MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE KRASNOYARSK REGION

REGIONAL STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"KRASNOYARSK COLLEGE OF INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP"

Methodological material

on conducting an open lesson

in History

Topic: “The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century”

Material prepared by:

History teacher

first qualification category

Tatrishvili Yulia Vladimirovna

EXPLANATORY NOTE

A lesson in learning new material, a lesson - a workshop. "» , in the preparation of students in the specialty "Automotive mechanic"

This lesson occupies one of the main places in the study of Russian History, since with its help the following general competencies are formed:

Form of the lesson – lesson - workshop.

Purpose of the lesson :

1. formation in students of knowledge about the struggle of the Russian people with foreignersinvaders inXIIIcentury;

2. developing the ability to find the necessary material in the text of the textbook;
3. . continue to develop skills and abilities to work with historical
documents and historical maps;
4. formation of cognitive interest in the history of the Fatherland;
5. formation of patriotic personality qualities on heroic
examples of defenders of the Motherland.

Lesson objectives:

1. Educational : introduce students to the heroic struggle of the Russian people and the Baltic peoples with the German and Swedish feudal lords;reveal the essence of the military leadership talent of Alexander Nevsky;

2. Developmental : develop students’ skills in working with textbook text,historical sources, map, analyze the causes of aggression withsides of Western countries will determine the role of a political figure in historystates

3. Educational : promote patriotic education,fostering respect for the defenders of the Motherland.

Lesson plan

Form of the lesson : lesson - workshop.

Location: Krasnoyarsk, st. Kurchatova 15, Krasnoyarsk College of Industry Technologies and Entrepreneurship, classroom 303 “History”

Type of activity : lesson of learning new material.

Teaching methods:

3 min

Reviewing safety rules

Heuristic. Voicing the basic safety rules for students when working in the office.

2 minutes

Working with maps, historical documents, diagrams.

Research. Selection of optimal methods for working with historical documents and materials.

5 minutes

Practical part, writing answers

Reproductive. Students complete assignments using historical materials (technological map).

25 min

Presentation of work results.

Heuristic.

Presentation by students of the results of cognitive activity. Voice your messages and conclusions.

7 min

Summarizing

Summing up the lesson.

2 minutes

Expected Result:

Formed knowledge:

Basic concepts, events, processes of the historical period:

Developed skills:

working with historical maps;

working with historical documents;

working with illustrations;

identification of historical events, concepts and definitions

group work;

public speaking;

Formed competencies:

OK 2. Organize your own activities, choose standard methods and ways of performing assigned tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them.

OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of assigned taskstasks and personal development.

OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with different social statuses.

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members and the results of completing tasks.

OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan to improve your education.

Equipment:

illustrations

map "Rus inXIIIV."

map “Rus in X”IV-XVcenturies."

circuits using a projector.

handout with questions foroccupation

Demo material

HandoutApplication 1.2 3.4

Application drawings

Appendix 4 score sheet

Teaching methods:

Dialogic.

Monologue.

Heuristic.

Research.

Reproductive.

Teaching methods: story, explanation, characterization, writing out concepts, working with historical sources and documents, comparison, reasoning, independent work, slide show.

Control methods: survey.

LESSON PROJECT

Topic of the training session: « The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century»

Goal of the students: mobilization of students for educational and practical activities.

LESSON PROJECT

Presentation

Annex 1

2. Isolating the problem

Historical documents with assignments are distributed. Explanation of the essence of future work

Familiarization with historical documents, assignments, assignments are discussed in groups.

Handouts - documents, illustrations, assignments

Appendix 2

3. Practical part, work with historical material

Controls the process of selecting historical information and completing tasks

They select the necessary information and perform tasks based on the source.

Historical documents, mapsApplication

5. Presentation of work results.

Offers to voice completed tasks and suggests assessing the quality of the teams’ finished response and recording the results on the evaluation sheets.

Voice their answers and draw conclusions. Evaluate the performances of opposing teams and fill out evaluation sheets

6. Summing up

Offers to summarize the work

Summing up.

Hand in completed assessment sheets

During the classes

Teacher's actions

Students' actions

1. Organizational moment

Psychological attitude to activity

Welcomes students

Marks attendance. Finds out the reasons for the absence of students

Presents uniform pedagogical requirements and checks readiness for class

Creates a friendly atmosphere of communication and a business rhythm of work.

Greet the teacher.

Absentees are reported.

Adapt to the workplace. They perceive, comprehend, and realize the significance of the work in the classroom.

2. Isolating the problem

Statement of a problematic question

“Oh, bright and beautiful, decorated Russian land! You are glorified with many beauties... You are filled with everything, Russian land!..."

“A huge number of people died, many were taken captive, mighty cities disappeared from the face of the earth forever, precious manuscripts, magnificent frescoes were destroyed, secrets of many crafts"

These two statements characterize Rus' inXIIIV.

Problematic question: What events are we talking about? Why did this metamorphosis occur, what happened in Rus'?

This will be discussed in the lesson, the topic of which is:"Rus' struggle against external invasions in XIII V.

Listens, corrects students’ answers, and finally formulates the purpose of the lesson

The purpose of the lesson: deepen your knowledge on the issue: “Rus’ struggle against external invasions in the 13th century” andsolve the problem of: Why was Rus' unable to withstand the conquests, being at a higher level of social development?

Discuss a problematic situation.

1.B XIII V. Feudal fragmentation occurred in Rus'.

2. There was an invasion of invaders .

3.Updating basic knowledge

Updating of reference knowledge

Organizes homework checking.

Asks targeted questions to stimulate students' thinking.

Questions:

What are the reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Rus'?

Name and show on the map the main principalities-states that appeared in Rus' during this period?

What are the consequences of feudal fragmentation for Rus'?

What was the most dangerous consequence and why?

Right. The weakening of the state's defense capability is the main danger for Rus'.XIIIV.In the 13th century, the enemy who weakened the internal and external position of Rus' were the Mongol-Tatars. But they were not the only enemies. There was another insidious and dangerous enemy in the west. These are the Swedes and the Crusaders.Today in class we will have to answer the questions:Why were the Russians able to defeat the knights?

What was Alexander Nevsky's talent as a commander?

How did the Russian land try to defend its independence and fight the Tatars - the Mongols?

Restates the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Explains new material and gives the task:

– Batu's invasion did not affect the northwestern regions of Rus' - the Novgorod and Pskov lands. But here, too, an extremely dangerous situation has developed.

German knights settled in the Baltic states - crusaders, members of spiritual knightly orders.

The organizer of the crusades was the Catholic Church. Crusaders are knights, participants in the crusades. In the armies of the Crusaders, with the blessing of the Pope, special monastic-knightly organizations were created; they were called spiritual-knightly orders. Defeated Rus' seemed easy prey to the crusaders. German knights settled in the Baltic states - crusaders, members of the Livonian and Teutonic orders.

