Anatomy of the muscles that control the foot. Muscles of the foot Tissues of the dorsum of the foot

Muscles of the sole of the foot, second layer (bottom view). Flexor digitorum brevis is severed

Muscles of the sole of the foot, second layer (bottom view). The flexor tendon and tendon decussation are displaced. The flexor digitorum brevis is cut and bent

2 Tendons of the long flexor digitorum

3 Vermiform muscles

4 Interosseous muscles

5 Flexor pollicis brevis

6 Abductor digiti minimi muscle

7 Quadratus plantaris muscle

8 Tubercle of the calcaneus

9 Flexor pollicis longus tendon

10 Flexor pollicis brevis

11 Abductor pollicis muscle

12 Flexor digitorum brevis (cut)

13 Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone

14 Peroneus longus tendon

15 Transverse head of the adductor pollicis muscle

16 Cross of the tendons of the sole of the foot

17 Medial malleolus

18 Plantar aponeurosis

2 Tendines m. flexoris digitorum longi

3 M. lumbricalis

4 mm. interossei plantares

5 M. flexor digiti brevis

6 M. abductor digiti minimi

7 M. quadratus plantae - m. flexor

8 Tuber calcanei

9 Tendo m. flexoris hallucis longi

10 M. flexoris hallucis brevis

11 M. abductor hallucis

12 M. flexor digitorum brevis

13 Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V

14 Tendo m. peronei longi

15 M. adductor hallucis - caput trans-versum

16 Chiasma plantare

17 Malleulus med.

18 Aponeurosis plantaris

Muscles of the sole of the foot, third layer (bottom view). Short Muscles of the sole of the foot, fourth layer

flexor digitorum removed, quadratus plantaris abductor muscle (ventral view). Interosseous muscles and canal are visible

thumb muscle and abductor muscle of the little finger, the tendons of the peroneus longus muscle are cut

1 Flexor digitorum brevis tendon

2 Transverse head of the adductor pollicis muscle

3 Abductor digiti minimi muscle

4 Interosseous muscles

5 Flexor pollicis brevis

6 Muscle that adducts the little toe

7 Peroneus longus tendon

8 Quadratus plantaris with flexor digitorum longus tendon

9 Tubercle of the calcaneus

10 Flexor pollicis longus tendon (cut)

11 Tendons of the long flexor digitorum

12 Flexor pollicis brevis

13 Oblique head of the adductor pollicis muscle

14 Abductor pollicis muscle (cut off)

15 Tibialis posterior tendon

16 Dorsal interosseous muscles

17 Plantar interosseous muscles

18 Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone

19 Tendons of the long flexor of the fingers (cross of the plantar tendons)

20 Long plantar ligament

1 Tendines m. flexoris digitorum brevis

2 M. adductor hallucis - caput trans-verusm

3 M. abducror digiti minimi

4 mm. interossei

5 M. flextor digiti minimi brevis

6 M. opponens (m. abductor) digiti minimi

7 Tendo m. peronei longi

8 M. quadratus plantae et tendo m. flexoris digitorum longi

9 Tuber calcanei

10 Tendo m. flexoris hallucis longi

11 Tendines m. flexoris digitorum longi

12 M. flexor hallucis brevis

13 M. adductor hallucis - caput obliquum

14 M. abductor hallucis

15 Tendo m. tibialis post.

16 mm. interossei dorsales

17 mm. interossei plantares

18 Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V

19 Chaisma plantare

20 Lig. plantare longum

Arteries of the lower limb

The main arteries and nerves of the right thigh (front view). The sartorius muscle is cut and reflexed. The femoral vein has been partially removed, exposing the deep femoral arteries. Please note: the vessels enter the adductor canal and reach the popliteal fossa

Main arteries of the lower limb, right side (front view; diagram)

