Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri): history, present and future. Lactobacillus Lactobacillus spp: features, interpretation and norm Lactobacilli - probiotics

The fragrance of a woman makes her desirable for a partner, but only if it is the fragrance of health. Some tribes in Africa even have certain taboos on sexual relations with women who do not exude the aroma of health. For this peculiar smell, women should be grateful not only to pheromones, but also to lactobacilli - Dederlein sticks (Lactobacillus spp), which live in the vagina.

Lactobacilli: microbiology

These are gram-positive bacteria that belong to anaerobes (carry out all vital processes in an oxygen-free environment), do not form spores and divide by simple mitosis.

They have the form of regular sticks, which are arranged in groups in the form of chains. In the course of their life, they decompose carbohydrates to lactic acid or hydrogen peroxide.

Many types and strains are used as part of probiotics for the treatment of dysbacteriosis of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract and urogenital system.

Lactobacilli are one of the main components of dietary supplements (BAA).

friendly bacteria

Lactobacilli are symbiont microbes that make up a large part of the microflora of our gastrointestinal tract and genital organs.

They got their name due to the ability to convert carbohydrates into lactic acid. It creates an acidic environment in which pathogenic bacteria and fungi feel uncomfortable.

There are many bacteria in the Lactobacillaceae family. Lactobacilli L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. live in the human small and large intestines. plantarum, L. salivarius, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus and others. More recently (in 2005), strains of these bacteria were found even in the stomach, where the environment is sharply acidic.

In the gastrointestinal tract, these cohabitants of ours stimulate immune defense reactions, activate the regeneration of the mucous membrane, synthesize hydrolytic enzymes (lactase), interferons (protective proteins) and cytokines (growth factors). They also synthesize B and K vitamins, which play an important role in correcting the microcenoses of the friendly bacterial flora of the intestine.

Dederlein Magic Wands

To clarify right away, Dederlein's lactobacilli (Lactobacillus spp.) is a collective group of microorganisms that includes about 135 species of bacteria from the Lactobacillaceae family that can live in the vagina of women. Each type of lactobacillus usually performs several important functions, but, in general, they are divided into three groups:

• Lactobacilli that produce hydrogen peroxide (acidophilus, crispatus, gasseri, johnsonii, vaginalis) and act as a natural antiseptic.
• Lactobacilli that produce lactic acid (salivarius, johnsonii, acidophilus, jensenii). They form an acidic environment in the urogenital organs.
• Lactobacilli that only attach to other bacteria or mucous membranes of the vagina (agilis, jensenii, Johnsonii, ruminus) and block their receptors, preventing pathological microorganisms from gaining a foothold.

This group of vaginal bacteria got its name in honor of the German obstetrician-gynecologist Albert Dederlein (1860-1941), who described them in 1887. He correctly established their role in the woman's vagina. In addition, it was Dederlein who developed the method of extraperitoneal caesarean section.

Lactobacillus spp: normal

In the vagina of a woman, all bacteria exist in microbiocenosis. 1 milliliter of vaginal secretion contains up to 110 microorganisms. About 95% of them in the normoflora are Lactobacillus spp.

In addition to lactobacilli, the vaginal microflora consists of:

• Gram-positive bifidobacteria, mobilunkus, peptostreptococci, clostridia.
• Gram-negative fusobacteria, prevotella, veyonella.
• Optional aerobic microorganisms - gardnerella, mycoplasmas, enterobacteria, streptococci and staphylococci, corynebacteria and some types of fungi (yeast and candida).

In the vagina of a healthy woman, up to 40 types of microorganisms are found, which make up 107-109 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter. Normally, Lactobacillus spp (up to 95%) prevail in women, a decrease in the number of which leads to an increase in opportunistic agents and the development of pathological conditions - vaginosis (dysbiosis), vaginitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes), fungal infections.

The role of hormones

A newborn girl has a sterile vaginal environment. During the first days of her life, the so-called colonization of this environment by gram-positive anaerobes - staphylococci, streptococci and others. The environment in the vagina maintains a neutral pH.

During puberty, under the influence of estrogens, there is an increase in the thickness of the vaginal epithelium and the accumulation of glycogen (reserve carbohydrate) in its cells. After the first menstruation, when the epithelial cells are destroyed by the action of progesterone, and glycogen is released, the vaginal microflora changes. It begins to dominate Lactobacillus spp. This happens because glycogen is an ideal nutrient medium for lactobacilli.

As noted above, lactobacilli decompose carbohydrates to lactic acid. It increases the acidity of the environment, which is detrimental to other bacteria. What does Lactobacillus spp mean at 95%? These figures show that these bacteria have become the dominant group in the vaginal microflora.

In the future, throughout a woman's life, the activity and amount of Lactobacillus spp in the vagina will be controlled by the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

invisible guardian angels

It is in this role that Dederlein sticks play for women. Their functions:

• Lactic acid produced by lactobacilli creates acidity in the vagina in the range of 3.8-4.5 pH. This is what becomes a barrier to the colonization and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
• An acidic environment promotes evolutionary selection - weak spermatozoa die in it. This means that Dederlein's sticks strengthen the human gene pool.
• Lactobacilli that produce hydrogen peroxide are a universal natural antiseptic.
• Dederlein sticks produce biologically active endobiotics - natural antibiotics. For example, lysozymes are agents with "sticky" properties. They stick to pathogens and destroy the bacterial cell wall and the fungal cell wall.
• Lactobacilli stimulate the immune cells of macrophages that absorb pathogenic organisms.
• This group of bacteria is also involved in ensuring the overall immune status of the body - they interact with the main cells of the immune response - leukocytes.