With the blessing of the Pope, they set out to forcefully establish the Catholic faith not only in the Baltic states, but also in the Russian lands. The knights did not consider Orthodox Christians.

Consolidation of what was said:

- Who are the crusaders, and what are their goals?

- What is a knightly order?

- Who threatened Rus' from the West in the 13th century?

- Who are the crusaders?

-What goal did they pursue?

It was assumed that the Swedes and German knightly orders would join forces to make a crusade against Rus'.The teacher tells, using a map, the history of the campaigns of Swedish and German knights against Novgorod:Eastern European lands have long attracted the attention of Swedish and Danish feudal lords with their wealth. These lands were also of interest to the Catholic Church, which sought to extend its influence to the east.But when the Mongol-Tatars attacked Rus' from the east, the Teutonic and Livonian orders united to march on Rus' from the West.

Write down the topic. Formulate the purpose of the lesson

Listen, comprehend, reason,

Formulate answers.

4.Practical work

Practicing practical skills

Coordinates the work of students with a historical source, map, illustrations

Perform work according to the assigned task.

Presentation of work results

Working offactions related to the independent construction of oral speech utterances

Practicing the skill of checking the quality of a completed task, evaluating.

Offers to complete assignments using handouts and electronic presentations. Provides assistance in completing assignments and coordinates student activities.

– So, let's start completing the tasks.

Iexercise:

1.Each team is given worksheets with assignments.

Formulate and present your answers.

Summarizing

Evaluation of the success of the work performed. Issuing homework

Our lesson ends, let's summarize.

Analyzes the activities of students (readiness for classes, preparation of homework, discipline and activity in class, success in mastering new educational material) and evaluates it.

Gives grades: 1. Based on the results of checking homework. 2. Based on the results of work in the lesson (answers to questions, messages, work with the text of the textbook, additions, clarifications). 3. Only positive marks for completing a test on new material.

Asks the question: Who disagrees with these assessments?

Analyzes answers, focuses attention on errors, substantiates the objectivity of assessments. Recognizes and morally stimulates students who successfully completed assignments, actively worked during class, and helped the teacher.

Students who received unsatisfactory grades are asked to analyze the reasons for failure and are invited to a consultation.Invites students to summarize the lesson. Collects score sheets

Well done, thanks for your work in class.

Summarize the lesson.

Listen to the teacher

They ask questions.

Express their own opinion

Agree or disagree with the assessments.

Appendix No. 1

Document No. 1

There are missing words in the text of the document......insert the missing words after completing the text

“As a result, in July….. the Swedish army led its fleet to the mouth of the river…. The command of the army was taken over by the son-in-law of the Swedish king, Birger. Moving inland, his army stopped on the left bank of the river....., not far from the mouth of the Izhora. The Swedes were so confident of their victory that, according to some sources, they sent a message to the young prince Alexander that said “We are here and we will capture you and your land.” As for Alexander’s actions, he had accurate information about the movements of the Swedish army , since intelligence activities were well established in Novgorod. The young prince decided to use the factor of surprise by gathering the city militia and making a rapid march to the place where the Swedish army stopped. During the movement of troops, more and more new detachments joined him.”

What battle are we talking about?

Date of the battle?

Participants in the battle?

Document No. 2

From the Simeonovskaya Chronicle:

QuestionsAndassignments fordocument no.2

Select facts in the text that speak about the heroism of Russian soldiers;

Determine the reasons for the victory of the Novgorod squad

Formulate the significance of the Battle of the Neva for the fate of the Russian people

[The ruler of Sweden, Birger], having heard about the courage of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich, decided to defeat him or take him prisoner and capture Veliky Novgorod and its suburbs and turn the Slavic people into captivity. And he said: “I am going and will conquer all the land of Alexander.” The king gathered a great force, his chiefs and bishops, and the Swedes, and the Norwegians, and sum, eat, and filled the ships with many of their regiments and moved with great strength, overwhelmed by a warlike spirit, and came to the Neva River and stood at the mouth of Izhora, wanting to in his madness to capture Ladoga and even Novgorod and the entire Novgorod region. Then the news came that the Swedes were going to Ladoga, and at the same time the king proudly sent ambassadors to Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich in Novgorod with the words: “If you can resist me, then I am already here and will conquer your land”... And Alexander went against the Swedes with his courageous warriors, but not with many troops, because there was no time to gather a large army. His father, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, did not know about the attack on his son Alexander; there was no time to send news to his father, because the enemies were already approaching. And many Novgorodians did not have time to gather into an army, because Grand Duke Alexander hastened to go against the enemies. And he came against them on Sunday, July 15, and there was a great battle with the Swedes. They beat up many Swedes, and Alexander inflicted a wound on the face of the king himself with his sharp sword. [In some editions of the chronicle, 20 men of Novgorod fell along with the Ladoga residents.

Map of the Neva Battle

Appendix 2

Document No. 3

From the Simeonovskaya Chronicle:

Questions and tasks for the document № 3

Determine what predominates in the given fragment: historical facts or an artistic description of the event.

Formulate the reasons for the victory of Russian soldiers.

Why did the tactics of the knights, which brought them success in wars in Europe, not lead to victory on Lake Peipsi?

What is the significance of Alexander Nevsky's victory?

And he went with his brother Andrei and with the Novgorodians and Suzdalians to German soil with great strength, so that the Germans would not boast, saying “we will humiliate the Slovenian language.”

The city of Pskov had already been taken and German tiuns were planted in the city. The Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the roads to Pskov and suddenly took the city, and, having captured the Germans and Chud and the German governors, imprisoned him in chains in Novgorod, and liberated the city of Pskov from captivity, and fought and burned the German land and took many prisoners, and others interrupted. They gathered together, saying with pride: “Let us go against Alexander and, having won, we will take him prisoner.” When the Germans approached, the guards of Grand Duke Alexander were surprised at the German strength and were horrified. The great prince Alexander, having prayed in the Church of the Holy Trinity, went to the German land, wanting to avenge Christian blood... Hearing about this, the master went against them [Alexander’s regiments] with all his bishops and with the whole multitude of their people and their strength, whatever was in their area, along with royal assistance; and agreed on a lake called Peipus. Grand Duke Alexander returned back.

The Germans almost went after him. The great prince stationed an army on Lake Peipsi on Uzmen, at the Raven Stone, and, preparing for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipsi; there were a large number of those and others. His brother Andrei was here with Alexander with many of his father’s warriors; Alexander had many brave, strong and strong men, all of them were filled with a warlike spirit, and their hearts were like those of a lion. And they said: “Prince, now the time has come to lay down our heads for you.”

It was then the Sabbath day, and at sunrise both armies met.