1 Femoral artery

2 Deep femoral artery

3 Ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery

4 Descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery

5 Lateral superior artery of the knee joint

6 Popliteal artery

7 Lateral inferior artery of the knee joint

8 Anterior tibial artery

9 Peroneal artery

10 Lateral plantar artery

11 Arcuate artery with posterior metatarsal arteries

12 Plantar arch with plantar metatarsal arteries

13 Median circumflex femoral artery

14 Deep femoral artery with perforating arteries

15 Descending artery of the knee joint

16 Middle superior artery of the knee joint

17 Median artery of the knee joint

18 Median inferior artery of the knee joint

19 Posterior tibial artery

20 Dorsal plantar artery

21 Middle plantar artery

22 Superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries

23 Femoral nerve

24 Lateral circumflex femoral artery

25 Sartorius muscle (cut off and bent)

27 Vastus medialis muscle

28 Inguinal ligament

29 Femoral vein (cut off)

30 External genital artery and vein

31 Adductor longus muscle

32 Great saphenous vein

33 Obturator artery and nerve

34 Thin muscle

35 Saphenous nerve

36 Tendon wall of the adductor canal

37 Anterior cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve

38 Inferopatellar branch of the saphenous nerve

39 Popliteal vein

40 Tibial nerve

41 Middle head of the gastrocnemius muscle

42 Biceps femoris

43 Common peroneal nerve

44 Lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

45 Plantaris muscle

46 Soleus muscle

47 Flexor pollicis longus

48 Spermatic cord

2 A. profunda femoris

3 R. ascendens a. cir-cumflexae femoris lat.

4 R. descendens a. cir-cumflexae femoris lat.

5 A. sup. lat. genus

7 A. inf. lat. genus

8 A. tibialis ant.

10 A plantaris lat.

11 A. arcuata et aa. metatarseae dors.

12 Arcus plantaris et aa. metatarseae plantares

13 A. circumflexa femoris med.

14 A. prof, femoris et aa. perforantes

15 A. descendens genus

16 A. sup. med. genus

17 A. media genus

18 A. inf. med. genus

19 A tibialis post.

20 A dorsalis pedis

21 A plantaris med.

22 A. circumflexa ilium superf. et prof.

24 A. circumflexa femoris lat.

26 M. rectus femoris

27 M. vastus med.

28 Lig. inguinal

30 A. et v. Pudenda ext.

31 M. adductor longus

32 V. saphena magna

33 A. obturatoria et n. obturatorius

36 Lamina vastoadductoria

37 R. cutaneus ant. n. femoralis

38 R. infrapatellaris n. sapheni

41 Caput med. m. gastrocnemii

42 M. biceps femoris

43 N. peroneus communis

44 Caput lat. m. gastrocnemii

47 M. flexor hallucis longus

48 Funiculus spermaticus

Arteries of the right leg (posterior view)

I i lower limb

1Sternal veins of the lower limb,

tiron (anterior median view), “eden red solution

medial malleolus. Dissection (of the cicatricial nerve, posterior tibial vessels, and saphenous vein (blue vein is introduced into the vessels)

Main veins of the lower limb, right side (front view; diagram)

1 Superficial epigastric

2 Superficial vein surrounding the ilium

3 Femoral vein

4 Small saphenous vein

5 External iliac

6 6 External pudendal vein

7 Great saphenous vein

8 Posterior venous arch

9 Saphenous opening of the femoral vein

‘ 10 Venous anastomosis pain

shoy and small saphenous veins

11 Patella

12 Penis

13 Medial malleolus

14 Popliteal fossa

15 Perforating veins

16 Lateral malleolus

17 Posterior digital veins of the foot

18 Dorsal venous network of the foot

19 Posterior metatarsal veins

20 Anterior tibial artery and vein

21 Tibia

22 Posterior tibial artery and vein

23 Fibula

24 Peroneal artery and vein

25 Fascia of the lower leg deep layers)

26 Fascia of the leg (surface layers)

g 27 Perforating veins I-III

28 Tibial nerve

29 Arc-shaped vein

30 Saphenous nerve

31 Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (branch of the superficial peroneal nerve)