Enemies of utility sticks

A decrease in the amount of Lactobacillus spp in a smear in women (as well as their increase) leads to a violation of the vaginal microcenosis and changes in the acidity of the environment. In the first case, the gates are opened for the settlement and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Exceeding the norm of Lactobacillus spp in a smear contributes to the reproduction of vaginal fungi, which leads to candidiasis (thrush).

The following factors can upset the delicate balance of this biocenosis:

• Unbalanced diet and lack of dairy products in the diet.
• Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene (other people's towels, a rare change of pads or tampons, wearing tight underwear, and much more).
• General hypothermia leads to a decrease in immunity, which can lead to dysbacteriosis in the vagina.
• Hormonal failures and disorders observed during menstruation, as well as hormonal and intrauterine contraception.
• Infections. Dangerous are not only those diseases that are sexually transmitted, but also all inflammatory processes in the pelvic area.
• Taking antibiotics kills the normal microflora in the gut and vagina, allowing pathogens to enter and multiply.

Diagnosis and treatment

For diagnostic purposes, to analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora, swabs of secretions from the vagina or scrapings of the epithelium of the vagina in women and urethra in men are taken.

Qualitative DNA analysis of Lactobacillus spp is carried out by serological methods. The most commonly performed PCR - polymerase chain reaction. Modern laboratories have PRC test systems that not only detect Lactobacillus spp, but also carry out their species identification.

The method of sowing on nutrient media is also used.

It should be noted that in women, violations of the biotope in the vagina are much more common than in men in the urethra. Normally, the smear should not contain pathogenic microorganisms, and Dederlein sticks should be in the range of 107-109 CFU / ml.

The result may be false if the test is taken during menstruation or antibiotics. Data can also be distorted during hygiene procedures, as well as the use of suppositories, ointments or sprays less than a day before the delivery of biological material.

If an imbalance is found in the analyzes for Lactobacillus spp, then treatment should be started immediately. After interpreting the result of the analysis, the doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotics in the presence of a pathogenic agent, and then a course of eubiotics to restore the normal number of lactobacilli. Vitamins and immunostimulating drugs may be prescribed.

Summing up

Now you know that Lactobacillus spp in women is the normal microflora of the vagina. A healthy woman is a successful conception and a successful pregnancy.

With all the variety of medicinal preparations and their wide advertising, one should not forget that self-medication can do more harm than good. Trust doctors, undergo medical examinations at least once every six months, take antibiotics with caution, take care of yourself and your loved ones.

Lactobacilli (lat. Lactobacillus) belong to the genus of gram-positive anaerobic non-spore-forming lactic acid bacteria. Another name for lactobacilli.

Lactobacilli usually have the correct shape of a long stick, are coccoid, arranged in short chains or singly. In the course of their normal metabolism, lactobacilli are able to form lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, produce lysozyme and substances with antibiotic activity: reuterin, plantaricin, lactocidin, lactolin. Heterofermentative species of lactobacilli as end products and can produce acetic acid as well as carbon dioxide.

Lactobacilli are part of the normal human microflora

Many types of lactobacilli (lactobacilli) are part of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, from the oral cavity to the large intestine. Previously, it was believed that lactobacilli are practically absent in the stomach (102-103 CFU / ml of gastric juice). However, in 2005, in the stomach of healthy people, strains of lactobacilli were found that, like Helicobacter pylori, adapted to existence in a sharply acidic environment of the stomach: L. gastricus, L. antri, L. kalixensis, L. ultunensis (Zimmerman Ya.S.). In the small intestine there is a small amount of lactobacilli located in the parietal layer (103-104 CFU / ml of intestinal juice). There are much more lactobacilli in the large intestine (106-107 CFU/g feces), they are represented by the following species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and others. In direct contact with enterocytes, lactobacilli (as well as bifidobacteria) stimulate the human body's defense mechanisms, including an increase in the rate of mucosal regeneration, affect the synthesis of antibodies to related, but pathogenic microorganisms, activate phagocytosis, as well as the synthesis of lysozyme, interferons and cytokines . Lactobacilli produce a number of hydrolytic enzymes, in particular lactase, which breaks down lactose (milk sugar) and prevents the development of lactase deficiency. Lactobacilli maintain the acidity of the colon at pH 5.5-5.6.

Lactobacilli (lactobacilli) are the prevailing type of normal microflora of the vulva and vagina (106-109 CFU/ml of discharge). The main types of lactobacilli present in the vagina are as follows: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus cellobiosum. The main functions of lactobacilli in the vagina are to maintain an acidic environment and inhibit the growth of opportunistic microorganisms. Previously, all lactobacilli found in the vagina were called Dederlein sticks (in honor of the German gynecologist A. Doderlein, 1860-1941).