And here there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chud, and the crack of breaking spears and the sound of the blows of swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood. And I myself heard about this from an eyewitness who was there. And the Germans fled, and the Russians drove them with battle as if through the air, and they had nowhere to run, they beat them 7 miles on the ice to the Subolitsa coast, and 500 Germans fell, and countless miracles, and 50 of the best German commanders were captured and they were brought to Novgorod, and the other Germans drowned in the lake, because it was spring. And others ran away seriously wounded. There was this fight………

In the summer of 1240 they captured Izborsk, and then captured Pskov.
Detachments of knights also appeared near Novgorod. And there was no one to defend the city, because... The boyars, fearing that Alexander Nevsky would expand the rights of princely power, forced him to leave Novgorod. However, soon the veche begged him to return with his squad to defend Novgorod.

Students receive a task: using material from a historical document, arrange excerpts from the document in chronological order.

1.... Both the Germans and the Chud made their way like a wedge through the shelves. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chuds, and the crack of the breaking spears and the sound of the blows of swords was heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood...

2.... Hearing about this, the master came against them with all his bishops and with all the multitude of their people and their strength, which was in their area along with royal help; and went down to the lake called Peipus...

3. ...Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich came to Novgorod and soon went with the Novgorodians, Ladoga residents, Karelians and Izhorians to the city of Koporye and destroyed the fortress to the ground, and killed the Germans themselves...

4.... The great prince stationed an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen at the Raven Stone and, strengthened by the power of the cross and preparing for battle, went against them. (The troops) converged on Lake Peipsi; there were a large number of both...5...And the enemies fled and drove them with battle, as if through the air, and they had nowhere to escape; and they beat them 7 miles on the ice... and 500 Germans fell, and the Chuds
countless, and 50 of the best German commanders were captured and brought to Novgorod, and other Germans drowned in the lake, because there was
spring, and others ran away, seriously wounded...

6.... Grand Duke Alexander occupied all the roads to Pskov and suddenly took
city, and captured the Germans and Chud and the German governors, and in chains
sent to Novgorod, and liberated the city of Pskov from captivity...

(“The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”)(Answer: 3-6-2-4-1-5)

Appendix No. 3

Document No. 4

(According to the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle)

Which battle is shown in the diagram?

What battle are we talking about?

“Per year 6732 (1224). An unheard of army came, the godless Moabites, called Tatars; they came to the Polovtsian land. The Polovtsians tried to resist, but even the strongest of them, Yuri Konchakovich, could not resist them and fled, and many were killed - all the way to the Dnieper River. The Tatars turned back and went to their towers. And so, when the Polovtsians ran to the Russian land, they said to the Russian princes: “If you don’t help us, then today we were beaten, and you will be beaten tomorrow.” There was a council of all the princes in the city of Kyiv, and at the council they decided this: “It is better for us to meet them on foreign soil than on our own.” On this council were Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev, Mstislav Kozelsky and Chernigov and Mstislav Mstislavich of Galitsky - they were the oldest princes of the Russian land. Grand Duke Yuri of Suzdal was not at that council. And the younger princes were Daniil Romanovich, Mikhail Vsevolodich, Vsevolod Mstislavich of Kiev and many other princes. From there they walked eight days to the Kalka River. They were met by Tatar guard detachments. When the guards fought, Ivan Dmitrievich and two others with him were killed. The Tatars drove off; near the Kalka River itself, the Tatars met with Russian and Polovtsian regiments. Mstislav Mstislavich first ordered Daniel and the regiment and other regiments with them to cross the Kalka River, and after them he himself moved; he himself rode in a guard detachment. When he saw the Tatar regiments, he came to say: “Arm yourself!” Mstislav Romanovich and the other Mstislav sat and did not know anything: Mstislav did not tell them about what was happening out of envy, because there was great enmity between them. All the Russian princes were defeated. This has never happened before. The Tatars, having defeated the Russian people because of the sins of Christians, came and reached Novgorod Svyatopolkov. The Russians, not knowing about their deceit, came out to meet them with crosses and were all killed. Expecting the repentance of the Christians, God turned the Tatars back to the eastern land, and they conquered the land of Tangut and other countries. Then their Genghis Khan was killed by the Tanguts. The Tatars deceived the Tanguts and subsequently destroyed them by deception. And they destroyed other countries - by army, and most of all by deception.”

Questions for the document:

Where and when did the first battle between the Russians and the Mongol-Tatars end?

Who led the Tatar and Russian troops?

Why were Russian troops defeated in the battle on the Kalka River?

What is the meaning of the battle on Kalka ?

Appendix No. 4

Appendix No. 6

What kind of princes are depicted in the illustrations?

2

1

Appendix No. 5

Fill out the table

"The fight of Rus' against external invasions"

Date of battle

Battle Objectives

Invaders

Results of the battle

Historical meaning

Appendix No. 6

Based on the illustration, try to determine which battle is depicted.

1.

2.

3.

+

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The struggle of Rus' with foreign conquerors. Batu's invasion of Rus', the defeat of the Swedes on the Neva. Battle on the Ice. Prince Alexander Nevsky

Nevsky Mongol invasion conqueror

Introduction

1. Batu’s invasion of Rus'

2. Battle of the Neva

3. Battle on the ice

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In the history of Russia, the period of the XII-XIII centuries. became a period of struggle for their territory and for the freedom of the Russian people. Foreign invaders attacked from different directions and almost at the same time, trying to take dominance over Russia.

This period of history is characterized by the intensification of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, which was combined with attacks from the Swedes, namely the Levon Order and the Pope. Rus', which was in a state of fragmentation, was besieged from both the south and the north. But, despite complex internal political processes, Russian troops under the leadership of Alexander Nevsky were able to defend their right to freedom and independence.

The relevance of studying the processes of Rus''s struggle with foreign invaders lies in the need to understand the importance of these historical events in the life of our country and the possible potential for its further existence.

The object of the study is the struggle of Rus' during the XII-XIII centuries.

The subject of the study is the battles of Russian peoples against foreign invaders.

The purpose of the work is to study the processes of Rus'’s struggle with foreign invaders in the period of the 12th-13th centuries.

Tasks to achieve the work goal:

Consider Batu's invasion of Rus',

Study the Battle of the Neva,

Explore the Battle of the Ice,

Describe the role of Alexander Nevsky in the victory of Rus' over foreign invaders.

The theoretical basis of the study is the work of A.N. Sakharova, A.N. Bokhanova, V.A. Shestakova, A.S. Orlova and others.

The methodological basis of the work was the general scientific method of collecting and analyzing information, studying historical sources and familiarizing with the opinions of historians regarding the events being studied.

1. Batu’s invasion of Rus'

The beginning of Batu's invasion of Rus' was quite sudden. Devastation of the Ryazan territory. Batu’s invasion of Rus', in short, pursued the goal of enslaving the people, capturing and annexing new territories. The Mongols appeared on the southern borders of the Ryazan principality demanding that tribute be paid to them. Prince Yuri asked for help from Mikhail Chernigovsky and Yuri Vladimirsky. At Batu's headquarters, the Ryazan embassy was destroyed. Prince Yuri led his army, as well as the Murom regiments, to the border battle, but the battle was lost. Yuri Vsevolodovich sent a united army to help Ryazan. It included the regiments of his son Vsevolod, the people of the governor Eremey Glebovich, and Novgorod detachments. The forces that retreated from Ryazan also joined this army. The city fell after a six-day siege. The sent regiments managed to give battle to the conquerors near Kolomna, but were defeated.

