MILITARY MEDICAL MUSEUM

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MILITARY DOCTORS

– PARTICIPANTS

GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

1941 – 1945

Brief biographical reference

Part three

Under the general editorship of the Chief of the Chief Military Medical

Department of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation -

head of the medical service of the Armed Forces

Russian Federation

Colonel General of Medical Service

Saint Petersburg

EDITORIAL TEAM:

(editor-in-chief), (deputy editor-in-chief), ,

(responsible performer), ,

FROM THE EDITORIAL BOARD

The Military Medical Museum of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation continues to publish a short biographical reference book “Military doctors who participated in the Great Patriotic War.” Its main content is information about the service in the active army by a certain category of military doctors. Due to a number of objective reasons, information of this nature is reported in an extremely compressed form, with a significant number of abbreviations and letter abbreviations.

The third part of this publication, brought to the attention of readers, is dedicated to corps doctors. Due to the impossibility of establishing the dates of death of the officials mentioned in the directory, data on this in the vast majority of cases, unfortunately, is not available. Military ranks on the last day of military service are indicated in brackets.

for active assistance in preparing the work.

Please send comments and suggestions to St. Petersburg, Lazaretny lane, 2, Military Medical Museum of the Russian Defense Ministry.

Editorial board

A

ABADJYAN Grigory Sergeevich(25.3.1903, c. Kazanchi, Erivan province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1941. Graduate of the Kuibyshev Medical Institute (1939). Until February 1942 - commander of the medical platoon of the 35th tank brigade. He served in the Transcaucasian Military District and (from September 1941) on the Transcaucasian Front. Then he was a brigade doctor of the 55th Tank Brigade as part of the Crimean Front (Feb. - May 1942), the reserve of the Supreme High Command Headquarters and (July 1942) the Southwestern Front. He continued to serve as a brigade doctor of the 39th Tank Brigade on the Stalingrad Front, in the Volga Military District (Nov. - Dec. 1942), Southwestern Front, and (Nov. 1943 - July 1944) 3rd Ukrainian. Then he headed the medical service of the 93rd Rifle Corps of the 2nd Baltic and (April - May 1945) 1st Ukrainian Fronts.

Occupying relevant positions, he took part in the battle for the Caucasus and the Battle of Stalingrad, in Odessa, Riga, Berlin and other operations and types of military operations.

ABAEV Irakliy Grigorievich(10/18/1906, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In the Armed Forces since 1934 after graduating from LMI. From April 1941 to January 1942 - brigade doctor of the 13th railway brigade. Later he was a division doctor of the 326th Infantry Division as part of the North Caucasus, South-Western, 3rd, 2nd and again 3rd Ukrainian Fronts. He continued to serve as a corps doctor in the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps on the 3rd (Feb. 1945) and (until the end of the war) on the 2nd Ukrainian fronts.

He led the medical service of the unit in the battle for the Caucasus and in the Battle of Stalingrad, in the battle for the Dnieper, in the Iasi-Kishinev, Budapest, Vienna and other operations.

Awarded four orders and many medals.

ABALISHIN Alexey Efremovich(23.2.1908, village of Parnevo, Tver province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1928. Graduate of the Military Medical Academy (1931). Since the beginning of the war - senior doctor of the 550th howitzer-artillery regiment of the RGK on the Far Eastern Front (June - Aug. 1941). Then he held the position of divisional doctor of the 377th Infantry Division as part of the Ural Military District, Volkhov (Sept. 1941 - Apr. 1942), Leningrad and (from June 1942) again the Volkhov fronts. Subsequently, he was the head of the SO 59 A department of the Volkhov Front (Dec. 1942 - Sep. 1943) and the corps doctor of the 111th Rifle Corps on the Volkhov, Leningrad (March - Apr. 1944), 3rd Baltic and (Nov. 1944 - May 1945) Leningrad fronts.

He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Leningrad, in the Baltic and other operations and types of combat operations of the troops. Participated in organizing medical support for the army in the Lyuban operation.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1959. Awarded three orders and several medals.