Lactobacillus - probiotics

The genus of lactobacilli, as well as the genus of bifidobacteria, contains the largest number of species and individual strains of probiotics. In general, probiotics are microorganisms that have been scientifically shown to be beneficial to your body. Some types of probiotics are part of the human microflora, some are close to microorganisms found in humans. Different strains may be beneficial to different organs in different ways. For example, the Shirota strain of the Lactobacillus casei immune system and helps to move food through the intestines, the Bulgaricus strain of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii is useful for patients who are unable to digest the lactose contained in natural milk and most dairy products.

Once in the body, cultures of lactobacilli create an acidic environment in which harmful and pathogenic microflora is simply not able to exist.

Benefits of lactobacilli:

activates the processes of the body, neutralizes the side effects of drugs and antibiotics;

stimulates the production of its own interferon and reduces the risk of th;

useful for constipation, colitis, gastritis, diseases and biliary tract, as well as anemia and myocardial infarction;

some species of Lactobacillus have been used in industry for the production of kefir, yogurt, and cheeses.

Biological properties

The therapeutic effect of preparations containing lactobacilli is due to the antagonistic effect of lactobacilli against pathogenic microorganisms, including staphylococci, correcting the effect of the drug in violation of bacteriocenosis. The use of lactobacilli improves metabolic processes, prevents the formation of protracted forms of intestinal diseases, nonspecific resistance of the body.

lactobacilli in dairy products

Lactobacilli cause lactic acid fermentation and, due to this quality, are widely used in the manufacture of lactic acid products. One of the first species of lactobacilli was discovered in 1905 by a Bulgarian student, Stamen Grigorov, while studying yogurt. In 1907, this species of lactobacilli was named after Bulgaria Lactobacillus bulgaricus (according to modern taxonomy Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus). Lactobacilli are included in the composition of products in order to give them the qualities of probiotics, in particular, various types of lactobacilli are found in probiotic products of the following brands:

Lactobacillus acidophilus — Biomax fermented milk products (Russia), Sojasun soy yogurt (France), Muller Vitality yogurt and fermented milk drink (UK), Mountain High yogurt (USA), LG 21 yogurt (Japan), Lifeway Kefir fermented milk and soy drinks (USA)

Lactobacillus casei - Imunele fermented milk drinks (Russia), Horizon Organic yogurt, Lifeway Kefir fermented milk and soy drinks, Mountain High and Stronyfield Farm yogurts (USA)

Lactobacillus casei, strain DN114-001 - Actimel fermented milk drinks (Russia)

Lactobacillus casei, strain Shirota - fermented milk drink Yakult (Japan)

Lactobacillus johnsonii, strain NCC533 (LC1) - yogurt LC1 Nestlé (Switzerland)

Lactobacillus plantarum — Lifeway Kefir fermented milk and soy drinks (USA), ProViva fruit drink (Sweden), GoodBelly and ProVita (NextFoods Probi, USA).

Lactobacillus rhamnosus - Imunele fermented milk drink, Lifeway Kefir fermented milk and soy drinks (USA)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, strain LGG (ATCC 53103) — yogurts, fruit curds and fermented milk kefir products Bio Balance (Russia), yogurts and fermented milk products Gefilus (Finland), spreads (soft butter, margarine) Lätta (Germany, Sweden), Aktifit yogurts ( Switzerland), Avonmore Milk Plus and Everybody sour milk drink (Ireland)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, strains LGG and Lc705 — fermented milk products Gefilus Max (Finland)

Lactobacilli in the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

The number of lactobacilli in the feces is examined in the analysis for dysbacteriosis. The norm is from 106 to 107 lactobacilli (colony-forming units) per 1 g of feces for children under one year old, from 107 to 108 lactobacilli for patients from one to 60 years old, and from 106 to 107 for patients over 60 years old.

For drug therapy of dysbacteriosis, probiotics (Bifidumbacterin, Bifiform, Lactobacterin, Acilact, Acipol, etc.) and / or bacteriophages adequate to the cause of dysbacteriosis (in children) or antibiotics (in adults) are used.

Lactobacillus casei(lat. Lactobacillus casei) is a type of gram-positive rod-shaped anaerobic non-spore-forming bacteria. Lactobacillus casei is a normal resident of the human oral cavity, intestines, vulva, and vagina.

Lactobacillus casei in the human gastrointestinal tract

Lactobacillus casei are normally present in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, ranging from the oral mucosa to the rectum. In the acidic environment of the stomach, lactobacilli are practically absent; in the small intestine, lactobacilli are located mainly in the parietal layer. The largest number of lactobacilli, including Lactobacillus casei found in the large intestine (except Lactobacillus casei The normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract includes the following types of lactobacilli: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and others). By direct contact with enterocytes, lactobacilli (as well as bifidobacteria) stimulate the human body's defense mechanisms, including an increase in the rate of regeneration of the mucous membrane, affect the synthesis of antibodies to related, but pathogenic microorganisms, activate phagocytosis, as well as the synthesis of lysozyme, interferons and cytokines . Lactobacilli produce a number of hydrolytic enzymes, in particular lactase, which breaks down lactose (milk sugar) and prevents the development of lactase deficiency. Lactobacilli maintain the acidity of the colon at a pH of 5.5-5.6.

As a natural resident of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, Lactobacillus casei is able to change the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora of the intestine by increasing the number of bifidobacteria and reducing the activity of beta-glucuronidase in the intestine. Besides, Lactobacillus casei helps to increase the amount of moisture in the stool and thus improves the regularity of bowel movements.