The beginning of Batu's invasion of Rus' was marked by the destruction of not only Ryazan, but also the ruin of the entire principality. The Mongols captured Pronsk and captured Prince Oleg Ingvarevich the Red.

After the defeat of the Ryazan lands, Batu's invasion of Rus' was somewhat suspended. When the Mongols invaded the Vladimir-Suzdal lands, they were unexpectedly overtaken by the regiments of Evpatiy Kolovrat, a Ryazan boyar. Thanks to this surprise, the squad was able to defeat the invaders, inflicting heavy losses on them. On January 20, 1238, after a five-day siege, Moscow fell. Yuri Vsevolodovich, moving north to the Sit River, began to assemble a new squad, while expecting help from Svyatoslav and Yaroslav (his brothers). In early February 1238, after an eight-day siege, Vladimir fell. The family of Prince Yuri died there.

Batu's invasion of Rus' was very large-scale. In addition to the main ones, the Mongols also had secondary forces. With the help of the latter, the Volga region was captured. Over the course of three weeks, secondary forces led by Burundai covered twice the distance than the main Mongol troops during the siege of Torzhok and Tver, and approached the City River from the direction of Uglich.

The historian Tatishchev, speaking about the results of the battles, draws attention to the fact that the losses in the Mongols’ detachments were several times greater than those of the Russians. However, the Tatars made up for them at the expense of prisoners. At that time there were more of them than the invaders themselves. So, for example, the assault on Vladimir began only after a detachment of Mongols returned from Suzdal with prisoners.

Batu's invasion of Rus' from the beginning of March 1238 took place according to a specific plan. After the capture of Torzhok, the remnants of Burundai’s detachment, uniting with the main forces, suddenly turned to the steppe. The invaders did not reach Novgorod by about 100 versts. Different sources give different versions of this turn. Some say that the cause was the spring thaw, others say the threat of famine. One way or another, the invasion of Batu’s troops into Rus' continued, but in a different direction. The Mongols were now divided into two groups. The main detachment passed east of Smolensk (30 km from the city) and made a stop in the lands of Dolgomostye. One of the literary sources contains information that the Mongols were defeated and fled. After this, the main detachment moved south. Here, the invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan was marked by the invasion of the Chernigov lands and the burning of Vshchizh, located in close proximity to the central regions of the principality. According to one of the sources, in connection with these events, 4 sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich died. Then the main forces of the Mongols turned sharply to the northeast. Having bypassed Karachev and Bryansk, the Tatars took possession of Kozelsk. The eastern group, meanwhile, took place in the spring of 1238 near Ryazan. The detachments were led by Buri and Kadan. At that time, Vasily, the 12-year-old grandson of Mstislav Svyatoslavovich, was reigning in Kozelsk. The battle for the city dragged on for seven weeks. By May 1238, both groups of Mongols united at Kozelsk and captured it three days later, albeit with heavy losses.

A corps led by Bukday was sent to help the Mongol troops involved in Transcaucasia. This happened in 1240. Around the same period, Batu decided to send Munke, Buri and Guyuk home. The remaining detachments regrouped, replenished a second time with captured Volga and Polovtsian prisoners. The next direction was the territory of the right bank of the Dnieper. Most of them (Kiev, Volyn, Galician and, presumably, the Turov-Pinsk principality) by 1240 were united under the rule of Daniil and Vasilko, the sons of Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn ruler). The first, considering himself unable to resist the Mongols on his own, set off on the eve of the invasion of Hungary. Presumably Daniel's goal was to ask King Béla VI for help in repelling the Tatar attacks.

As a result of the barbaric raids of the Mongols, a huge number of the population of the state died. A significant part of large and small cities and villages was destroyed. Chernigov, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, and Kyiv suffered significantly. The exceptions were Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, the cities of Turovo-Pinsk, Polotsk and Suzdal principalities. As a result of the invasion of comparative development, the culture of large settlements suffered irreparable damage. For several decades, stone construction was almost completely stopped in cities. In addition, such complex crafts as the production of glass jewelry, the production of grain, niello, cloisonne enamel, and glazed polychrome ceramics disappeared. Rus' is significantly behind in its development. It was thrown back several centuries ago. And while the Western guild industry was entering the stage of primitive accumulation, Russian craft had to again go through that part of the historical path that had been done before Batu’s invasion. In the southern lands, the settled population disappeared almost completely. The surviving residents went to the forest areas of the northeast, settling along the interfluve of the Oka and Northern Volga. These areas had a colder climate and less fertile soils than the southern regions, destroyed and ravaged by the Mongols. Trade routes were controlled by the Tatars. Because of this, there was no connection between Russia and other overseas states. The socio-economic development of the Fatherland in that historical period was at a very low level.

Researchers note that the process of forming and merging rifle detachments and heavy cavalry regiments, which specialized in direct strikes with edged weapons, ended in Rus' immediately after Batu’s invasion. During this period, there was a unification of functions in the person of a single feudal warrior. He was forced to shoot with a bow and at the same time fight with a sword and spear. From this we can conclude that even the exclusively selected, feudal part of the Russian army in its development was thrown back a couple of centuries. The chronicles do not contain information about the existence of individual rifle detachments. This is understandable. For their formation, people were needed who were ready to break away from production and sell their blood for money. And in the economic situation in which Rus' was, mercenaryism was completely unaffordable.

2. Battle of the Neva

The Battle of Neva is one of the key events in Russian history. In 1240, Kievan Rus was a state fragmented into separate principalities. At the same time, each of the principalities sought to become the head of all other territories. At that time, the southern and central principalities suffered from the Mongol-Tatar yoke, and the Novgorod principality, as the northernmost, received other problems.

The Livonian Order, which was located next door, sought by all means to eliminate the “infidels” from these lands and, to achieve this goal, even entered into an alliance with the Swedes and the Pope. In fact, there is very little reliable information about this (Neva) battle. However, it is known for sure that the Swedish army that invaded the Izhora land was led by Ulf Fasi.

Some historians provide evidence that the future king of Sweden (Birger Magnusson) also took part in this battle and even claim that he was wounded by Alexander Yaroslavovich himself, the commander of the Russian army.

The Swedish army included Norwegians, representatives of the Catholic Church and Finns. For some, this campaign was part of the Crusade. The Izhora lands were allies of Novgorod, so news of the invasion quickly came to Alexander.

Alexander Yaroslavovich hastily gathered an army and, without asking for help from the Vladimir principality, independently with a small squad set out against the enemy, enlisting the support of the Ladoga militias along the way. The army consisted mainly of cavalry, which became the determining factor in mobility. The Swedes did not expect a lightning-fast reaction.

