoic acid). We can say that this is an ideal composition for a vitamin-mineral complex that can fully satisfy all the needs of the body.

Antioxidant drugs

Even taking good vitamin complexes and trying to eat only healthy foods, people, without knowing it, may experience an acute shortage in the body of substances that fight free radicals. This is especially true for those who are busy working in any hazardous industry, heavy smokers or residents of areas with poor ecology. In this case, the following drugs can be called to help:

• "Coenzyme Q10" - strengthens the defenses, removes oxidants, activates blood circulation, slows down the aging process.
• Lipin is an immunomodulator that maintains a high activity of the antioxidant system.
• "Debikor" and "Kratal" are two very important amino acids that help the body to establish many processes.
• "Panangin" and "Asparkam" - effectively improve the functions of the heart and blood vessels, stimulate the formation of ATP, activate intestinal motility, tone skeletal muscles.
• "Omacor", "Epadol", "Tecom" and others are engaged in restoring the balance of polyunsaturated acids in the body.

What to choose

So what kind of antioxidants to choose? Reviews and recommendations of doctors about various means should help make the right choice. It is especially important to discuss with your doctor which drug to start taking for people who have serious health problems.

Antioxidant cosmetic creams against skin aging

Today, many women try to use some good antioxidant cream to maintain the beauty and freshness of the skin. Indeed, such external cosmetics can transform the appearance in an amazing way: smooth wrinkles, improve complexion, even out relief, make skin radiant and young. The main rule: to achieve the desired effect, you need to use a similar cream for at least 30 days.

The compositions of the best cosmetic anti-aging products include a whole complex of various antioxidant substances that can stimulate each other's action. And almost mandatory is the presence in the formula of the famous trinity - vitamins A, B and C. Well, then each manufacturer develops its own special formulations and recipes. Various extracts of natural oxidant plants, fruits, oils can be added to the cream: green tea, grapes, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, horse chestnut, rosemary, witch hazel, sea buckthorn, peach, sesame, just to name a few. Coenzyme Q10 is also a common ingredient in antioxidant skin care products.

Creams with antioxidant complexes are available for different skin types, so any woman can choose the most suitable remedy. But there is one secret in the use of such cosmetics: you can not abuse it. Sometimes people think that since antioxidants are so useful, then if you smear with a cream in which they are contained in the morning, afternoon and evening, and apply it more on the skin, this will speed up the rejuvenation process. In fact, it turns out the opposite: the natural balance of the skin is disturbed and this does not lead to anything good.

Final word

Our review on the topic: "Antioxidant - what is it" has come to an end. We hope we were able to convey the information in an understandable way. The drugs that were discussed are not medicines in the full sense of the word. You can probably live without them, but with them, most diseases are cured much faster, and the quality of life of even healthy and young people is much improved, thanks to the burst of energy they will receive. Whatever you choose for yourself, be it preparations with coenzyme Q10, the Complivit mineral complex, youth antioxidants hidden in tubes of cream, this should certainly be beneficial, because such a choice in itself means an interest in strengthening your own health .

Antioxidants are natural ingredients that protect our cells from harmful effects. Antioxidants are found in vegetables, fruits, grains, red wine, tea, cocoa and other foods. Antioxidants include vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.

What are antioxidants? Simply put, antioxidants are the protectors of our body. For example, under stress, exposure to cigarette smoke (), sunlight, and even when breathing, oxidative processes occur in our body.

During oxidation, so-called free radicals (active molecules) are formed. The human body is able to absorb a certain amount of aggressive substances and, therefore, prevent cell damage.

However, if free radicals are produced in excess, they cause damage to cells. Antioxidants help to cope with free radicals by neutralizing them, or by preventing oxidative processes.

What are free radicals?

Free radicals are normal metabolites that are present in every body. In addition, free radicals are needed by the body to accustom cells to higher concentrations of free radicals. However, higher concentrations are harmful to cells. Their molecules contain one unpaired electron, so they are constantly on the lookout for the missing electron and find it. A chain reaction can cause damage to various cells in the body.

Antioxidants protect and protect cells from free radicals. They release an electron and thus neutralize free radicals.

Our body is constantly under attack by free radicals. To some extent, this is normal if the body copes with them. However, free radicals can increase as a result of harmful factors.

Factors that increase free radicals

1. Environmental poisons (gases, solvents, pesticides, chemicals).
2. One-sided diet (too much meat, fast food and too few fruits and vegetables).
3. Unhealthy foods (trans fats, sugar).
4. Taking medication.
5. Excess ultraviolet rays, i.e. sunburn, or prolonged exposure to the sun.
6. Bad habits (alcohol, drugs).
7. Physical and psychological stress.

The search for and "robbery" of electrons by free radicals is called oxidation. Oxidation itself is not dangerous, but the radical reaction is destructive.

High levels of free radicals can thus set off numerous chain reactions that eventually lead to massive damage in the body.

Examples:

• limited cell function, or cell death as a result of membrane damage;
• DNA damage resulting in uncontrolled cell division;
• enzyme inactivation;
• decrease in the formation of endogenous proteins.

What are antioxidants for?

Only an antioxidant can prevent the chain reaction caused by free radicals. Thus, antioxidants save cells from damage.

Before free radicals try to strip an electron from a membrane or an important protein, an antioxidant appears and voluntarily donates its electron to the free radical. Thus, the cells of the body remain protected if sufficient amounts of antioxidants are present in the body.

Antioxidants in food

The best-known antioxidants include vitamin C and E, carotenoids (eg, beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A), the trace elements selenium and zinc, and various phytochemicals such as sulfides, phytoestrogens, and polyphenols.