AVRAMENKO Nikolay Markovich(October 8, 1911, Gadyach, Poltava province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In 1938 he graduated from the Kharkov Dental Institute. In the Armed Forces in and since 1939. During the Great Patriotic War he served as Art. doctor of the 427th Mountain Rifle Regiment of the 192nd Mountain Rifle Division of the Southern Front, Art. doctor of the 1091st Infantry Regiment of the 324th Infantry Division of the Western Front (until April 1942), head of SEO-75 of the Karelian Front, brigade doctor of the 8th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade (Dec. 1943 - Feb. 1945) of the Belorussian Front (from Feb. 1944 - 1st Belorussian Front) and (until the end of the war) corps doctor of the 121st Rifle Corps of the 2nd Belorussian Front.

He led the medical service of the unit in border battles. Participated in organizing anti-epidemic protection of troops during the defense of the Arctic. Organized medical support for the unit in the Belarusian, East Prussian, Berlin and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1950. Awarded four orders and many medals.

AGADZHANYAN Alexander Makarovich(December 20, 1904, village Tagasir, Elizavetpol province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1923. Upon graduation from the Military Medical Academy in 1939 - Art. regiment doctor. From September 1942 to April 1943 he was the commander of the 439th Motorized Rifle Regiment of the 22nd Guards. rifle division, and then the 84th Guards. rifle division of the Northwestern Front. Later he served as a division doctor of the 222nd Rifle Division of the Western Front and (May 1944 - May 1945) as a corps doctor of the 65th Rifle Corps as part of (sequentially) the Western, 3rd Belorussian and 2nd Far Eastern Fronts.

Participated in the organization of medical care in the military area in the Battle of Leningrad. He headed the medical service of the unit in Smolensk, Orel, Belarus, East Prussia and other operations and types of military operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1956. Awarded six orders and many medals.

AKIMOV Vasily Nikolaevich (15.12.1913).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In the Armed Forces since 1936 upon completion of the 1st MMI. Served in the military. In the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was the head of the 212th infirmary in the Moscow Military District. Later - commander of the 303rd Motorized Rifle Division of the 260th Infantry Division (July - Nov. 1941) of the Western and later Bryansk Fronts, divisional doctor of this rifle division (until Oct. 1943) of the Bryansk and then Don Fronts, corps doctor of the 99th (40th Guards) Rifle Corps (November 1943 - May 1945) consisting of the Volkhov, Leningrad, 3rd Baltic, Karelian, 2nd, 3rd and 1st Belorussian Fronts.

Participated in the organization of medical and evacuation support for troops in the military area in border battles. He led the medical service of the unit in the Moscow and Stalingrad battles, in the Leningrad-Novgorod, Svir-Petrozavodsk, Belarusian, Berlin and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1958. Awarded four orders and many medals.

ANANEVICH Pavel Kalinovich(11/21/1904, Volkovichi village, Vitebsk province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In the Armed Forces since 1923. After graduating from the Military Medical Academy in 1936, he served as a military doctor. From June 1941, he was on the Southwestern Front as a divisional doctor of the 35th Tank Division, and then (Oct. 1941 - Aug. 1942) on the same front - the head of the UGOPEP 38 A. Subsequently - the head of the BCP - 2201 (from Dec. . 1942 - Kh.P.G.) 1st Guards. army of the Stalingrad Front, corps doctor (Oct. 1943 - Apr. 19th Rifle Corps 33 A of the Western Front. Continued to work in the same position in 5 A as part of the 3rd Belorussian (May 1944 - Apr. 1945) and (until the end of the war) 1st Far Eastern Front.

He led the medical service of the unit in border battles, in Smolensk (1943), Belarusian, East Prussian, Manchurian and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1953. Awarded 3 orders and several medals.

ANDREEV Mikhail Petrovich(October 1, 1906, Danilkino village, Saratov province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In the Armed Forces since 1941 after graduating from the Rostov Medical Institute. In the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was a doctor at the ORMU of the North Caucasus Military District. Hereinafter – Art. doctor of the 74th Cavalry Corps of the 53rd Cavalry Division of the Western Front (July - Dec. 1941), doctor of the medical post of the headquarters of 30 A of the Kalinin Front, divisional doctor of the 29th Infantry Division of the Southwestern (from May 1942), then (July 1942 - Jan. 1943) of the Stalingrad fronts and (until the end of the war) corps doctor of the 7th, and later the 35th rifle corps as part of the Voronezh, Don, Steppe, Belorussian, 2nd and 1st Belorussian fronts.

