How much does a cancer screening cost? Tests that detect cancer. Young oncologists talk about misconceptions, empathy and fear of death

Cancer pathology is considered the most dangerous disease with a high probability of death. The risk of death increases due to the fact that signs of a tumor in the first stages of the development of the disease are completely absent or are diagnosed incorrectly. To detect swelling at stages zero, first and second, blood and a number of other studies will be required.

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First of all, the specialist donates blood. To determine whether the body is affected by inflammatory processes, it is necessary to determine the number of leukocytes and ESR. High scores for these criteria reveal inflammatory abnormalities. Hemoglobin levels will decrease. The results of the general analysis do not yet confirm the presence of a tumor, but only indicate the need for more careful examination. Carrying out a general clinical examination of urine can determine the level of the genitourinary system of organs; the functionality of the kidneys can be determined by the level of density of the urinary fluid.

Examination for the presence of tumor markers

Markers, or antigens as they are also called, are produced by mutated tumor cells and are nothing more than a tumor protein. To get tested for markers, you need to take blood for testing. It is taken from a vein early in the morning, on an empty stomach. Markers can be detected in the body of even a healthy person, but in small quantities. Markers increase during pregnancy or cold viral pathologies.

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Cancer cells

Therefore, if the analysis for markers has suspicious indicators, it is too early to panic; it is necessary to undergo a series of more tests for an objective assessment. Each form of the disease has its own markers. If a patient is diagnosed with a cyst, another benign tumor, an inflammatory or infectious disease, a common cold, markers in the blood may be elevated. Therefore, the indicators of such a survey will not always be in his favor. If a person is over 45-50 years of age, the doctor recommends taking a stool test to determine the presence or absence of blood in the stool. Blood contained in small quantities may indicate a disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Statistics show that some organs are more susceptible to tumors. Let's consider what tests need to be taken if you suspect the presence of a disease of a particular organ.

It is difficult to determine stomach disease by analysis. However, this type of examination can be used as additional research measures to help determine the general condition of a person.

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If you have a stomach disease, a specialist advises you to undergo a general and biochemical examination, you can test blood clotting and the concentration of markers.

The coagulability index in this case may indicate increased blood clot formation. To compensate for increased clotting, the body starts fibrinolysis, a process that dissolves the accumulation of blood clots.

In case of illness, this process increases the content of substances such as antithrombin and antithromboplastin in the body. Diagnosis of the stomach also requires an analysis for the content of tumor markers. To determine concentrated carcinoembryonic antigen, in case of disease, an ELISA examination is performed.

Lungs' cancer

What tests are performed if lung cancer is suspected? Experts prescribe the following techniques:

1. A general blood test can reveal the rate of red blood cell drop, platelet concentration, and leukocyte content. With lung disease, leukocytosis and eosinophilia often occur.

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1. A biochemical examination of blood for a malignant neoplasm in the lungs can reveal a high content of globulin, a low percentage of albumin, and also cortisol, lactodehydrogenase, and calcium increase.
2. Identifying markers for lung disease provides a powerful basis for determining its form even before the pathology gives the first signs.

Carrying out various examination methods can prevent further development of lung disease, as it becomes possible to plan a course of treatment in the early stages of the disease.

Cervical cancer

What tests will be most effective when a disease is suspected? Most often, it is necessary to take comprehensive examination measures in order to obtain an objective examination result. A cytological examination can determine the likelihood of the disease. These smears are taken throughout the year from women who have intimate relationships. Smears for cytology can be performed in every city hospital. This examination method can detect the early stages of the disease. What tests should be done if pathological transformations are detected?

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Next, a colposcopy is prescribed. A careful study is carried out using a special device. With its help, the doctor is able to identify pathogenic areas. Then we can talk about a biopsy, instrumental examination methods and further treatment methods.

Mammary cancer

To date, the problematic gene has been identified in two types – BRCA1/BRCA2. The hereditary nature of the mutation can lead to the development of breast cancer. A mutated gene can only be detected using molecular genetic analysis. It is carried out once to find out whether the mutated gene was passed on from the parents. In the event that the results of the study confirm the fears, all immediate relatives should be subjected to analysis. When a pathological gene is detected, it is necessary to take a set of preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of breast disease or improve diagnostic capabilities. The material for examination to identify a pathological gene is the patient’s blood. Up to 1 ml of blood collected in a special tube is required.