The rapid development of modern society is accompanied by both positive and negative changes in human life. New taste preferences, a high level of hygiene in everyday life, long-distance travel, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals, stressful situations inevitably affect health. At the same time, certain fairly common problems also negatively affect the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the use of standard medicines does not always eliminate these problems, and only so-called probiotic products can help human health and well-being. Probiotics is a generic name for all beneficial microorganisms that have been documented to have a beneficial effect on human health. One of these microorganisms is Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri).

L. reuteri are healthy bacteria that live throughout the digestive tract of a healthy person, starting from the oral cavity.
According to numerous studies, the presence L. reuteri favorably affects the balance between "good" and "bad" microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Supporting the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms and a healthy balance of microflora, L. reuteri indirectly strengthen and support the body's immune system, primarily by protecting the gastrointestinal tract from pathogenic microflora. In addition, L. reuteri themselves also have a direct positive effect on immune defense mechanisms.

Probiotics
Discovery history Lactobacillus reuteri

Brief historical excursion

Nobel Prize winner I. Mechnikov (1845-1916) first formulated the concept of probiotics more than 100 years ago. He suggested that the use of certain "lactobacilli" can enhance the beneficial activity of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and minimize its possible negative effects. For thousands of years, mankind has used bacteria that produce lactic acid ( Lactobacillaceae), in order to improve the shelf life, taste and nutritional value of perishable products such as milk, vegetables, meat, fish, legumes, cereals. Family Lactobacillaceae, including genus Lactobacillus, plays an important role in food preservation and food poisoning prevention.

In 1980 L. reuteri isolated as an independent species of lactobacilli, before that they were classified as belonging to the species Lactobacillus fermentum. In recent decades, numerous studies have been carried out on probiotics, most of the published reports confirm their positive impact on health. The main types of bacteria that have been studied are Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and some types Bifidobacterium. Also studied yeast Saccharomyces boulardii.

Today L. reuteri one of the most extensively studied types of probiotics

Current state and future application L. reuteri

Products with L. reuteri are intended for daily use to normalize the balance of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and improve health. They are also widely used in the healthcare system. Many studies have examined the effectiveness L. reuteri and other probiotics in terms of effects on immune defenses, metabolism, oral health, inflammatory bowel disease, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Numerous foods and beverages containing L. reuteri, as well as tablets, lozenges, chewing gums, oil drops and special drinks.

Definition

There are several definitions of probiotics. To the greatest extent, given the results of studies conducted in recent decades, the following definition corresponds:

Criteria

Probiotic strains must meet the following requirements:

	L. reuteri
Origin from the human body
Resistance to acids and bile
Ability to live in the gastrointestinal tract
Attachment to the inner surface of the intestine
Temporary colonization
Antagonism with pathogenic microorganisms
Production of antimicrobial substances
Good manufacturability
Safety in food and clinical use
Clinically proven and documented health effects

Probiotics suppress pathogens through the following mechanisms:

• Competition for nutrients and attachment sites in the intestinal mucosa
• The secretion of lactic and, in some situations, also acetic acid, which adversely affect the vital activity of many pathogenic microorganisms
• The release of substances with a direct inhibitory effect on pathogenic microorganisms, for example, produced L. reuteri reuterin
• Stimulation of the immune defense of the host organism.

The action of probiotics based on L. reuteri

The most obvious effect of probiotics is on diarrhea, which is manifested by a decrease in both its duration and the severity of symptoms. The effectiveness of probiotics in rotavirus infections in children, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea was noted. A recently completed study established the need for early probiotics to achieve optimal benefit in children with acute intestinal infections. Thus, with the introduction of probiotics no later than 60 hours after the onset of the first symptoms of the disease, a significant decrease in its duration and duration of hospital treatment was noted. Other diseases and disorders that have shown promising results with probiotics include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infection Helicobacter pylori, allergic reactions in children. Favorable results have also been achieved in case of violations of the microflora of the oral cavity and female genital organs. In addition, it is suggested that the use of probiotics improves the condition of patients after radiation therapy and chemotherapy for cancer, arthritis, and cystic fibrosis.

Optimizing bowel wall function

Some common reactions have been found in humans and animals with probiotics based on L. reuteri which dealt with the physical barrier of the intestinal wall and the body's immune responses. The influence of probiotics on other types of normal intestinal microflora is also extremely important. The effect on growth and nutrient absorption is due to the strengthening of certain intestinal structures, in particular the villi.

We give examples of such general reactions

Probiotic microorganisms

Lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli)

Systematization and classification

The belonging of certain types of microorganisms to a certain genus is established on the basis of certain general properties, for example, morphology, fermentation method, biochemical characteristics.

Genus Lactobacillus includes approximately 90 species with a wide range of stenotypic, biochemical and physiological properties. Each species is made up of specific strains isolated from different sources, such as humans, plants, or foods. In the study of the immunological effects of probiotics, specific effects were noted for each strain.
The systematization of bacteria is constantly changing, as genetic technologies allow them to be more accurately classified. An example of such a process is a group of bacteria L. acidophilus. Today, it is rather difficult to evaluate the results of studies of the effect of probiotics, in which only the genus and species of microorganisms are indicated, but there is no information about the culture strain.