The battle began on the fifteenth of July 1240. In the morning, Alexander orders the camp to be bombarded with fiery arrows, which caused confusion and panic.

After this, having a strategic advantage, his army struck the Swedes, preventing them from turning around. During this battle, several ships were also sunk, but by the evening the Russian troops were retreating.

This Neva victory was so impressive that Alexander began to be called Nevsky after it. As a result, the Teutons and Swedes found themselves separated and the subsequent invasion of the Livonian Order was also stopped. Many believe that this victory changed the course of Russian history and was able to ensure the security of Novgorod.

3. Battle on the ice

The Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipsi occurred on April 5, 1242. It became known as one of the most important victories in the history of the country. The date of this battle put an end to the claims of the Livonian Order to Russian lands. But, as often happens, many facts related to an event that occurred in the distant past are controversial for modern scientists. And the reliability of most sources can be questioned. As a result, modern historians do not know the exact number of troops who took part in the battle. This information is not found either in the Life of Alexander Nevsky or in the chronicles. Presumably the number of Russian soldiers who took part in the battle was 15 thousand; the Livonian knights brought with them about 12 thousand soldiers, mostly militias.

Alexander's choice of the ice of Lake Peipsi (near the Raven Stone) as the site for the battle was important. First of all, the position occupied by the young prince’s soldiers made it possible to block the approaches to Novgorod. Surely, Alexander Nevsky also remembered that heavy knights are more vulnerable in winter conditions. So, the Battle of the Ice can be briefly described as follows.

The Livonian knights formed a well-known battle wedge. Heavy knights were placed on the flanks, and warriors with light weapons were located inside this wedge. Russian chronicles call this construction the “great pig.” But modern historians know nothing about what construction Alexander Nevsky chose. This could well have been a “regimental row”, traditional for Russian squads. The knights decided to attack on open ice, even without accurate information about the number or location of enemy troops.

The diagram of the Battle of the Ice is missing from the chronicle sources that have reached us. But it is quite possible to reconstruct it. The knight's wedge attacked the guard regiment and moved on, quite easily breaking through its resistance. However, the attackers encountered many completely unexpected obstacles on their further path. It is quite possible to assume that this success of the knights was prepared in advance by Alexander Nevsky.

The wedge was caught in pincers and almost completely lost maneuverability. The attack of the ambush regiment finally tipped the scales in favor of Alexander. The knights, dressed in heavy armor, were completely helpless, pulled from their horses. Those who were able to escape after the battle were pursued by the Novgorodians, according to the chronicles, “to the Falcon Coast.”

Alexander won the Battle of the Ice, which forced the Livonian Order to conclude peace and renounce all territorial claims. Warriors captured in battle were returned by both sides.

Thanks to the victory of Alexander Nevsky, the threat of the capture of the northwestern Russian territories by the Order was eliminated. Also, this allowed the Novgorodians to maintain trade ties with Europe.

4. The role of Prince Alexander Nevsky in the fight against foreign conquerors

Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky is a prince who occupies a special place in Russian history. In ancient Russian history he is the most popular character. The description of Alexander Nevsky suggests that he was a defender of the Fatherland, a fearless knight who dedicated his life to his homeland.

Alexander was born on May 30, 1219 in Pereyaslavl. His father, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, was a fair and believing prince. Almost nothing is known about Princess Feodosia Mstislavna - his mother. According to some chronicles, we can say that she was a quiet and submissive woman. These chronicles give a description of Alexander Nevsky: he was dexterous, strong and resilient, and mastered science very early. His character traits are also described in the story “The Life of Alexander Nevsky.”

In the book by Borisov N.S. “Russian Commanders” describes Alexander Nevsky from early childhood. The author used many quotes from ancient historical sources, which makes it possible to feel the spirit of that era.

In 1228, the first information about Alexander appeared. Then Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was a prince in Novgorod. He had a conflict with the residents of the city, and he was forced to move to his native Pereyaslavl. But in Novgorod he left two sons, Fyodor and Alexander, in the care of trusted boyars. Son Fedor died, Alexander became the Prince of Novgorod in 1236, and in 1239 he married Alexandra Bryachislavna, the Polotsk princess.

During the first years of his reign, Nevsky fortified Novgorod, because he was threatened by the Mongol-Tatars from the east. Several fortresses were built on the Sheloni River.

Alexander's victory on the banks of the Neva at the mouth of the Izhora River on July 15, 1240 over a Swedish detachment brought great glory to Alexander. He personally participated in this battle. It is believed that it was because of this victory that the Grand Duke began to be called Nevsky.

When Alexander Nevsky returned from the banks of the Neva due to the conflict, he had to leave Novgorod and return to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. At that time, Novgorod was under threat from the west. The Livonian Order gathered German crusaders from the Baltic states, and Danish knights from Revel, and attacked the lands of Novgorod.

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received an embassy from Novgorod asking for help. He sent an armed detachment to Novgorod led by his son Andrei Yaroslavovich, who was later replaced by Alexander. He liberated Koporye and Vodskaya land, occupied by the knights, and then drove the German garrison out of Pskov. The Novgorodians, inspired by these successes, broke into the territory of the Livonian Order and ravaged the settlement of the Estonians and tributary crusaders. After this, knights left Riga, destroyed the Russian regiment of Doman Tverdoslavich and forced Alexander Nevsky to withdraw troops to the border of the Livonian Order. The two sides began to prepare for the decisive battle.

On April 5, 1242, the decisive battle began, which took place near the Crow Stone on the ice of Lake Peipsi. This battle in history is called the Battle of the Ice. As a result of the battle, the German knights were defeated. The Livonian Order had to make peace: the crusaders renounced Russian land and transferred part of Latgale.

In 1246, Alexander and his brother Andrei visited the Horde at the insistence of Batu. Then they went to Mongolia, where the new Khansha Ogul Gamish declared Andrei the Grand Duke, and gave Alexander Southern Rus', but he refused and left for Novgorod.

In 1252, he visited Mongke Khan in Mongolia and received permission to reign as a great ruler. Over the next years, he fights to maintain conciliatory relations with the Horde.

In 1262, Alexander made his fourth trip to the Horde, during which he managed to “beg” the Russians so that they would not participate in the Mongol campaigns of conquest. But during the return journey he fell ill and died on November 14, 1268 in Gorodets.

In honor of Alexander Nevsky, Peter I founded a monastery in St. Petersburg in 1724 (today it is the Alexander Nevsky Lavra). And during the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky was established: it was awarded to brave commanders.

A brilliant commander, a talented diplomat and a skillful politician - all these are characteristics of Alexander Nevsky, who will forever remain immortal in the hearts of the Russian people.