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The test sample must be stored at a temperature of 21°C. The shelf life is quite long. This examination is carried out regardless of age. If the gene is detected, a set of therapeutic measures is immediately developed to prevent its development. If a patient has a hereditary predisposition to cancer, systematic examinations of the body become mandatory. After the gene is detected, the data is deciphered by a qualified specialist, taking into account other anamnestic, genetic, clinical, and laboratory information about the patient. Since a gene has more than one mutation variant, its functionality is assessed taking into account markers. If a predisposition to the disease is discovered, you should not immediately think about death. Identifying the mutation gives the doctor the opportunity to effectively act in treatment and decide which method of therapy will be most suitable. These measures will reduce or even eliminate the possibility of cancer.

What specific blood test should a person take for early detection of oncology? This question worries many people who are worried about their own health. In general, timely diagnosis allows treatment of malignant tumors to begin without delay. The initial stages of cancer have long been no longer considered a death sentence.

To a large extent, the high mortality rate from this type of pathology is due, first of all, to late seeking help.

About cancer

At the first and second stages, the patient usually has a very high chance of recovery. Even with the third, today a person is often put on his feet. However, the 4th is already very serious. Here the patient is prescribed only symptomatic therapy, since the metastases that have spread throughout the body begin to actively destroy it.

Actually, for this reason, preventive examinations are in many ways a guarantee of cure, as they help to detect oncology in the first stages of development.

Doctors consider anyone at risk to have:

• there were cases of cancer in the family;
• have bad habits (smoking, alcoholism);
• tissues and organs have been exposed to radiation or toxic effects in the past;
• immunodeficiency was detected.

For other representatives of the fairer sex, the risk increases after 55 years.

Signs of the onset of oncology are, depending on its type, the following symptoms:

• wounds that do not heal for a long time;
• discomfort when swallowing;
• bloody and other uncharacteristic discharge in urine or feces;
• moles that have begun to grow rapidly and have changed color;
• sudden and significant weight loss;
• any swelling, dense lumps under the skin;
• visible deformations of the genitals, face, breast, neck;
• incurable dry cough;
• noticeable shortness of breath and hoarseness.

In particular, brain damage is often indicated by the appearance of some kind of smell (burning or citrus fruits), which the patient cannot get rid of for weeks.

In principle, even the simplest general blood test can indicate the presence of cancer. It is carried out quickly and is very inexpensive. However, only a doctor should interpret its results.

By the way, it is recommended to take it regularly - once a year. If there are serious suspicions, the doctor will recommend undergoing a number of other specialized examinations.

What signs in tests indicate cancer?

The problem is indicated, first of all, by the presence of a relatively small number of platelets in the patient’s blood and a noticeable increase in the number of leukocytes. In this case, the ESR will be more than 30. However, the assumption can be confirmed only on the condition that the described condition remains unchanged for several months.

An increase in alkaline phosphatase also indicates oncology. A drop in cholesterol allows one to suspect pathology specifically in the liver.

At the same time, a blood test is not able to accurately identify the location of the tumor. This requires other instrumental studies. So, cancer:

• the esophagus and stomach are detected during fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy;
• colonoscopy reveals intestines;
• lungs - bronchoscopy;
• cervix - smear examination, etc.

Tumor markers

Today, immunological diagnostics are becoming increasingly popular. Here, the blood taken for analysis is studied to detect antigens produced by the body in response to the formation of tumors. In a healthy person, they are contained in minimal quantities or are absent altogether. Accordingly, an increase in the indicator indicates oncology.

Scientists have identified more than 300 types of proteins, hormones and enzymes, the production of which increases in the body during cancer. At the same time, each marker allows you to confirm only the presence of a certain type of tumor. Often such tests are not informative (especially in the early stages). Their more universal varieties can only indicate the development of the process and are not able to accurately identify the location of its localization.

For example, prostate cancer is diagnosed using the PSA antigen. At the same time, it is often produced in large quantities:

• in older men due to age-related changes;
• for infectious diseases;
• after some procedures.

The CEA antigen (cancer-embryonic) confirms the growth of a neoplasm in:

• lungs;
• colon;
• mammary gland.

AFP protein is produced by malignant tumors that affect:

• testicles;
• liver.