Kinds Lactobacillus

Lactobacilli are distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, most of them are found in the stomach and small intestine. They also inhabit the large intestine, but not in such large numbers as the microorganisms that dominate there.
The most fully studied effect of probiotics is the effect on diarrhea of ​​various etiologies in children and adults. The use of a probiotic can reduce the risk of diarrhea, as well as the duration and severity of symptoms that have already occurred.

Other probiotics


Yeast is also of interest for probiotic research. Saccharomyces boulardii. However, they lack the ability to colonize the intestinal wall. A clinical effect was noted in antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile .

In addition, the composition of probiotic foods and preparations includes certain types Bifidobacterium both alone and in combination with lactobacilli. This genus exclusively anaerobic microorganisms dominates in the large intestine.

Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are the first representatives of the microflora that colonize the gastrointestinal tract in newborns; in the future, they facilitate the development of other types of normal microflora.

Lactobacillus reuteri Story Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) relatively recently separated into an independent species of the genus Lactobacillus, and include strains that before 1980 were classified as L. fermentum(II biotype). Studying the most optimal strains L. reuteri in humans, BioGaia AB experts have explored places where people live in harmony with nature. First Strain L. reuteri isolated in 1990 from the breast milk of Peruvian women living in the Andes. This strain has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under the name Lactobacillus reuteri SD 2212 (SD stands for safekeeping), hereafter assigned ATCC code 55730. Commercial name of the strain Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis.

Other strains of human lactobacilli are currently commercially used (see Oral Health section). Discovery of reuterin In 1985, Professor S. Lindgren of the University of Agricultural Sciences (Uppsala, Sweden) and Professor W Dobrogosz of the University of North Carolina (Raleigh, USA) discovered antimicrobial properties L. reuteri. These bacteria were found to produce reuterin, a substance with a wide spectrum of activity against common gastrointestinal pathogens. This discovery was the beginning of further research, as a result of which BioGaia AB developed a product containing L. reuteri.

Morphology

bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri are gram-positive rods of irregular shape with rounded ends. They are located individually, in pairs and in small clusters.

natural habitat

natural habitat Lactobacillus reuteri is the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. This is one of the few types of probiotics of indigenous microflora allowed for industrial use, these bacteria are among the first to colonize the intestines of newborns.

In humans, these bacteria have been isolated from the following sources :

• breast milk
• oral cavity
• stomach
• small intestine (jejunum and ileum)
• colon
• vagina

Decreased colonization of Lactobacilli in modern humans

In studies conducted in the early 1960s, a high level of colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by cultures was established. L. reuteri And Lactobacillus .

However, according to recent studies, a significant decrease in the frequency of colonization by species Lactobacillus Sweden's newborns and a sharp decrease in overall colonization Lactobacillus. In addition, it turned out that the children of Sweden colonization Lactobacillus worse than in Estonian newborns.

Deterioration of the situation with colonization Lactobacillus explained by modern lifestyle changes, in particular, malnutrition and "excessive" hygiene, which are associated with a higher incidence of allergic diseases in children in Western Europe compared to that in Eastern Europe.

L. reuteri in breast milk

According to a study conducted by BioGaia AB in 2001, in Denmark, Israel, Japan, Peru, South Africa, South Korea and Sweden L. reuteri found in breast milk in an average of 12% of lactating women (range 0-50%). Most often, lactobacilli were detected in women living in rural areas of Japan and Sweden.

Viability

L. reuteri is able to survive in the presence of stomach hydrochloric acid, bile, and digestive enzymes from the upper small intestine.

Also noted is the excellent ability of its fixation and colonization in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. These properties are necessary to ensure the probiotic activity of microorganisms.

The industrial strain ATCC 55730 has been shown to be highly reliable using various tests. Thus, G. R. Gibson et al. compared the survival rates of 32 strains in a UK GI simulation study. Only 6 strains survived in bile.

Physiology

Some antimicrobial properties

Dark zones. surrounding colonies L. reuteri- inhibition salmonella

L. reuteri- lactobacillus, which, thanks to specific enzymatic processes, in particular heterofermentation, converts food sugars into carbon dioxide, nutrients, acetic and lactic acids. These acids create a low pH in the intestinal environment. Ethanol is also produced during fermentation. However, acetic acid has inhibitory activity against yeast, fungi and other types of microorganisms. Some substances produced by L. reuteri, in particular carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, have an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic microorganisms.

Reuterin, or ß-hydroxypropionaldehyde (ß-HPA), is produced under anaerobic conditions from glycerol. In research in vitro reuterin inhibited the growth of intestinal pathogens. Reuterin production is one of the possible mechanisms of the protective role L. reuteri with numerous diseases.
More accurately in vivo the effects of reuterin are yet to be studied.

Other antimicrobials

L.reuteri bacteria in mouse stomach

Bowel stimulation

When studying the effects L. reuteri inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms was noted in the absence of an effect on the usual intestinal microflora. Inhibitory and strengthening properties in relation to microflora have been identified in studies in humans and animals [18, 23, 24, 33].