He led the medical service of the unit in the Moscow and Stalingrad battles, in the Belarusian, Vistula-Oder, Berlin and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1962. Awarded two orders and several medals.

ANDREICHENKO Yakov Korneevich(October 27, 1904, Voilevo village, Vitebsk province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In 1933 he graduated from the 1st LMI. In the Armed Forces since 1938. In the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he headed the medical service of the NKVD troops 18 A of the Southern Front. Later - divisional doctor of the 13th motorized rifle division of the NKVD of the Southwestern Front (July 1941 - July 1942), divisional doctor of the 95th rifle division of the Stalingrad, and later Don fronts and (June 1943 - June 1944) divisional doctor of the 75th Guards . rifle division as part of the Central, 1st Ukrainian, Belorussian and 1st Belorussian fronts. He continued his service as a senior doctor of the 218th reserve rifle regiment 65 A (until November 1944) of the Belorussian, then of the 1st Belorussian fronts, head of KhPP-4319 of the same front and (Dec. 1944 - May 1945) corps doctor of the 18th rifle corps 1st, and later 2nd Belorussian Fronts.

He headed the medical service of units and formations in border battles, in the Battle of Stalingrad and the Belarusian operation. He led the hospital in the Vistula-Oder, Berlin and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1956. Awarded five orders and many medals.

ANDRYUSHKIN Lavrenty Evstafievich(22.8.1905, village of Peregorschi, Smolensk province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1928. In 1936 he graduated from the Minsk Medical Institute. From September 1941 to October 1943 he was a division doctor of the 373rd Infantry Division as part of the Western, Kalinin and Voronezh fronts. Later he served as a corps doctor of the 68th Rifle Corps of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, head of the GLR - 1A of the same front and (Feb. - May 1945) head of UPEP-123 of the 4th Guards. army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front.

He led the medical service of the unit in the Moscow and Kursk battles. He headed the hospital in Kirovograd, Korsun-Shevchenko, Budapest and other operations. Participated in the organization of medical and evacuation support for troops in the army area in the Balaton, Vienna and other operations and types of combat operations of the troops.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1958. Awarded five orders and many medals.

ANTONOV Leonid Petrovich(18.6.1898, Avdeevka village, Ekaterinoslav province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In 1923 he graduated from the Kharkov Medical Institute. In the Armed Forces from July 1941. Until May 1944, he served as head of the sanitary service of the Stalingrad Corps of the air defense region of the South-Eastern, Stalingrad, Don and Southern fronts, and then of the Eastern Air Defense Front. Later (until the end of the war) he was a corps doctor of the 9th Air Defense Corps as part of the Southern and Southwestern Air Defense Fronts.

He headed the medical service of the air defense unit in the battle for the Caucasus, in the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, the battle for the Dnieper and in other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1946. Awarded two orders and several medals.

ARAKELOV Vagan Mikhailovich(1913, Baku).

Major of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1940 after graduating from the Azerbaijan Medical Institute. From November 1941 to October 1942 he was the commander of the 115th Motorized Rifle Division of the 51st Infantry Division of the Southern and then the Southwestern Fronts. Later - head of GLR-4520 of the North Caucasus, later Transcaucasian fronts, corps doctor of the 55th Rifle Corps (Oct. 1943 - May 1944) of the 4th Ukrainian Front, head of UGOPEP-222 of the 3rd Belorussian Front, assistant chief of UGOPEP- 163 of the same front and (from March 1945) head of EG-4842 of the 3rd Belorussian and 2nd Far Eastern fronts.

Participated in organizing the treatment and evacuation of the wounded in the military area in border battles and during the defense of the Caucasus. He led the medical service of the unit in the Melitopol, Crimean and other operations. Participated in the organization of medical care in the army region in Belgorod, East Prussian and other operations and types of military operations. He headed the hospital during the Manchurian operation.

ARANSON Vsevolod Moiseevich(22.4.1919, Moscow).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1941 upon completion of the 1st MMI. From October 1941 to May 1942 he served as a doctor in the division of the Tula brigade district of the Moscow Air Defense Front. Later - head of the sanitary service of the Directorate of the Tula Divisional District of the Western Air Defense Front, head of the sanitary service of the Directorate of the Minsk Corps Air Defense District (Jan. - Sep. 1944) of the Western, and from March 1944 - of the Northern Air Defense Front and (until the end of the war) - corps doctor of the 4th Air Defense Corps as part of the Northern and Western Air Defense Fronts, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Belorussian Fronts. Participated in organizing medical support for air defense formations in the Belarusian, Vistula-Oder, East Prussian, Berlin and other operations and types of military operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1953. Awarded an order and several medals.