Besides:

• melanoma signals itself with the S-100 protein;
• CA 19-9 indicates pancreatic disease;
• cancer of the stomach, lung, and breast is detected by CA 72-4;
• When the thyroid gland degenerates, it begins to produce large amounts of calcitonin.

All forms of cancer have their own unique antigens:

• small cell;
• carcinoma;
• leukemia;
• non-small cell;
• squamous.

With all this, there is no need to talk about 100% accuracy of the tumor marker. For this reason, they are taken only after identifying the main characteristic symptoms and conducting other types of research. To a large extent, they are used to track the progression of the disease, the effectiveness of therapeutic measures, etc.

Recently, cancer has become very common. The causes of pathologies are different. This is mainly due to genetic predisposition, low quality food, and poor environment. If you suspect cancer, experts recommend visiting the hospital and getting diagnosed.

How to get tested for cancer? Which doctor should I see? These and many other questions are asked by people who suspect they have cancer. First of all, you should make an appointment with a specialist. A doctor who diagnoses and treats cancer is called an oncologist. How can I be tested for cancer during a screening? The doctor will conduct an examination and prescribe laboratory tests. If necessary, the doctor will recommend an ultrasound, computed tomography, mammography and other diagnostic procedures, depending on the expected location of the tumor. The results of laboratory tests are of great importance, since you can check for the presence of cancer in the early stages by taking a routine test for tumor markers. After all these measures, the specialist decides whether a biopsy is necessary. During the procedure, a small piece of tissue is taken for histological examination. This method, according to many experts, is the most accurate diagnostic method. A biopsy reveals which cells the tumor consists of. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia, so it does not cause any particular inconvenience. After all these manipulations, it will become clear whether it is present or not.

How often should I get tested?

Experts note that at very early stages, when the size of the tumor is small and it does not poison the body with its decay products, a false diagnosis can be made. If the problem continues to bother you, you can undergo the examination again. Since you can check for cancer during a routine preventive examination, it is advisable to visit doctors once a year until the age of forty, and then twice a year (if there are no complaints). Preventive examinations will identify pathologies at stages that can be treated.

Why is diagnostics needed?

A timely examination for oncology can not only save human life, but also prevent a decrease in its quality. That is why experts recommend undergoing examinations and tests regularly. In addition, it should be taken into account that diagnosis significantly increases the effectiveness of treatment measures if such a need arises. Thanks to the latest advances in medicine, pathologies are detected as quickly and accurately as possible. Patients are required only to pay attention to the state of their health.

Where can you get tested for cancer?

In addition to regular clinics and hospitals, there are specialized cancer centers. Almost every major city in Russia has such institutions. In Moscow, for example, oncology examinations are carried out at the European Clinic (Scientific Center for Modern Oncology and Surgery, Tulskaya metro station), City Oncology Hospital No. 62 (Tushinskaya metro station), Soyuz Multidisciplinary Clinic (Sokolniki metro station, Elektrozavodskaya metro station) and others centers Where can children get checked for cancer? A specialized Scientific Oncology Center of federal significance was opened in Moscow in 2011. This clinic is considered the most technologically equipped and largest in Europe.

Who should get tested?

First of all, it is recommended for people who are at risk to visit an oncologist. These include women and men over 55 years of age, who frequently drink alcohol and smoke, and who are overweight. Those who abuse fast food, stay in solariums and in the sun without using sunscreen should also undergo examination. Examination is also recommended for people with low physical activity. Hereditary (genetic) predisposition is also important. If one of your relatives is diagnosed with cancer, you should pay close attention to your health and regularly visit a specialist.

What is a survey?

A precancerous condition is considered a harbinger of the development of a malignant neoplasm. It must be identified in a timely manner. Today this is more than possible, since you can be tested for cancer both in a regular clinic and in a specialized center. To more accurately identify pathology, the most modern equipment is currently used, and highly qualified specialists work. The examination usually lasts one to two days. It is carried out on an outpatient basis under the careful supervision of a doctor. In accordance with the results of the examination, the patient receives complete information about the state of his health. The specialist will also answer all your questions. If necessary, treatment is immediately prescribed, the patient receives instructions and recommendations. How much does it cost to get tested for cancer? Prices for the study depend on the list of tests and diagnostic measures recommended by the doctor. On average, a general examination costs from 1.5 to 3 thousand dollars.