Conclusion

The Tatar-Mongol invasion differed from the raids of other nomads, for example, the Polovtsians. It happened immediately throughout the country and was a great shock for contemporaries. Many cities were destroyed and plundered. The Mongols did not limit themselves to the invasion - Rus' lost its independence and was forced to pay a heavy tribute:

On the other hand, at the same time a more dangerous enemy was repulsed - the crusaders. The Mongols, having established their power over the Russian principalities, only monitored the correct payment of tribute and the preservation of the system of political fragmentation, without interfering in the affairs of the Orthodox Church. The conquest of Rus' by the Crusaders could lead to the loss of Russian statehood, religion and culture.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that, despite the fragmentation between the principalities that reigned in the country, Rus' found the strength to resist such powerful attacks of foreign invaders. Of no small importance in this process was the role of Prince Alexander Nevsky, who was a brilliant commander, a talented diplomat and a skilled politician.

Bibliography

1. Military history of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century: A textbook for students of pedagogical universities. Volkov V.A., Voronin V.E., Gorsky V.V. - M.: MPGU, 2012. - 224 p.

2. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day: textbook / A.N. Sakharov, A.N. Bokhanov, V.A. Shestakov; edited by A.N. Sakharov. - Moscow: Prospekt, 2014. - 768 p.

3. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day: textbook: in 2 volumes. T. 1 / A.N. Sakharov, A.N. Bokhanov, V.A. Shestakov; edited by A.N. Sakharov. - Moscow: Prospekt, 2015. - 544 p.

4. History of Russia. Textbook for universities / Edited by I.I. Shirokorad. - M.: PER SE, 2014. - 496 p.

5. Kubeev M. One hundred great names of Russia. - M.: Veche, 2013. - 256 p.

6. Fundamentals of a course in the history of Russia: textbook / A.S. Orlov, A.Yu. Polunov, Yu.Ya. Tereshchenko. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Moscow: Prospekt, 2015. - 576 p.

7. Domestic history of the 9th - 21st centuries: textbook. manual: In 2 hours - Part 1: IX-XVI centuries. / [I.L. Abramova and others]; edited by I.L. Abramova. - M.: Publishing house of MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, 2012. - 82, p.

8. Domestic history: Textbook / I.N. Kuznetsov. - 8th ed., rev. and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2011. - 816 p.

9. On the road to the future / A.V. Torkunov; ed.-comp. A.V. Malgin, A.L. Chechevishnikov. - M.: Aspect Press, 2011. - 476 p.

10. One hundred great victories of Russia / Mikhail Kubeev. - M.: Veche, 2013. - 256 p.

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Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands during the period of fragmentation. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and its consequences. Rus' and the Golden Horde. The struggle of Rus' against the aggression of the German and Swedish conquerors, Alexander Nevsky.

The 13th century in the history of Rus' is a time of armed resistance to the onslaught from the east (Mongo-Tatars) and northwest (Germans, Swedes, Danes).

The Mongol-Tatars came to Rus' from the depths of Central Asia. The empire formed in 1206, led by Khan Temujin, who accepted the title of Khan of all Mongols (Genghis Khan), by the 30s. XIII century subjugated Northern China, Korea, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia to its power. In 1223, in the Battle of Kalka, the combined army of Russians and Polovtsians was defeated by a 30,000-strong detachment of Mongols. Genghis Khan refused to advance into the southern Russian steppes. Rus' received almost a fifteen-year respite, but could not take advantage of it: all attempts to unite and end civil strife were in vain.

In 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu began a campaign against Rus'. Having conquered Volga Bulgaria, in January 1237 he invaded the Ryazan principality, ruined it and moved on to Vladimir. The city, despite fierce resistance, fell, and on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich was killed in the battle on the Sit River. Having taken Torzhok, the Mongols could go to Novgorod, but the spring thaw and heavy losses forced them to return to the Polovtsian steppes. This movement to the southeast is sometimes called the “Tatar round-up”: along the way, Batu robbed and burned Russian cities, which courageously fought against the invaders. The resistance of the residents of Kozelsk, nicknamed the “evil city” by their enemies, was especially fierce. In 1238-1239 Mongolo-Tatars conquered the Murom, Pereyaslav, and Chernigov principalities.

North-Eastern Rus' was devastated. Batu turned south. The heroic resistance of the inhabitants of Kyiv was broken in December 1240. In 1241, the Principality of Galicia-Volyn fell. The Mongol hordes invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, reached Northern Italy and Germany, but, weakened by the desperate resistance of Russian troops, deprived of reinforcements, retreated and returned to the steppes of the Lower Volga region. Here in 1243 the state of the Golden Horde was created (the capital of Sarai-Batu), whose rule the devastated Russian lands were forced to recognize. A system was established that went down in history as the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The essence of this system, humiliating in spiritual terms and predatory in economic terms, was that: the Russian principalities were not included in the Horde, but retained their own reigns; the princes, especially the Grand Duke of Vladimir, received a label to reign in the Horde, which confirmed their presence on the throne; they had to pay a large tribute ("exit") to the Mongol rulers. Population censuses were conducted and tribute collection standards were established. The Mongol garrisons left Russian cities, but before the beginning of the 14th century. The collection of tribute was carried out by authorized Mongol officials - the Baskaks. In case of disobedience (and anti-Mongol uprisings often broke out), punitive detachments - armies - were sent to Rus'.

Two important questions arise: why did the Russian principalities, having shown heroism and courage, fail to repel the conquerors? What consequences did the yoke have for Rus'? The answer to the first question is obvious: of course, the military superiority of the Mongol-Tatars was important (strict discipline, excellent cavalry, well-established intelligence, etc.), but the decisive role was played by the disunity of the Russian princes, their feuds, and inability to unite even in the face of a mortal threat.

The second question is controversial. Some historians point to the positive consequences of the yoke in the sense of creating the prerequisites for the creation of a unified Russian state. Others emphasize that the yoke did not have a significant impact on the internal development of Rus'. Most scientists agree on the following: the raids caused severe material damage, were accompanied by the death of the population, the devastation of villages, and the destruction of cities; the tribute that went to the Horde depleted the country and made it difficult to restore and develop the economy; Southern Rus' actually became isolated from the North-Western and North-Eastern, their historical destinies diverged for a long time; Rus''s ties with European states were interrupted; tendencies towards arbitrariness, despotism, and autocracy of princes prevailed.

Having been defeated by the Mongol-Tatars, Rus' was able to successfully resist aggression from the north-west. By the 30s. XIII century The Baltic states, inhabited by tribes of Livs, Yatvingians, Estonians and others, found themselves in the power of the German crusading knights. The actions of the Crusaders were part of the policy of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy to subjugate pagan peoples to the Catholic Church. That is why the main instruments of aggression were the spiritual knightly orders: the Order of the Swordsmen (founded in 1202) and the Teutonic Order (founded at the end of the 12th century in Palestine). In 1237, these orders united into the Livonian Order. A powerful and aggressive military-political entity established itself on the borders with Novgorod land, ready to take advantage of the weakening of Rus' to include its northwestern lands in the zone of imperial influence.

