Diseases transmitted through the blood of a sick person to a healthy one. Infections in the blood What infections are transmitted through blood

Blood-borne diseases are diseases that are transmitted to a healthy person from a patient through the blood. Knowledge about these diseases will help prevent possible infection with them. Tests for diseases transmitted through blood are mandatory for potential donors.

Instructions

AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that develops as a result of the action of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the immune system. Cells of the immune system, central nervous system, red and white blood are damaged. Syphilis is a chronic systemic disease caused by bacteria of the species Treponema pallidum (treponema pallidum). It is characterized by damage to the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, bones, and nervous system with a sequential change in the stages of the disease. Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of liver tissue caused by viruses belonging to different types and differing in biochemical characteristics: hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus. Brucellosis is an acute or chronic disease characterized by damage to the nervous system, bones and joints. Leprosy is a chronic disease affecting the skin, peripheral nervous system, eyes, hands and feet.

Echinococcosis is a disease caused by Echinococcus. Accompanied by damage to the liver, lungs, brain, muscles, kidneys. Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by Toxoplasma. Symptoms: fever, enlarged liver, spleen, headache, vomiting. Filariasis is a helminthic disease affecting the subcutaneous tissue, serous membranes, eyes, and lymph nodes. Leishmaniasis is a disease that occurs with ulcers of the skin and mucous membranes, with severe damage to internal organs.

Depending on the method of contact with contaminated blood, there is a high, low and very low risk of disease. If the skin is pierced with a sharp object that has contaminated blood, or if a sick person bites until it bleeds and whose saliva contains blood, they are talking about a high risk of infection. Getting blood into your eyes, mouth, nose, or onto a cut, abrasion, or scrape indicates a low risk of disease. Blood coming into contact with healthy, intact skin is considered a very low risk of infection.

Preventive measures aimed at reducing the possibility of infection with blood-borne diseases are: sanitary and educational education among the population, prevention of drug addiction, proper sterilization of medical instruments, prickly and cutting objects, widespread use of disposable syringes and needles, use of personal protective equipment by medical personnel in contact with infected people, careful monitoring of donor blood.

Some infectious diseases can be transmitted through blood or body fluids that can be mixed with blood, such as saliva. The causative agents of such diseases are called blood-borne viruses.

The risk of this type of infection largely depends on the type of disease and the nature of contact with infected blood.

What infectious diseases can be transmitted through blood?

The main infectious diseases that can be transmitted through blood:

Of these diseases, the likelihood of infection through blood is highest for hepatitis B, and the lowest for HIV.

In addition to blood, these viruses are also found in other body fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Other body fluids such as urine, saliva and sweat pose little risk of infection unless they contain blood.

At the same time, the blood content is not always visible to the eye, and there is a possibility that a person is infected with one of these diseases and does not know it.

Routes of transmission

The risk of bloodborne infection also depends on how you came into contact with contaminated blood. This is called the route of transmission. The risks associated with different modes of transmission are described below.

High risk of infection

The highest risk of infection is when contact with infected blood occurs through a cut or puncture. For example, in the following cases:

• if you have pricked your skin with a used needle or other sharp object that has contaminated blood;
• if you were bitten until you bled by a person whose saliva contained blood.

Low risk of infection

The risk of bloodborne infection is lower if the blood gets into the eyes, mouth, nose, or onto a cut or abrasion on the skin.

For example, if someone spits in your face, the saliva may contain blood and get into your eyes, mouth, or nose. Infected saliva can also get into a cut, scrape, or scrape.

There is also a risk of infection if contaminated blood comes into contact with a broken skin caused by a medical condition such as eczema.

Very low risk of infection

The risk of infection is very low if the infected blood comes into contact with healthy skin without any damage to it.

what diseases are transmitted through blood? (besides Vich, what else are there?) and received the best answer

Answer from Kristina Radchenko[guru]
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, cytomegalovirus infection

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what diseases are transmitted through blood? (besides Vich, what else are there?)