What tests should be taken for oncology?

Currently, effective diagnostic methods have been developed for almost all common types of cancer. In particular, your doctor may prescribe a mammogram. This is a breast examination. To identify a malignant neoplasm in the uterus, a cytological smear analysis is recommended. To diagnose colon pathology, stool is examined using an occult blood test. General diagnosis of oncology may include several activities. In particular, it is recommended to donate blood (detailed analysis), undergo MRI, computed tomography (positron emission), colonoscopy and gastroscopy, and biopsy. The specialist may also order a bone marrow aspiration and laparoscopic examination. Ultrasound is of particular importance in diagnosing oncology. This procedure often gives an idea of ​​the dynamics of pathology development. Usually the biopsy is performed under CT or ultrasound guidance. Additionally, in many cases, cytogenetic, enzyme immunoassays and thoracoscopy (biopsy and visual examination of the chest organs) are prescribed.

What does a blood test tell?

In oncology, laboratory test results may be ambiguous. However, a blood test is necessary. A detailed analysis allows you to determine the level of tumor markers for each organ and determine the presence or absence of cancer cells in the body. Thanks to all the above measures, the specialist establishes the degree and nature of damage to systems and organs, as well as the presence of foci and metastases. As a result, the necessary treatment regimen is selected individually for each patient.

Diagnosis of oncology of the chest and gastrointestinal tract

One of the most common cancer diseases today is lung cancer. If you suspect the development of a tumor, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. How to get tested for lung cancer? What diagnostic measures can a specialist prescribe? The examination includes an instrumental examination of the chest - radiography. The images allow you to see the presence of a node or neoplasm. Small pathological changes invisible on an x-ray are recognized during a computed tomography scan. If the patient has a cough accompanied by sputum production, it is examined under a microscope. A biopsy of lung tissue is also a necessary study. It can be carried out in various ways. In particular, a doctor can collect a fragment of lung tissue during bronchoscopy - checking the condition of the lungs using a special thin tube (bronchoscope) with a light source. The bronchoscope is inserted directly into the organ cavity through the larynx. A biopsy can also be performed using the open method. Thoracoscopy is performed through a small incision made at the base of the neck. The doctor inserts instruments into the mediastinum and removes lymph node tissue for analysis. How to check for If a malignant neoplasm is suspected in this area of ​​the gastrointestinal tract, a colonoscopy is prescribed. Using a special probe, the doctor examines the inner surface of the intestine and assesses its condition.

Conclusion

The opinions of specialists regarding the preventive diagnosis of oncological pathologies are very ambiguous. significantly reduce mortality among the general population. This is mainly due to the ability to diagnose the early stages of pathology using modern equipment. In this case, there is a high probability of prescribing adequate treatment and ridding the patient of the tumor. However, there is also evidence that in the process of preventive studies, quite a lot of benign neoplasms are identified. As a result, invasive diagnostic methods are used that expose patients to unnecessary risks. Today there is no clear and precise answer to the question of the need for preventive examinations. Currently, attempts are being made to scientifically substantiate the advantages of each existing method and to establish which groups should be screened first.

Tumor markers are a group of chemicals produced by the body in increased quantities during cancer. They are released both by the tumor itself and by the tissues located nearby. Modern medicine knows about twenty significant tumor markers that help correctly determine the location of cancer.

PREPARATION

It is preferable to wait 4 hours after your last meal; there are no mandatory requirements. You can drink water without restrictions, preferably without gas. On the eve of taking a blood test for oncology, you must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages and heavy physical activity.

What tests are there for oncology?

Markers help detect cancer before symptoms appear. They increase approximately 6-9 months before the onset of primary metastases. People at risk should get tested for cancer every year. Men need to take a PSA test, which is a predictor of prostate cancer. This is especially true for people over 40 years old. CA 125 has a high degree of sensitivity. It indicates testicular cancer in men and ovarian cancer in women. SCC indicates cancer of the cervix, as well as the respiratory, nasopharynx and ear.

Another female tumor marker is HE4, which indicates cancer in the ovary and endometrium. When screening for breast cancer, CA-15-3 is prescribed. This is a highly specific test for breast cancer. Inflated values ​​of the tumor marker CA 15.3 may indicate a tumor of the mammary glands and signal the need to undergo examination by a breast oncologist.