32 Posterior tibial veins

1 V. epigastrica superf.

2 V. circumflexa ilium sflperf.

4 V. saphena parva

5 V. iliaca ext.

6 V. pud nda xt.

7 V. saphena magna

8 Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis

10 Anastomosis w. saphenae mag-nae et parvae

13 Malleolus med.

14 Fossa poplitea

15 Vv. perforantes

16 Malleolus lat.

17 Vv. digitales dors, pedis

18 Arcus venosum dors, pedis

19 Vv. metatarsales dors, pedis

20 A. et v. tibialis ant.

22 A. et v. tibialis post.

24 A. et v. pcroneas

25 Fascia cruris profundus

26 Fascia cruris superf.

27 Vv. perforantes

31 N. cutaneus dorsalis melialis

32 Vv. tibiales posteriorea

Superficial veins of the leg (view Superficial veins of the leg.

from behind, painted with blue. Perforating veins of Coquette are dissected.

plastics)

Veins of the leg. Anastomoses between superficial and deep veins are dissected

Anastomoses between the superficial and deep veins of the leg

(according to Eigner, diagram). Arrows: directions of blood flow O

Superficial veins of the dorsum of the foot (painted with blue resin)

Nerves of the lower limb

1 Transverse abdominis muscle

2 Iliohypogastric nerve

3 Ilioinguinal nerve

4 Femoral nerve

5 Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

6 Obturator nerve

7 Internal obturator muscle

8 Pubic bone (partially severed)

9 Levator ani muscle (remnant)

10 Posterior nerve of the penis

11 Posterior scrotal nerves

12 Adductor longus muscle

13 Thin muscle

14 Body of the 4th lumbar vertebra

15 Ponytail

16 Intervertebral disc

17 Sacral Cape

18 Sympathetic trunk

19 Sacrum

20 Lumbosacral trunk

21 Sciatic plexus

23 Sacrospinous ligament

24 Genital nerve

25 Inferior rectal nerves

26 Perineal nerves

27 Subcutaneous adipose tissue of the gluteal region

1 M. transversus abdominis

2 N. iliohypogastricus

3 N. ilioinguinalis

5 N. cutaneus femoris lat.

6 N. obturatorius

7 M. obturator int

9 M. levator ani

10 N. dors, penis

11 Nn. scrotales post. n. pudendi

12 M. adductor longus

14 Corpus vertebrae lumbalis IV

16 Discus intervertebralis

18 Truncus sympathicus

20 Truncus lumbosacralis

21 Plexus sacralis

23 Lig. sacrospinale

25 Nn. rectales inf.

26 Nn. perineales pudendi

True location of the lumbosacral plexus, right side (median view). The pelvic organs with peritoneum and part of the levator ani muscle are removed

1 Subcostal nerve

2 Iliohypogastric nerve

3 Ilioinguinal nerve

4 Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

5 Femorogenital nerve

6 Genital nerve

7 Femoral nerve

8 Obturator nerve

9 Sciatic nerve

10 Lumbar plexus (L,-L 4)

11 Sacral lumbar plexus (L 4 -S 4) sacral

12 “Genital plexus” (Sg-S 4)

13 Inferior gluteal nerve

14 Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

15 Common peroneal nerve

16 Tibial nerve

17 Lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf

18 Medial and lateral plantar nerves

19 Saphenous nerve

20 Inferopopliteal branch of the saphenous nerve

21 Deep peroneal nerve

22 Superficial peroneal nerve

1 N. subcostalis

2 N. iliohypogastricus

3 N. ilioinguinalis

4 N. cutaneus femoris lat.

5 N. genitofemoralis

8 N. obturatorius

9 N. ischiadicus

10 Plexus lumbalis (L,-L 4) | plexus

11 Plexus sacralis (L 4 -S 4 1 > lumbo-

12 Plexus pudendus (S2-S 4) J sacralis

13 N. gluteus inf.

14 N. cutaneus femoris post.

15 N. peroneus communis

17 N. cutaneus surae lat

18 N. plantaris med. et lat.

20 R. infrapatellaris n. spheni

21 N. peroneus profundus

22 N. peroneus superficialis

Nerves of the lower limb, right side (lateral view; diagram)

Main branches of the lumbosacral plexus

(front view; diagram)

LARGE ATLAS OF ANATOMY, Johannes W Roen Chihiro Yokochi Elki Lutyen-Drekoll.