Pathogens inhibited by reuterin
Microorganisms Escherichia coli Salmonella typhimurium Pseudomonas aeruginosa Shigella sp. Campylobacter jejuni Bacillus subtilis Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium perfringens Helicobacter pylori		Yeast and mushrooms candida albicans Fusarium samiaeens Aspergillus flavus Protozoa Eimeria tenella Eimeria acetyulina Eimeria maxima Trypanosoma cruzi

Microorganisms living on the walls of the gastrointestinal tract exchange various chemical signals with epithelial cells, and cause certain immune reactions. Pathogenic microorganisms produce signals that facilitate their access to epithelial cells, and probiotics stimulate protective immune responses, in particular, the release of antibodies into the intestinal lumen and the synthesis of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

probiotics, including L. reuteri, also have other mechanisms of direct antimicrobial action. One of these mechanisms is the so-called "competitive crowding out", i.e. dense colonization of the intestinal epithelium by probiotic microorganisms does not leave room for pathogenic access. Another mechanism is the uptake and recycling of nutrients (particularly undigested carbohydrates) that pathogens could feed on.

Influence L. reuteri on the human body

Based on 108 clinical studies involving 8599 people (July 2013) on the use of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 (previous code SD2112) :

• Proven colonization and reproduction L. reuteri in the stomach, duodenum, ileum of the small intestine and in the large intestine.
• Safe for people of all ages, including premature newborns, immunocompromised adults (HIV-infected), the elderly and senile.
• Helps to reduce the duration of acute gastroenteritis, which is the most common cause of diarrhea in children.
• Reduces the risk of short-term infectious diarrhea in infants and young children, as well as in adults.
• Reduces the risk of bacterial and fungal infections in premature babies, as well as the need for intensive care.
• Helps to reduce the duration of crying in infantile colic.
• Weakens adverse reactions of antibiotic therapy for gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori .
• Reduces spread Helicobacter pylori.
• Promotes an increase in the number of CD4+ cells (a specific subgroup of T-lymphocytes) in the ileum, which stimulates the immune system of the small intestine.
• Reduces the duration of the period of disability due to common infectious diseases in adults and hospitalization of children in a day hospital.
• Prevents atopic eczema in children caused by cow's milk.
• Normalizes the level of iron in the blood of young women with iron deficiency.
• Reduces the content of mutant streptococci in the oral cavity, which contribute to tooth decay (caries).

In addition, other industrial strains of L. reuteri provided:

• Normalization of the microflora of the vagina and urinary tract in women.
• Reduced the frequency and severity of gingival bleeding and plaque/calculus formation.

Effect on the body of animals

When testing the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri (specific host strains and/or ATCC 55730) on test subjects, the following additional effects were noted:

• Strengthening the intestinal barrier function in gastrointestinal infections caused by protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum or yeast candida albicans. This protected the animals from further spread of the infection throughout the body.
• Decreased mortality from infection Salmonella(probably due to an indirect effect on the immune system).
• Improving the structure of the villi in the ileum.
• Reducing the severity and duration of infection symptoms E. coli .
• Protection against inflammatory bowel disease.
• Activation of the immune system, in particular the stimulation of certain leukocyte functions, including the production of cytokines.
• Improvement of iron metabolism.
• Reducing blood cholesterol levels.
• Attenuation of allergic respiratory reactions in mice.
• Suppression of the painful reaction of the large intestine in a study on rats [58].

Safety

Lactobacilli have an excellent safety profile and no significant safety issues have been identified based on the analysis of experience with their use.

Lactobacilli have been used in the food industry for many years. They are used in numerous food fermentation processes and play an important environmental role in food preservation.

Lactobacillus Safety

Numerous safety data have shown that lactobacilli are completely safe for humans.

Recently, experts from Finland have investigated the issue of probiotic safety. It has been established that, despite a significant increase in the consumption of probiotic products in Finland over the past 15 years, any serious adverse reactions that would be related to species Lactobacillus, not marked . A similar study in Sweden found similar results.

Safety L. reuteri

Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55130 is available in the form of probiotic dairy products, tablets, oil drops, and specialty drinks. All of these forms provide a daily dose of 100 million (10 8) cfu L. reuteri.

BioGaia AB's probiotic is widely used in infants and young children. Hospitals, including pediatric and adult intensive care units, order large quantities of these products. With such a wide use, neither in the scientific literature nor in the reports of medical organizations is there any mention of any undesirable clinical manifestations or adverse reactions associated with the use L. reuteri ATCC 55130.

L. reuteri safety study

Several studies have confirmed the safety of the use L. reuteri ATCC 55130 in individuals of all ages, including premature and immunocompromised patients (HIV-infected). When compared with placebo groups, there were no clinically important differences in safety or tolerability with L. reuteri.

Recently published results of a study in which premature babies in the intensive care unit were prescribed L. reuteri ATCC 55130. In this population of children with high susceptibility to infections L. reuteri ATCC 55130 is equally safe compared to the control group.

Concerns have been raised that the inclusion of D(-)-lactic acid-producing probiotic micro-organisms in infant formulas could theoretically increase blood levels of D(-)-lactic acid. However, so far there is no data in any report on the change in the level of D (-)-lactic acid in healthy individuals of any age, in particular, when using microorganisms that produce D (-)-lactic acid.

L. reuteri produce lactic acid in the form of two isomers - L(+)- and D(-). In a safety study in which healthy neonates were administered during the first year of life L. reuteri ATCC 55130, approximately the same levels of D(-)-lactic acid in the blood as in the control group were noted.

Literature

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How does buyer fraud occur everywhere?