ARGANCHEEV Shamil Aidzhanovich(1907, Orenburg province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1927. In 1932 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy. During the Great Patriotic War - commander of the 90th Motorized Rifle Brigade of the 9th Tank Division of the Central Asian Military District (until Oct. 1941), brigade doctor of the 145th Tank Brigade of the Western Front, brigade doctor of the 200th Tank Brigade (March 1942 - Oct. 1943 ) as part of the Western and then Voronezh Fronts, corps doctor of the 31st Tank Corps of the 1st Ukrainian Front and (March - May 1945) corps doctor of the 28th Rifle Corps of the 4th Ukrainian Front. He led the medical service of the unit in the Moscow and Kursk battles, in the Kyiv, Korsun-Shevchenko, Lvov-Sandomierz, Prague and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1957. Awarded five orders and many medals.

ARTEMYEV Ivan Vasilievich(20.1.1897, St. Petersburg).

Military doctor 1st rank. In the Armed Forces since 1920. In 1922 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy. Served as a military doctor. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - corps doctor of the 1st Rifle Corps of the Western Front. In July 1941 he was captured, where he remained until April 1945.

AFRIKANTOV Gennady Andreevich

Military doctor 3rd rank. He was a corps doctor of the 66th Rifle Corps of the Western Front. At the end of June 1941 he went missing.

B

BABUSHKIN Chaim Shlemovich(September 22, 1906, Gomel, Mogilev province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In 1931 he graduated from the Smolensk Medical Institute. In the Armed Forces since 1937. Served in the troops. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he served on the North-Western Front. doctor of the 268th Infantry Regiment of the 48th Infantry Division, and later - divisional doctor of the same division. Then he was on the Leningrad Front the head of the medical service of the mentioned formation (until June 1944), the head of UGOPEP-119 and (from September 1944) the corps doctor of the 94th Rifle Corps. Later he headed the medical service of this corps as part of the 3rd Belorussian and Transbaikal fronts.

He led the medical service of units and formations in border battles. Organized medical support for the unit in the Battle of Leningrad, Baltic, Manchurian and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1963. Awarded four orders and many medals.

BAMDAS Boris Solomonovich(8.1.1909, Moscow).

Colonel of the medical service. In the Armed Forces from April to December 1932 and from 1934. During the Great Patriotic War he served in long-range aviation Art. doctor of the 432nd Aviation Regiment of the 3rd Aviation Division (June 1941 - May 1942), division doctor of the 45th Aviation Division and (Aug. 1943 - May 1945) corps doctor of the 1st Aviation Corps.

Organized medical support for long-range aviation units and formations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1959. Recipient of state awards.

BARDIN Alexander Vasilievich(16.6.1901, Sleptsovskaya station, Terek region).

Colonel of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1922. In 1931 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a divisional physician of the 22nd Aviation Division of the Southern Front (until March 1942), and then served in long-range aviation, heading the medical service of the 62nd Aviation Division and (May 1943 - May 1945) the 7th Aviation Corps.

Organized medical support for aviation units in border battles. He took part in the leadership of the military unit of the long-range aviation medical service.

BASTE Gorun Ismailovich(7.3.1903, Panachea village, Stavropol province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1924. Graduate of the Military Medical Academy (1937). During the Great Patriotic War he served on the Northern, Leningrad (from Aug. 1941) and 1st Ukrainian fronts (Nov. 1943 - May 1945) as commander of the separate infantry fighting service, divisional doctor of the 85th Infantry Division (Jan. 1942 - Nov. 1943) and corps doctor of the 102nd Rifle Corps.

Participated in organizing the treatment and evacuation of the wounded and sick in the military area during border battles and at the beginning of the Battle of Leningrad. He headed the medical service of the unit in this battle, as well as in the Zhitomir-Berdichev, Korsun-Shevchenko, Berlin and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1955. Awarded four orders and many medals.