The human skeleton is surrounded by fibers that perform significant functions in the body. There are many tissues in the foot. What is the anatomy of the human foot muscles?

Functionality of muscle fibers

Muscle tissues are important components that carry out certain activities in the functioning of the musculoskeletal system. In the foot, they are necessary for a person to control his legs, bend and straighten his toes.

Fibers also support normal blood circulation in the limbs. Thanks to the fabrics, various injuries to the feet are prevented. But in order for them to perform their functions fully, you need to constantly keep them in good shape.

Tissues of the back of the foot

The muscle fibers of the dorsum of the foot are located under the connective membrane and extensor tendons.

Muscle tissue of the sole

The fibers that are located in the lower part of the foot form three muscle groups:

1. Medial. Responsible for the movement of the big toe.
2. Lateral. Thanks to them, the motor activity of the little finger is carried out.
3. Average. Control the flexion of all toes.

Each of them includes the muscles of the plantar surface of the foot, which perform specific functions.

	Name	Location	Function
Medial group	Muscle tissue that abducts the thumb	The muscle starts from the heel and ends at the phalanx	Abduction of the first finger
	Flexor pollicis brevis	Comes from the sphenoid bone, splits into two parts, subsequently heading towards the thumb	Flexion function
	Adductor hallucis muscle	It is divided into two flat parts, one of which originates from the cuboid bone, and the other from the joint capsules of the second and fifth joints of the bones. Both parts are directed together superficially to the first finger	Turn to the inside
Lateral group	Muscle tissue that abducts the little finger	Originates from the heel and inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx	Lead
	Flexor brevis	Its beginning is located at the fifth metatarsal bone, and its end is also at the little finger	Flexion
	Muscle tissue opposing the little finger	Located at the edge of the foot, moves towards the fifth joint	Strengthening and supporting the arch of the foot
Medium muscle tissue	Flexor digitorum brevis	This thin muscle runs under the plantar aponeurosis and is divided into a pair of short muscles that are attached to the 2nd and 5th phalanges	Flexion
	Quadratus plantaris muscle	Located under the previous muscle	Flexion movement
	Vermiform muscles	Moves from the flexor and attaches to the medial area of ​​the 2nd and 5th fingers	Flexion and extension of the phalanges of the foot, abducting them towards the big toe
	Plantar interosseous muscles	Found in deep fibers in the spaces between the metatarsal bones and ligaments	Bringing the 3rd and 5th phalanx to the second
	Dorsal interosseous tissues		The first muscle tissue is the abduction of the 2nd toe from the midline of the foot. The other 3 muscles are abduction of the 2nd and 4th phalanges, placing them close to the little finger. Flexion of 2-4 fingers

Muscle diseases

Fiber diseases develop due to the fact that a person constantly moves and puts stress on the lower limbs. Legs are also often exposed to hypothermia and injury. All this leads to adverse consequences.

Muscle pathologies are diagnosed at any age. But among patients, they most often affect people who play sports or work in jobs that require them to be on their feet for a long time.

Foot injuries are common. The reason for this may be the following factors:

• Excessive loads. This applies more to people involved in sports: their feet regularly experience physical overload.
• Excess body weight. Due to the large weight, the legs are loaded even more.
• Sedentary lifestyle. As a result, the muscles relax and atrophy, which leads to an increase in their injury rate.
• Wearing uncomfortable shoes. Incorrectly selected products or high heels cause the muscles to be positioned incorrectly, which the latter get used to over time.

One of the common muscle diseases is myositis (an inflammatory process that occurs directly in the tissues). If the disease is ignored for a long time, it can become chronic.

Myositis, which occurs in an infectious form, is accompanied by a pronounced clinical picture: the patient experiences swelling, redness of the skin, pain, and high local temperature.

If you go to the hospital in a timely manner and begin treatment, it will be easy to get rid of the disease. They fight it with the help of medications, physiotherapeutic procedures and massage.

Another common foot muscle ailment is a sprain that can lead to rupture. In this case, damage occurs to the tissues or areas to which they are attached. This occurs during sudden movements. The disease most often occurs in athletes.