There are a number of other blood tests for oncology, the list and prices of which can be found in the table below.

WHAT DO TUMOR MARKERS SHOW

In the diagnosis of cancer, the following types of oncology tests are of greatest diagnostic importance: CA 19.9 (indicates stomach and pancreatic cancer), CA 15-3 (tumor marker for breast cancer), CA 125 (marker for ovarian cancer), PSA (cancer diagnosis prostate), b-2 microglobulin (marker of lymphoma and multiple myeloma), Cyfra 21-1 (marker of non-small cell lung cancer), AFP (liver cancer), etc.

LIST AND COST OF SERVICES

Picture 1. WHICH TUMOR MARKERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT

WARNING!
It should be remembered that a slight increase in the concentration of many tumor markers in a blood test is possible in various benign and inflammatory diseases and physiological conditions. So that patients do not rush to make a diagnosis, we consider it useful to remind: the concentration of tumor markers often increases during pathological processes localized in various organs, during pregnancy, as well as during a certain age period (menopause, menopause). Therefore, the detection of elevated levels of one or another tumor marker is not yet a basis for making a diagnosis of a malignant tumor, but serves as a reason for further examination.

Donation of tumor markers in Moscow

Has your doctor prescribed you to undergo a cancer screening or do you want to donate blood for a tumor marker at your own request? We offer you to use the services of the laboratory of our clinic on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, within walking distance from the metro stations of the same name and the MCC. Check out the opening hours and address.

• Treatment room - open from 10-00 to 20-30 weekdays, from 10-00 to 17-30 - weekends (Saturday and Sunday), as well as holidays. In order to save your time, it is strongly recommended to pre-register for this type of analysis. Blood is taken from women and men.

Tumor markers - promotion!

Do you want to get discounts on donating blood for tumor markers? The promotion in our clinic provides an opportunity to have these indicators taken at reasonable prices. Take advantage of our special offer - tests for oncology with discounts of 10% when passing any 2 indicators. Fast and inexpensive!

Every year, approximately half a million Russians are diagnosed with cancer, and about 280 thousand of our citizens die due to this disease. Moreover, if a neoplasm is detected at the first or second stage, it can be cured in approximately 95% of cases. On the eve of World Cancer Day, the director of the Herzen Moscow Research Oncology Institute, Professor Andrei Kaprin, spoke to RIA Novosti about how to detect cancer at an early stage, what examinations need to be carried out and how to minimize the risk of cancer. Interviewed by Tatyana Stepanova.

— Andrey Dmitrievich, tell us how things stand in the country today with regard to morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors?

— In the structure of population mortality, malignant neoplasms occupy second place (14.9%) after cardiovascular diseases (54.8%).

Every year, approximately 480 thousand new cases of cancer are detected, and more than 280 thousand people die. Of these, a sufficiently large number of people of working age (15.5%). This situation is largely due to the fact that people seek medical help late. In an advanced stage, cancer is detected in every fifth patient, and this leads to the fact that mortality in the first year after diagnosis in our country reaches 26%. And when cancer is treated at an early stage, the 10-year survival rate reaches 95% or more.

The disease is mainly diagnosed in older people - 60 years and above. The probability of developing cancer in men under the age of 60 is 8.2%, in women at this age - 8.7%. And after the age of 60, these figures look like this: 21.6% for men and 17.3% for women. Thus, the longer life expectancy in a country, the more attention should be paid to preventive examinations.

In those Russian regions where there is a high depopulation of cities and villages (young people leave, old people remain), mortality from malignant neoplasms indirectly increases, while the detection rate remains the same. At our institute we maintain an all-Russian cancer registry, and this is nothing more than the best epidemiological study, thanks to which we receive all the information on cancer diseases in the regions.

— Which regions have achieved success in treating cancer?

— In Kazan and Khabarovsk they work quite well to identify and treat such patients. There, primary care doctors are on an oncological alert, special tests are taken en masse: for men - for prostate specific antigen (PSA), for women - for CA 125. These studies make it possible to detect prostate cancer at an early stage in men and cervical cancer in women. In women, unfortunately, the incidence of cancer in this particular location is now growing very strongly. Over ten years, the increase was about 30% overall among women, and at the age of up to 29 years it almost doubled, and up to 44 years - 1.5 times. We believe that this is due to the early onset of sexual activity, promiscuity and the spread of the human papillomavirus.