Answer from Valeria Kotova[guru]
hepatitis B and C

Answer from Peaceful[guru]
Herpes.

Answer from Anna Lipskaya[expert]
Diseases transmitted through blood.
These pathologies include infections that are transmitted through the transfusion of contaminated blood or through the bites of blood-sucking arthropod vectors. A striking example of the latter is malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum and transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. However, this pathology, which is an endemic and very common disease in tropical countries, is practically not found in Russia due to climatic restrictions. Much more relevant for Russia
- causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis
Tick-borne (spring-summer, taiga) encephalitis is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It is transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genus Ixodes (I. persulcates and I. ricinus), less often - through nutrition (through raw milk of infected cows and goats). It is seasonal, with a peak incidence in May-June. The incubation period usually lasts 1-2 weeks, followed by a febrile stage (sharp rise in temperature, severe headache, weakness, nausea). The disease manifests itself in several forms - meningeal (with the most favorable course and outcome), meningoencephalitic (a more severe form, accompanied by damage to the facial nerves, retardation of movements, less often - delirium and hallucinations), polyradiculoneuritic (damage to the peripheral nervous system, impairment of general sensitivity and motor function ) and polyencephalomyelitis (the most severe form, when systemic damage to the nervous system is observed).
- viral hepatitis
There are 7 different viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A-G), of which hepatitis A-E accounts for up to 95% of all viral hepatitis. Of these, only hepatitis C is strictly transmitted through infected blood. Among viral hepatitis, hepatitis C, caused by the HCV virus (RNA-containing representative of flaviviruses), is the most aggressive. It is believed that there are up to 300 million carriers of the HCV virus in the world. With chronic hepatitis C, on average, one in three patients progresses to cirrhosis within the first 10 years, and another third develops cirrhosis over the next 10 years.
The hepatitis D virus requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus for its reproduction. In this case, the joint infection of the two viruses significantly aggravates the course of hepatitis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer in chronic carriers. In the presence of both viruses, the mortality rate from hepatitis can reach 20%, which is the highest among viral hepatitis. It is expected that 20 million people are infected with the HDV virus worldwide.
- AIDS virus
Sexual transmission is one of the main mechanisms of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This virus is also transmitted through blood, breast milk, and sperm. There are two types of virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), of which type 1 has a more pronounced pathogenicity. The virus infects cells of the immune system - T-lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. The incubation period lasts 2-4 weeks and enters an acute 4-week phase, when active reproduction and expansion of the virus occurs, accompanied by fever, muscle pain, inflammation of the lymph nodes and pharyngitis. The body responds to acute infection by producing antibodies that quickly inactivate the virus circulating in the blood. However, the virus remains in infected immune system cells. The infection enters a latent phase, which lasts up to 10 years or more, during which the virus gradually kills immune cells, leading to immunodeficiency. Then follows the last stage of the disease, when the patient’s body is affected by various infections (staphylococci, streptococci, toxoplasma, pseudomonas, pathogenic fungi, cytomegalovirus, polyomavirus, etc.), which leads to rapidly progressing systemic sepsis, the development of tumors and death. In 2008, the total number of HIV virus carriers in the world was estimated at 30.6 – 36 million people, etc.

In case of blood infections, pathogens circulate in a closed circle of the circulatory system and therefore do not have a free exit from the patient’s body.

Plague - a particularly dangerous infectious disease caused by the plague bacillus (bacterium from the genus J. pestis) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease. The stick dies when exposed to conventional disinfectants.

The incubation period of plague is 2-3 days, rarely up to 6 days. Forms of the disease: bubonic (inguinal lymph nodes are affected), pulmonary, intestinal. When a person is infected in natural foci, bubonic or septicemic plague develops, which can be complicated by secondary pneumonic plague. With airborne transmission of the pathogen from patients with secondary pneumonic plague, primary pneumonic plague develops.