When you sprain, the first thing that occurs is pain. It varies in intensity depending on how damaged the fibers are. When you are calm, the pain disappears, but when you move your leg or feel the affected area, it returns again.

To avoid problems with the foot muscles, you must follow the recommendations of doctors. Doctors advise the following:

1. Follow the rules of foot hygiene.
2. Wear comfortable shoes that suit your foot size.
3. Women should stop wearing high heels or do so as little as possible.
4. To live an active lifestyle. Perform exercises for the lower extremities regularly.
5. Wear orthopedic insoles.

The muscles of the feet must always be kept in good shape. Therefore, it is important to exercise. With age, tissues become weaker, and if they are not strengthened, they will become more susceptible to damage and various pathologies.

Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
The short extensor of the first finger (m. extensor hallucis brevis) (Fig. 200) has a flat muscle belly lying under the tendon of the long extensor of the fingers. It starts from the upper surface of the calcaneus on the lateral edge of the foot and passes diagonally to the first metatarsal bone, along which a thin tendon follows to the aponeurosis of the first toe.

200. Muscles and synovial sheaths of the dorsum of the foot.

1 - m. extensor hallucis brevis;
2 - m. extensor digitorum brevis;
3 - mm. interossei dorsales;
4 - tendines m. extensoris digitorum longi;
5 - vagina tendinis m. extens6ris digitorum longi;
6 - vagina tendinis m. extensoris hallucis longi;
7 - vagina tendinis m. tibialis anterioris;
8 - vagina synovialis mm. peroneorum.

Function. Corresponds to the name of the muscle.

The common short extensor of the toes (m. extensor digitorum brevis) has three abdomens for the II-IV fingers. It begins on the lateral surface of the calcaneus and ends in the aponeurosis of the fingers.

Innervation: n. peroneus profundus (LIV-V-SI).

Function. Extends the corresponding fingers.

Muscles of the sole

Muscles of the first finger
The abductor muscle of the first finger (m. abductor hallucis) is well developed compared to other muscles of the foot. Located on the medial edge of the foot. It starts from the calcaneal tubercle and scaphoid bone, attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the first finger.

The tendon contains a sesamoid bone.

Function. Flexes and abducts the first toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, strengthens the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.

The short flexor of the first finger (m. flexor hallucis brevis) is located lateral to the previous muscle. Starts from the first sphenoid bone, scaphoid bone and tendon m. tibialis posterior. The initial part is covered by the abductor muscle. At the site of attachment, the muscle is divided into two heads, between which the tendon of the long flexor of the first finger passes. It ends at the base of the proximal phalanx of the toe.

Innervation: lateral head - n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II), medial head - n. plantaris medialis (LV-SII).

Function. Flexes the first toe and supports the arches of the feet.

The muscle that adducts the first toe (m. adductor hallucis) is located between the common flexor of the fingers and the interosseous muscles. It is presented in two parts: a) oblique - starts from lig. plantare longum at the level of the calcaneocuboid joint, the tibialis tendon and from the base of the II-III metatarsal bones; b) the transverse part starts from the capsule of the III, IV, V metatarsophalangeal joints and lies transverse to the length of the foot. At the first finger, both parts are connected into one tendon, which is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the first finger, enclosing the sesamoid bone.

Function. Adducts the first metatarsal bone and the first finger.

Muscles of the fifth toe
The muscle that abducts the fifth toe (m. abductor digiti minimi) is the most extreme and superficial. It starts from the plantar aponeurosis and the calcaneus, attaches to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone of the proximal phalanx.

Innervation: n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II).

Function. Abducts and bends the V finger.

The short flexor of the fifth toe (m. flexor digiti minimi brevis) (Fig. 200) is a weak and underdeveloped muscle located under the previous one. Starts from lig. plantare longum and V metatarsal bone, attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the V finger.

Innervation: n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II).

Function. Bends the little finger.

The muscle opposing the fifth finger (m. opponens digiti minimi) is poorly developed and actually represents a rudimentary formation. Well developed in monkeys. Located medial to the short flexor of the fifth finger. Starts from lig. plantare longum, attached to the V metatarsal bone.