BATT Vyacheslav Leonidovich(September 28, 1913, Odessa, Kherson province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1939 after graduating from the Odessa Medical Institute. During the Great Patriotic War he served as commander of the 14th Guards Motorized Rifle Brigade. rifle division of the Southern Front (until April 1942), division doctor of this division as part of the South-Western and Stalingrad fronts, corps doctor of the 14th rifle corps of the South-Western Front (Dec. 1942 - Sep. 1943), chief of GLR-5281 2 -th, and then (until the end of the war) head of the GLR-1875 of the 3rd Ukrainian Fronts.

He participated in the organization of treatment and evacuation of the wounded and sick in the military area in border battles, as well as in the Donbass, Rostov (defensive and offensive) and Barvenkovo-Lozov operations. He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Stalingrad, in the Middle Don and Donbass operations. He headed the VG in the Korsun-Shevchenko, Iasi-Chisinau, Belgrade and Budapest operations.

Recipient of state awards.

BEDRIN Lev Moiseevich(14.7.1919, Kursk).

Major (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1941. Until August 1942, he served on the North-Western Front in the 202nd Infantry Division Jr. doctor of the 682nd Infantry Regiment (Oct. - Nov. 1941), commander of the sanitary company of the 645th Infantry Regiment, and later - Art. doctor of the mentioned 682nd Infantry Regiment. Later he was a brigade doctor of the 58th motorized rifle brigade of the 2nd tank corps, alternately on the South-Eastern, Stalingrad and South-Western fronts. Since March 1943, he headed the medical service of the specified corps on the Southwestern Front. In May 1943, he was appointed as a corps doctor of the 20th Tank Corps of the RGK as part of the Southern Front, Moscow Military District and 2nd Ukrainian Front. He continued to serve in the Armed Forces of the 2nd Ukrainian Front as an assistant to the chief of the 1st department (March - Oct. 1944), and then (until the end of the war) - on the 1st Belorussian Front as a division doctor of the 5th anti-aircraft artillery division of the RGK.

Participated in the organization of medical and evacuation support for troops in the military area in the Toropetsko-Kholmskaya, Demyansk operations and when the troops performed other tasks. He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Stalingrad, in the Donbass, Melitopol, Vistula-Oder, Berlin and other operations. He took part in the organization of medical and evacuation support for troops in the front-line area in the Iasi-Chisinau, Debrecen and other operations and combat conditions.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1968. Awarded an order and several medals.

BEKOEV Tadioz Davydovich(March 23, 1911, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In 1935 he graduated from the Tiflis Medical Institute. In the Armed Forces since 1941. Until April 1942, he served as head of PPG-2339 of the Southern Front. Then there was Art. doctor of the 7th Cossack Regiment of the 13th Cavalry Division as part of the North Caucasus Military District and the North Caucasus Front. Later he served as a division doctor of the 220th Infantry Division (Aug. 1942 - Apr. 1944) of the Western Front, brigade doctor of the 7th Guards. mechanized brigade of the 3rd Belorussian, and later the 1st Baltic fronts, corps doctor of the 3rd Guards. tank corps (Sept. – Dec. 1944) and (until the end of the war) corps doctor of the 29th tank corps of the 2nd Belorussian Front.

He headed the hospital in border battles and in the Donbass operation of 1941. He led the medical service of the unit in the battle for the Caucasus and the medical service of the unit in the Oryol, Smolensk, Belarusian, East Prussian, Berlin and other operations.

BELENKY Boris Naumovich(11.3.1904, Zhlobin, Mogilev province).

Colonel of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1922. In 1926 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy. During the Great Patriotic War he served until May 1943 on the Transcaucasian Front Art. teacher of KUMS, and from September 1941 - assistant to the head of GLR-2307. Then, until the end of the war, he was a corps doctor of the 36th Guards. rifle corps consisting of the Western, Bryansk, 2nd and 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian fronts.

Participated in the management of a military hospital in the battle for the Caucasus. Organized medical support for formations in the Oryol, Smolensk, Leningrad-Novgorod, Belarusian, East Prussian and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1954. Awarded five orders and many medals.