The information that is innumerable on the packaging or advertising slogans of various companies, designed to attract customers, is often either a half-lie or a half-truth. Buyer deception became almost the primary goal of promoting the product on the market.

The buyer receives redundant facts, does not agree on the shortcomings, the simple qualities of the goods are presented in a beautiful wrapper. The goal is always the same - the buyer must believe that only this product with unique properties will instantly solve all human problems.

The phrases: “with cashmere proteins”, “without cholesterol” and “containing L.Casei Imutitass bacteria” are a kind of dope for everyday consumer goods with a short cycle of use. This artificial dope allows the product to quickly scatter from store shelves, creating a myth of uniqueness.

The most interesting thing is that such tricks are legal and it is impossible to find fault with them. so open and bold cheating the buyer happens within the law

The Russian Dental Association approves chewing gum, dermatologist associations recommend creams, and every children's brand is familiar with the Russian Union of Pediatricians. “Clinics of the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences” and “National Associations of Dietitians and Nutritionists” test and recommend Samsung refrigerators.

But for any R&D that subscribes to these brands, such referrals are a common way to make money. Depending on the credibility of the company and the method of its participation (printing on a certificate or partnership agreement), the remuneration can range from 10 to 100 thousand dollars.

Buyer Fraud #2: Where Nano and Where Not Nano

The state-imposed and fashionable word "nano" will soon overtake the words "world", "elite", "peace" in popularity: nanotechnology-based shoe cream, nanocapsules for weight loss, Samsung silver nano washing machine, as well as car washes offering a nanoseed service. "nano-coatings" on the car body after washing, etc.

All these products have nothing to do with the Rosnanotech corporation, as well as with nanotechnologies themselves. It is impossible to attract the owners of such brands for the prefix "nano", since there is no exact scientific definition of "nano".

Deception #3: Innovative

Innovation is a buzzword found in everything from hair color innovation to meat product innovation. In this case, we are not talking about some kind of discovery or innovation. Innovative hair dye by Schwarzkopf, L'Oreal, and other brands is an ammonia-free dye that appeared a few years ago.

An example of absurdity is a cream that combines nanoparticles, innovations, anglicisms, as well as a special LEOREX formula that provides special physical effects on the top layer of the skin. Wrinkle zones are straightened using a self-organizing network structure of a hydrophilic matrix of glycosaminoglycans and silica nanoparticles.

Buyer Fraud #4: Non-GMO/Eco/Bio

Every day, the number of people who want to purchase organic products is calculated, in connection with this, there is a tendency in advertisements to use additives on all products: "non-GMO", "eco" and "bio".

Unlike Europe and America, in Russia there are no uniform standards for the production of products labeled "bio", so you can find the stamp "non-GMO" even on soda.

Where to find genes in salt and soda, can you tell me?

Buyer scam #5: Fun arithmetic

Arithmetic in verbal garb is very mysterious.

A similar trick was used in advertising Duracell batteries - “working UP TO 10 times longer” and if you think about it, this phrase does not mean at all that the battery of this brand works 10 times more than usual and such a simple substitution of the pretext creates a feeling of durability of these batteries.

It happens that such a trick is also used - in large letters on the advertising banner they write “70% discounts *”, and at the bottom of the banner a clarification is made in small print: “70% discount on goods”.

Buyer Fraud #6: Cholesterol-Free Sunflower Oil

The label "no cholesterol" on oil bottles is intended to encourage buyers who are concerned about this issue to buy only such oil. Not everyone knows that vegetable oil, regardless of the brand, does not and cannot have cholesterol. Cholesterol is a natural fatty alcohol found only in animal organisms. And the inscription "without cholesterol" on the bottle will be equivalent to the inscription "without bread" if it cannot be there.

Vitamin E, on the contrary, which is an integral part of sunflower oil, also acts as a competitive advantage.

Buyer Fraud No. 7: Effective treatment of dysbacteriosis

To long-existing problems among Russians such as dandruff, sweaty armpits and bacteria on the rims of the toilet bowl, another one has been added - dysbacteriosis. Bacteriosis harms everyone without exception, but there is a magical remedy for restoring the intestinal microflora. In addition to yogurt, dysbacteriosis is treated with numerous drugs.

And here are the facts:

Disease - "dysbacteriosis" -myth. Such a diagnosis is not included in the International Classification of Diseases and is not included in the normative documents of the Ministry of Health “Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system”. Symptoms, with the term "dysbacteriosis", are found in various diseases and symptoms. And, as you know, it is not the symptoms that are treated, but their causes.

In modern medicine, where evidence-based methodology is adopted, such drugs are called “drugs with unproven efficacy” because they did not pass the established study regulations, or even do not try to pass them.

Bacteriophages and probiotics in most cases either do not reach the intestines, but are digested in the stomach, or are rejected by the body as foreign.

Buyer Fraud #8: Restore Immunity

Manufacturers of medicines and fermented milk products also treat the problems of reduced immunity, which has suddenly worsened in recent years. Some argue that the immune system is located in the gastrointestinal tract, while others "steam" the extract of Echinacea purpurea, which has no evidence of effectiveness, but contains bacterial lysates flavored with vitamins.