Innervation: n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II).

Function. Adducts and opposes the V metatarsal bone.

Muscles of the midsole
The short flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum brevis) (Fig. 200) is the most superficial muscle lying under the plantar aponeurosis between the muscles of the 1st and 5th fingers. It starts from the medial eminence of the calcaneal tubercle and plantar aponeurosis. Then, in the middle of the foot, the fleshy abdomen is divided into four heads, attached to the middle phalanx from the second to fifth toe. Its tendons bifurcate to pass the flexor digitorum longus tendon.

Innervation: n. plantaris medialis (LV-SI).

Function. Flexes the toes at the interphalangeal joints, supports the arches of the feet, being an active tightening.

The quadratus plantae muscle (Fig. 202) is located deeper than the flexor digitorum brevis muscle. It starts from the edge of the articular area of ​​the calcaneus and is attached to the tendon of the long flexor of the digitorum.

Innervation: n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II).

Function. Stretches the long flexor tendon, which enhances its function as an active brace for the foot.

Vermiform muscles (mm. lumbricales) are thin, weak muscles that do not have much functional significance. They start from all tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and are attached to the medial edge of the dorsal aponeurosis of the proximal phalanx of the II-V fingers.

Innervation: nn. plantares lateralis et medialis (LV-SII).

Function. Bend the fingers at the metatarsophalangeal joints.

The dorsal interosseous muscles (mm, interossei dorsales) (Fig. 200) are represented by underdeveloped four bundles. They are located in the interosseous spaces of the metatarsal bones. The muscles are attached to the dorsal aponeuroses of the phalanges of the II-IV fingers.

The plantar interosseous muscles (mm. interossei plantares) are represented by three bundles that begin on the medial side of the II-V metatarsal bones. Attached to the base of the proximal phalanges and to the dorsal aponeurosis of the III-V fingers.

Innervation: n. plantaris lateralis (SI-II).

Function. The long axis of the foot corresponds in position to the second metatarsal bone, therefore the first dorsal interosseous muscle abducts the second toe medially. The second, third and fourth dorsal muscles abduct the corresponding fingers laterally. The plantar interosseous muscles bring the third, fourth and fifth toes to the second toe (longitudinal axis of the foot).

This group of foot muscles includes the muscles located in the middle of the sole. It consists of the following muscles: short flexor digitorum (m. flexor digitorum brevis), quadratus plantae (m. quadratus plantae), lumbrical muscles (mm. lumbricales), interosseous muscles (mm. interrossei).

Flexor digitorum brevis
M. flexor digitorum brevis

The most superficial muscle lying under the plantar aponeurosis. It starts from the calcaneal tubercle and plantar aponeurosis. The muscle belly goes forward and passes into four flat tendons, attached to the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers.

Function:

• flexion of the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers;
• strengthening the arch of the foot.

Quadratus plantaris muscle
M. quadratus plantae

It has a square shape, lies under the previous muscle. It starts with two heads from the back of the calcaneus, goes forward, attaches to the outer edge of the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum longus) to the point of its division into separate tendons.

The quadratus plantae muscle (m. quadratus plantae) is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Muscles of the plantar surface of the foot (second level of the middle layer):

1 - quadratus plantae muscle (m. quadratus plantae);

2 - worm-shaped muscles (m. lumbricales).

Function:

• regulates the action of the flexor digitorum longus.

Vermiform muscles
Mm. lumbricales

There are four thin and weak muscles. They originate from the corresponding tendon of the long flexor of the fingers (m. flexor digitorum longus) and are attached to the medial edge of the dorsal aponeurosis of the proximal phalanx of the II-V fingers.

Vermiform muscles (mm. lumbricales) are shown in Fig. 1.

Function:

• flexion of the proximal phalanges of the II-V fingers, while simultaneously slightly extending their middle and distal phalanges.

Interosseous muscles
Mm. interossei

They lie deepest between the metatarsal bones. Represented by three plantar muscle bundles and four dorsal ones.

Interosseous muscles (mm. interossei) are shown in Fig. 2.