In July 1240, the nineteen-year-old Novgorod prince Alexander defeated Birger's Swedish detachment at the mouth of the Neva in a fleeting battle. For his victory in the Battle of Neva, Alexander received the honorary nickname Nevsky. That same summer, the Livonian knights became more active: Izborsk and Pskov were captured, and the border fortress of Koporye was erected. Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to return Pskov in 1241, but the decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on the melted ice of Lake Peipsi (hence the name - Battle of the Ice). Knowing about the favorite tactics of the knights - formation in the shape of a tapering wedge ("pig"), the commander used flanking and defeated the enemy. Dozens of knights died after falling through the ice, which could not withstand the weight of heavily armed infantry. The relative safety of the northwestern borders of Rus' and the Novgorod land was ensured.

Feudal fragmentation. The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders. (XII – XIII centuries) Historical tradition considers the chronological beginning of the period of fragmentation to be 1132. Causes of feudal fragmentation: Dominance of subsistence farming; Horizontal order of succession to the throne; Weakening of external danger at the beginning of the 12th century; The strengthening of individual lands and the decline in the importance of the Kyiv throne. Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which the products of labor are produced to satisfy the producers themselves, and not for sale.

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. North-Eastern Rus' separated from Kyiv during the reign in Suzdal of one of the younger sons of Vladimir Monomakh - Yuri Vladimirovich “Dolgoruky” (1125 - 1157). Andrei Yuryevich “Bogolyubsky” (1157-1174) preferred the Vladimir throne to the Kyiv throne. Best wishes to Vladimiro. During the reign of Vsevolod Yurievich, the Principality of Suzdal reached the “Big Nest” (1176-1212). The nobility is a serving military stratum, personally dependent on the prince, and therefore was the support of princely power. For their service, they received land for temporary use, or payment in kind, or the right to collect some income, part of which went to the collectors themselves.

Galicia-Volyn Principality Strong development of large boyar land ownership. The principality reached its greatest prosperity and power under Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153 -1187). In 1199, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (1199 -1205) managed to unite the Galician and Volyn principalities, and with his occupation of Kiev in 1203, it came under his power. all of Southwestern Rus'. Further flourishing occurred during the reign of Daniil Romanovich (1201 - 1264) (prince from 1238 permanently), who for over 30 years fought against the boyars, who opposed the strengthening of princely power, and united the entire South. Western Rus' and Kyiv land. Daniil Galitsky and the Poles. Engraving by P. Ivanov, 19th century.

Novgorod boyar republic. The last prince under whom Kyiv still interfered in the internal affairs of Novgorod was the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh - Vsevolod Mstislavich (1118-1136). From 1136, freedom-loving Novgorod the Great finally became a boyar republic. The economically strong Novgorod boyars did not allow the princely power to establish itself on Novgorod land, so the veche remained here. The city invited princes to lead the armed forces of the republic. Upon entering the city, the prince had to conclude an agreement with Novgorod, with which the boyars protected their rights.

Consequences of feudal fragmentation for Rus'. The inevitable consequence of the dismemberment of the Russian state was princely strife and internal strife, which worsened the foreign policy position of Rus' and weakened its strength in the fight against foreign invaders. Thus, the nomadic Polovtsians, having occupied the Northern Black Sea region, ravaged the Russian lands with constant devastating raids and interfered with the development of political and economic ties between Rus' and the countries of the East. Russian possessions in the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region were lost, the power of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes in the Volga region weakened, Hungary captured Carpathian Rus', Lithuania pushed the Polotsk princes beyond the Dvina, the German-Danish and Swedish invaders became more active, and the Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the ruin of Rus' and the establishment yoke. Another paradoxical consequence was economic recovery. The number of cities and population have increased.

The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century. At the beginning of the 13th century, the early feudal state of the Mongols was formed in Central Asia, the head of which was proclaimed Genghis Khan in 1206. In a short time, the Mongols conquered Siberia, Northwestern China, Central Asia and Northern Iran, and invaded Transcaucasia from the south. Russian troops first met the Mongols in 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River. After the death of Genghis Khan, the Western Ulus was inherited by Batu Khan (son of Jochi), his possessions extended to the Volga. In 1235, the Mongols captured the Polovtsian steppes and came very close to the borders of Rus'.

In the winter of 1237, the Mongols invaded the Ryazan principality. Ryazan held out for 5 days. (Efrosyne of Ryazan. The feat of Evpatiy Kolovrat.) Next, Batu moved his army to Vladimir. The Battle of the Moscow River, the capture of Moscow and Vladimir. After the capture of Vladimir, Batu divided his troops, some moved to the Novgorod lands, and some moved west to the Chernigov lands. In the spring, having gathered near the city of Kozelsk, Batu’s troops returned to the Polovtsian steppes. From 1239, the Tatars began to raid southern Rus'. In 1240 they captured Kyiv, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, and then invaded Galitsko. Volyn principality, and in the spring of 1241 they moved further to the West. The Mongols reached the borders of Italy and Germany, but by the end of 1242 they returned to the Volga steppes.

1243 - the state of the Golden Horde was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages. Its military power had no equal for a long time. The most important trade routes connecting the East and West passed through the territories of the Horde. Stretching from the Irtysh to the Danube, the Golden Horde from an ethnic point of view represented a motley mixture of very different peoples: Mongols, Volga Bulgars, Russians, Burtases, Bashkirs, Mordovians, Yasses, Circassians, Georgians, etc., but the bulk of the Horde’s population were Polovtsians, in among whom, already in the 14th century, the conquerors began to dissolve, forgetting their culture, language, and writing (similar processes were characteristic of other states created by the Mongol conquerors). The capital of the state - the city of Saray - had 75 thousand inhabitants. Cities with a predominance of Russian population were built on the Golden Horde territory - Yelets, Tula, Kaluga. These were the residences and stronghold garrisons of the Baskas. The Mongol invasion inflicted a severe wound on the Russian people. During the first ten years after the invasion, the conquerors did not take tribute, engaging only in looting and destruction. But such a practice meant a voluntary renunciation of long-term benefits. When the Mongols realized this, the collection of systematic tribute began (Horde exit - 1600 kg of silver per year, 14 types of tribute), which became a constant source of replenishment of the Mongol treasury. Relations between Rus' and the Horde took predictable and stable forms - a phenomenon called the “Mongol yoke” was born. At the same time, however, the practice of periodic punitive campaigns did not stop until the 14th century. Rus' retained its statehood and was not directly included in the Golden Horde. Another specific feature was that the oppression was not direct: the oppressor lived far away, and not among the conquered people. .