Buyer Fraud #9: Actimel

The advertisement for Actimel talks about lactobacilli - L. Casei Imunitass. These are the same lactobacilli, but with a proprietary marketing name to set them apart from competitors. The word containing in the title is similar in sound to the word "immunity", thereby instilling in the audience a false sense of concern for immunity. Danone says on its website that after 10 years of scientific research, this bacterium was chosen.

Buyer Fraud #10: Imunele

The advertisement contains the words “A special complex of lactobacilli, strengthens the immune system and helps health to be in great shape.” The abbreviated L. in the names of "special" bacteria is read as Lactobacillus, which are common lactobacilli. Casei and Rhamnosus are just a variety of lactobacilli and a subspecies of the variety, respectively. These miracle cultures are found in the human body and in most fermented milk products. The latter, Rhamnosus, is commonly used as a preservative in yogurts to prevent unwanted changes in the chemical composition, not for your immune system.

Buyer Fraud #11: Arbidol

A man in a white coat in an advertisement for the immunomodulator "Arbidol" confidently convinces viewers of the need to take the drug at the first sign of the disease and at the same time utters the magic phrase "Arbidol can help speed up recovery." As you can see, the drug may not help, but it promises not to cure, but only to speed up the healing process. Again, this is not to say that the drug has no proven efficacy in a clinical setting.

Buyer Fraud #12: Activia

There is a magic bacterium, supposedly ActiRegularis, which is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and therefore benefit the human intestine. In fact, it is a common bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis - a living bifidobacterium that is found in the bodies of all mammals, including humans. ActiRegularis is a proprietary beautiful name for one of the stamps of this bacterium. The ability to survive in the stomach and not be rejected by the intestines of Bifidobacterium animalis is confirmed by research by Danon itself, as well as by companies that produce products with this bacterium.

Buyer Fraud #13: Plant

Products of the trade mark "Rastishka" are promoted to the people under the slogan "Grow in health". The growth of the child is ensured by the increased content of vitamin D and calcium in the products. As part of Rastishka, it is said that 180 mg of calcium falls on 100 g of the product, and this is no more than 30% of the physiological need for a child. There is also sucrose (10.4 g) in a fraction of more than two teaspoons per half glass. This composition can be compared with ordinary milk, in which there is no sugar at all, and calcium contains 120 mg per 100 g of product.

Buyer Fraud #14: Magic Yogurts

Leaving aside fermented milk products that promise reinforced concrete immunity, miracle cures are also found among yogurts, although their composition is approximately the same.

Yoghurt is a fermented milk product that contains high concentrations of skimmed milk solids. It is produced on a mixture of starter microorganisms - Bulgarian lactic acid bacillus and thermophilic lactic streptococci (Lactobacterium bulgaricum Str. thermophylus), as well as with the addition of fruits, berries and their substitutes, we are informed about this by the “Technical Regulations for Milk and Dairy Products” (Law of 12 June 2008 N 88-FZ).

Buyer Fraud #15: Danacore

Advertising text on the Danone website reads: “Clinical studies have shown that drinking 1 bottle of Danacor per day for 3 weeks reduces blood cholesterol levels by 10%. In the future, daily consumption of 1 bottle of Danacor per day will help maintain cholesterol levels at a reduced level. It contains "phytonaturalis" (phytosterol) - a plant component that partially blocks the absorption of "bad" cholesterol.

Phytonaturalis is a name invented for promotional purposes. The name emphasizes the naturalness of its origin and the undoubted help for health. Objectively speaking, let's say that phytosterol (more correctly, phytosterol) can help to slightly lower cholesterol levels, since it is not absorbed by the body, however, it reacts with cholesterol and flushes it out of the body. This substance is industrially extracted from soybeans and is found in much higher volumes in nuts and seeds than in Danakor.

Buyer Fraud #16: Beauty Requires Marketing Sacrifices

Competition between manufacturers encourages the invention of more and more sophisticated names and components aimed at creating and maintaining female beauty. In the Garnier Color Naturals ad, marketers didn't invent much, but simply rearranged the words "olive oil" and turned into "olive oil". And it sounds much prettier, and no thoughts of lettuce on your head.

Everyone has heard that there is such an extract of cashmere, which, as is known from advertising, is added almost completely to shampoos. At the same time, cashmere extract is ordinary lanolin, that is, wax, which is obtained by washing sheep's wool. But lanolin is yesterday, not fashionable, not expensive and does not sound. Marketers going to this name from the side found the name "extract" for it - so smarter, and the wool itself was called cashmere - more expensive and more beautiful. And the fact that cashmere can only be called the down of the Himalayan mountain goats is a second matter. What matters is how it sounds.

Other amazing additives can be found on the cosmetics market: extracts of amber, pearls, rock crystal, and even microparticles of diamonds.

Theoretically, it can be assumed that with the help of acid and some kind of chemistry, it is possible to extract organic substances, which are pearls and amber. But imagining a product made from silicon dioxide is difficult. And what happens if you wash your hair with shampoo with a pinch of diamond dust for the whole bottle?

Remember the expression - “Regular shampoos are 80 percent water. Shampoo "Clean Line" for 80 percent consists of a decoction of herbs. Needless to say, a decoction of herbs is 99% water.

The situation about NIVEA Silver Protect “With silver molecules” looks even funnier. Marketers came up with just such a formulation (with molecules), but then it turned out that silver consists of atoms or ions and the advertisement was edited and replaced with "Silver ions", but the meaning did not change.