The possibility of spreading the plague pathogen is associated with the following features:

A) short incubation period of the disease;

B) rapid development, often sudden development of a severe clinical picture of the disease and high mortality;

C) the difficulty of differential diagnosis in the first days of the disease;

D) the possibility of creating persistent foci of infection as a result of the presence of infected fleas and rodents in them.

For outbreaks of plague, the most dangerous form of plague is the pneumonic form of plague, but multiple simultaneous occurrences of the bubonic form of plague are possible. These epidemics begin with a previous epizootic (spread of plague) among rodents.

The entrance gates for plague are the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. The disease begins acutely: chills, severe headache, high fever, with the bubonic form - pain in the groin or under the armpit, with the pulmonary form - severe shortness of breath, chest pain, bloody sputum. Sleep is disturbed, aches in the muscles and joints, tachycardia and increasing shortness of breath appear. At the height of the disease, signs of toxic damage to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system come to the fore. The pulmonary form is the most dangerous for the patient and others, often ending in death. The intestinal form occurs when eating meat from sick animals.

Patients and persons in contact with it are subject to immediate isolation. A quarantine is established in the outbreak. Disinfection, disinsection, and deratization are widely carried out. Vaccinations are of great importance among the activities carried out. Contact people are given antibiotic therapy.

On the territory of Russia there are the following natural foci of plague: 1) Northwestern Caspian region (the main source is the ground squirrel); 2) Volga-Ural (gerbil); 3) Trans-Ural (gerbil); 4) Transcaucasian (gerbil); 5) Gorno-Altai (gophers and marmots); 5) Transbaikal (tarbagany); 6) Tuvan.

Typhus. The causative agent is rickettsia. The source of infection is a sick person, the transmitter is a body louse. The incubation period is 7-20 days. Symptoms - chills, headache, loss of consciousness, delirium, from the 5th day - a rash on the sides of the body.

The patient must be hospitalized. The outbreak is disinfected and disinfested, people who have been in contact with the sick are sanitized, and they are monitored. Vaccinations are being carried out.

Malaria. The causative agent is Plasmodium malaria, the carrier is the mosquito. It is not directly transmitted from patient to patient, but only through a mosquito. The incubation period is 1-3 weeks, sometimes 7-12 months.

Symptoms are sudden attacks of chills, fever, sweating, pain in the joints, muscles, and in the spleen area. The attacks last 6-10 hours and occur again with a certain frequency, depending on the form - three-day, four-day, tropical. The patient must be hospitalized. To prevent the disease - identifying and treating patients, as well as mosquito control. All those who were ill in the past year are given anti-relapse treatment in the spring, and then chemoprophylaxis throughout the entire period of mosquito activity.

Tick-borne encephalitis. The causative agent is a filter virus. The reservoir and carriers are ticks, as well as chipmunks, mice, moles, hedgehogs, and some birds. The virus is transmitted through tick bites. The incubation period is 10-14 days. The disease is seasonal - in spring, summer - due to the activity of ticks during this period.

Symptoms - severe headache, high temperature - 39-40 0, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, unconsciousness. There may be paralysis of the limbs. Mortality rate – 25%. After recovery, strong immunity remains. Prevention – vaccinations, protection against ticks, use of anti-tick products. When working in the forest, inspections and mutual inspections are required every 1.5-2 hours.

AIDS– an infectious viral disease transmitted through blood (transfusion of infected blood, injections, in dental offices, most often through sexual intercourse). There are patients who die quite quickly, and infected people who are carriers of the virus. The disease causes the body to lose its immunity and protective properties, and therefore indolent infections develop - sore throat, pneumonia, sudden weight loss, and in some patients sarcoma develops. There are no specific means of treatment and prevention yet. Risk groups are being checked for treatment of HIV infection, preventing the possibility of infection, checking donors, disposable syringes, etc.