The Principality of Novgorod and the fight against the Livonian knights. From the north, the Swedish feudal lords began to threaten the Novgorod possessions, and they were the first to move to Rus'. On July 15, 1240, the famous Battle of the Neva took place. This victory stopped Swedish aggression in the East for a long time and retained the mouth of the Neva for Russia, providing free access to the Baltic Sea. But in the same year, the German crusaders, as well as the Danish knights from Revel, began their attack on Rus'. And already in 1241, taking advantage of either numerical superiority or the betrayal of the boyars, they captured a vast territory in the Izborsk-Pskov-Koporye region. Alexander Nevsky gathered an army and marched against the crusaders. With an unexpected blow, the Russian army drove the enemy out of Koporye, and then, with the help of the Vladimir-Suzdal regiments, the enemy was expelled from other cities. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on Lake Peipsi. In this battle, the entire flower of Livonian knighthood died. The victory won by Alexander Nevsky on Lake Peipus thwarted the plans of crusader aggression. The Order was forced to ask for peace.

Relations between Alexander Nevsky and the Horde. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky 1221 -1263 In 1247, Yaroslav’s sons, Alexander Nevsky and Andrei Yaroslavich, were summoned to Sarai; they returned home in 1249. The great table of Vladimir went to Andrei, and the Kiev table to Alexander, so he subjugated Novgorod and remained there. Prince Andrey entered into an alliance with Daniil Galitsky and married his daughter. The alliance with Daniel against the Tatars ended in the defeat of Andrei and the Galicia-Volyn principality, all fortresses were destroyed. From 1252 to 1263, Alexander Nevsky was the Grand Duke of Vladimir (the eldest in all of Rus'). He focused on an alliance with the horde. He helped Batu in resolving intra-Horde dynastic disputes. In 1262, Alexander fought against the Livonians and strengthened the diplomatic alliance with the Mongols, peacefully settling a possible conflict with the horde after the beating of the Mongol Baskaks in many Northern Russian cities, preventing a bloody pogrom of Rus'. And in 1269, a Mongol detachment helped the Novgorodians drive the crusaders away from the Novgorod walls.

XIII century in the history of Rus'- this is a time of armed resistance to the onslaught from the east (Mongol-Tatars) and northwest (Germans, Swedes, Danes).

The Mongol-Tatars came to Rus' from the depths of Central Asia. The empire formed in 1206, led by Khan Temujin, who accepted the title of Khan of all Mongols (Genghis Khan), by the 30s. XIII century subjugated Northern China, Korea, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia to its power. In 1223, in the Battle of Kalka, the combined army of Russians and Polovtsians was defeated by a 30,000-strong detachment of Mongols. Genghis Khan refused to advance into the southern Russian steppes. Rus' received almost a fifteen-year respite, but could not take advantage of it: all attempts to unite and end civil strife were in vain.

In 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu began a campaign against Rus'. Having conquered Volga Bulgaria, he invaded in January 1237 Ryazan Principality, ruined it and moved on to Vladimir. The city, despite fierce resistance, fell, and on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich was killed in the battle on the Sit River. Having taken Torzhok, the Mongols could go to Novgorod, but the spring thaw and heavy losses forced them to return to the Polovtsian steppes. This movement to the southeast is sometimes called the “Tatar round-up”: along the way, Batu robbed and burned Russian cities, which courageously fought against the invaders. The resistance of the residents of Kozelsk, nicknamed the “evil city” by their enemies, was especially fierce. In 1238-1239 Mongolo-Tatars conquered the Murom, Pereyaslav, and Chernigov principalities.

North -Eastern Rus' was ruined. Batu turned south. The heroic resistance of the inhabitants of Kyiv was broken in December 1240. In 1241, the Principality of Galicia-Volyn fell. The Mongol hordes invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, reached Northern Italy and Germany, but, weakened by the desperate resistance of Russian troops, deprived of reinforcements, retreated and returned to the steppes of the Lower Volga region. Here in 1243 the state of the Golden Horde was created (the capital of Sarai-Batu), whose rule the devastated Russian lands were forced to recognize. A system was established that went down in history as the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The essence of this system, humiliating in spiritual terms and predatory in economic terms, was that: the Russian principalities were not included in the Horde, but retained their own reigns; the princes, especially the Grand Duke of Vladimir, received a label to reign in the Horde, which confirmed their presence on the throne; they had to pay a large tribute ("exit") to the Mongol rulers. Population censuses were conducted and tribute collection standards were established. The Mongol garrisons left Russian cities, but before the beginning of the 14th century. The collection of tribute was carried out by authorized Mongol officials - the Baskaks. In case of disobedience (and anti-Mongol uprisings often broke out), punitive detachments - armies - were sent to Rus'.

Two important questions arise: why did the Russian principalities, having shown heroism and courage, fail to repel the conquerors? What consequences did the yoke have for Rus'? The answer to the first question is obvious: of course, the military superiority of the Mongol-Tatars was important (strict discipline, excellent cavalry, well-established intelligence, etc.), but the decisive role was played by the disunity of the Russian princes, their feuds, and inability to unite even in the face of a mortal threat.

The second question is controversial. Some historians point to the positive consequences of the yoke in the sense of creating the prerequisites for the creation of a unified Russian state. Others emphasize that the yoke did not have a significant impact on the internal development of Rus'. Most scientists agree on the following: the raids caused severe material damage, were accompanied by the death of the population, the devastation of villages, and the destruction of cities; the tribute that went to the Horde depleted the country and made it difficult to restore and develop the economy; Southern Rus' actually became isolated from the North-Western and North-Eastern, their historical destinies diverged for a long time; Rus''s ties with European states were interrupted; tendencies towards arbitrariness, despotism, and autocracy of princes prevailed.

Defeated by the Mongols-Tatars, Rus' was able to successfully resist aggression from the north-west. By the 30s. XIII century The Baltic states, inhabited by tribes of Livs, Yatvingians, Estonians and others, found themselves in the power of the German crusading knights. The actions of the Crusaders were part of the policy of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy to subjugate pagan peoples to the Catholic Church. That is why the main instruments of aggression were the spiritual knightly orders: the Order of the Swordsmen (founded in 1202) and the Teutonic Order (founded at the end of the 12th century in Palestine). In 1237, these orders united into the Livonian Order. A powerful and aggressive military-political entity established itself on the borders with Novgorod land, ready to take advantage of the weakening of Rus' to include its northwestern lands in the zone of imperial influence.

In July 1240 The nineteen-year-old Novgorod prince Alexander defeated Birger's Swedish detachment at the mouth of the Neva in a fleeting battle. For his victory in the Battle of Neva, Alexander received the honorary nickname Nevsky. That same summer, the Livonian knights became more active: Izborsk and Pskov were captured, and the border fortress of Koporye was erected. Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to return Pskov in 1241, but the decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on the melted ice of Lake Peipsi (hence the name - Battle of the Ice). Knowing about the favorite tactics of the knights - formation in the shape of a tapering wedge ("pig"), the commander used flanking and defeated the enemy. Dozens of knights died after falling through the ice, which could not withstand the weight of heavily armed infantry. The relative safety of the northwestern borders of Rus' and the Novgorod land was ensured.