— What studies need to be done for men, women and at what age in order to diagnose the disease at an early stage?

— Women over 39 years of age should undergo regular cervical and breast examinations. Men over 45 years of age should be examined by a urologist for prostate cancer. Hidden blood in the stool can be a very important indicator. We recommend that women and men over 45 years of age get tested to detect it.

Despite the prevalence of these diseases, lung cancer still ranks first. Unfortunately, fluorography is not enough to detect it at an early stage, so we recommend that you undergo an x-ray examination annually. Skin cancer is also a fairly common neoplasm.

Moreover, the most malignant skin tumor is localized on the back, on the shoulder blade. Unfortunately, it is not very disturbing at the beginning of the disease.

— Does this mean that sunbathing is harmful?

“Of course, it’s a disgrace when we go to regions where the sun is very hot, and we don’t think at all about protecting our skin. When the local population wears completely covered clothing, we lie in the direct rays of the sun and “sunbathe” - this is no good. I also think that we have a lot of unlicensed solariums, the activities of which no one controls, this has been written about more than once.

— Can a person himself suspect or recognize the first signs of cancer?

— A person may suspect lung cancer only at a late stage of the disease or when the bronchus is affected and coughing and hemoptysis appears. Before this, it is completely asymptomatic. Of course, at the initial stage, lung cancer can be seen on an X-ray, but the radiologist must also be experienced and competent.

That’s why I keep repeating: women should have an ultrasound of the mammary glands and mammography every year. Men should see a doctor if they have urinary problems. You need to donate blood for PSA. This does not require special preparation and does not take much time.

— Why do you think some of our citizens still prefer to receive treatment abroad?

— Modern medicine has no boundaries, the best ways to combat the disease are quickly becoming available to doctors from different countries. Treatment both abroad and here follows the same international protocols. Nevertheless, there are those who prefer to go to a foreign clinic. Everyone has their own reason for this. Some doctors have stopped maintaining medical confidentiality. If a person holds certain positions, he, of course, will not want his illnesses to become public. The second reason lies in the fact that some charitable organizations raise money for help abroad, in fact, children are treated in our clinics, and charitable organizations help these centers survive.

And finally, rehabilitation after surgical interventions is still poorly developed. Our specialists perform operations just as well. We recently discharged a 19-year-old girl who was refused treatment in Germany as inoperable. She had an extensive malignant substernal tumor. And after we operated on her, this girl’s mother showed the pictures to German doctors. They gave a standing ovation for three minutes. Now the girl has already gone to work.

— Do you think it is necessary to change the procedure for medical examination, especially in terms of examinations for cancer? Can primary care doctors detect a tumor at the first or second stage?

— The oncological component of clinical examination of the adult population involves two stages. The first is to identify a risk group using the studies we talked about. At the second stage, the diagnosis is clarified. I believe that medical examination in the form in which it is currently taking place is fully justified.

— Early diagnosis of cancer would significantly reduce mortality. Nevertheless, unfortunately, most people in Russia prefer not to be examined, but to live according to the principle “until the thunder strikes...” How to convince the population not to adhere to this rule?

- Convince, show, prove. For example, on the basis of our institute, we created the National Center for Oncology of the Reproductive Organs, the goal of which is to strengthen cooperation between doctors and patients and popularize medical knowledge in this area.

Starting this year, we regularly begin holding open days on Saturdays for residents of the neighboring Northern District, inviting them to a free initial diagnosis of the most common diseases. And we do it quite successfully - people go and get checked.

In order to organize a direct channel of communication with the population and receive feedback, we created, together with the prefecture of the Northern District, the Public Committee “Medical Control” and intend, in cooperation with public organizations, to monitor how medical care is provided in our city. These measures, I am sure, will increase the level of mutual trust and medical literacy of the population.

— How can you minimize your risk of developing cancer?

— Among the main causes of cancer incidence, as statistics show, the leading position is occupied by unhealthy diet - up to 35%. In second place is smoking - up to 32%. Thus, two thirds of cancer cases are caused by these factors. We also recommend not to get carried away with tanning and not to consume products with dyes. And visit your doctor regularly.