BELENKY Yoel Yakovlevich(September 7, 1905, Putivl, Chernigov province).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In 1930 he graduated from the Kharkov Medical Institute. From February 1940 to May 1945, he served as a brigade doctor of the 6th Air Defense Brigade of the Kyiv Special Military District, divisional doctor of the 4th Air Defense Division of the Southwestern Front (Dec. 1941 - July 1942), head of the sanitary service of the Voronezh-Borisoglebsk divisional district Air Defense, corps doctor of the Voronezh corps district of the Western Air Defense Front (Oct. - Nov. 1943), head of the sanitary service of the Kyiv corps air defense district of the Western Air Defense Front (until April 1944) and corps doctor of the 7th Air Defense Corps of the Southern and then Southwestern air defense fronts.

He supervised the medical service of the corresponding air defense formations in carrying out the tasks assigned to this type of armed forces.

BELETSKY Mikhail Grigorievich(October 26, 1904, Sakhnovshchina station, Poltava province).

Captain (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces in and since 1932. Graduate of the 2nd LMI (1932). Since the beginning of the war - Art. doctor of the 720th Infantry Regiment of the 162nd Infantry Division of the Western (Aug. - Sep. 1941) and Kalinin Fronts. Then he headed the medical service of the 379th Infantry Division on the same fronts. Subsequently, he served as a divisional doctor of the 371st Infantry Division as part of the Kalinin (Dec. 1942 - Jan. 1943), Western and (April 1944) 3rd Belorussian Fronts. Then he was a corps doctor of the 65th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Belorussian Front (until December 1944). Later he held the positions of divisional doctor of the 222nd Infantry Division and (March - May 1945) Art. doctor of the 222nd Infantry Regiment of the 49th Infantry Division of the 1st Belorussian Front.

Participated in the Battle of Moscow, in the Rzhev-Sychevsk, Smolensk, Belarusian, Vistula-Oder, Berlin and other operations and types of military operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1956. Awarded two orders and several medals.

BELSKY Alexander Alexandrovich(9.4.1890, New Charjoy, Bukhara Khanate).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In 1918 he graduated from the medical faculty of Yuryev University. In the Armed Forces in and since 1939. During the Great Patriotic War, he first served in one of the military districts as the head of a school for sanitary instructors. Since August 1942 - head of EP-173 of the Stalingrad Front. Later he held this position on the Southwestern Front. From January 1943 to October 1943 - assistant chief of the 2nd department of the 5th Shock Army of the Southern Front, and then (until October 1944) of the 4th Ukrainian. Later he was a corps doctor of the 8th mechanized corps as part of the 2nd Ukrainian and 2nd Belorussian fronts.

He participated in organizing the treatment of the wounded and sick in the Battle of Stalingrad, as well as anti-epidemic support for army troops in the Rostov, Donbass, East Carpathian and other operations. He supervised the medical service of the unit in the Debrecen operation and when the troops performed other tasks. He took part in the organization of specialized medical care for the wounded and sick in the Balaton and Vienna operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1953. Awarded two orders and several medals.

BENOVITSKY Nikolay Efimovich(11/10/1905, Gadyach, Poltava province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces in and since 1932. In 1942 he graduated from the Military Academy and from May to September served on the Stalingrad Front Art. doctor of the 79th Guards. mortar regiment. Later he headed the medical service of the operational group of mortar units of the Don, Central and Belorussian fronts. In December 1943, he was appointed divisional physician of the 5th Guards. mortar division of the Belorussian Front. From February 1944 he held this position on the 1st Belorussian Front. He continued to serve on the mentioned front as an assistant to the chief of the 3rd department of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Dec. 1944 - Feb. 1945), and then (until the end of the war) as a corps doctor of the 6th artillery breakthrough corps of the RGK. Organized medical support for the unit in the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk and in the Gomel-Rechitsa operation. He led the medical service of the unit in the Belarusian, East Pomeranian and Berlin operations. Participated in organizing anti-epidemic support for front troops in the East Prussian operation.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1955. Awarded two orders and several medals.

BITYAK Alexey Evdokimovich(March 17, 1905, Bolshaya Yablonovka village, Kyiv province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1927. In 1933 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy and served as a military doctor in various positions. Until January 1943, he served in the Trans-Baikal Military District and (from September 1941) on the Trans-Baikal Front. Subsequently, he was a student at the command and medical faculty of the Military Medical Academy. In March 1944, he was appointed corps doctor of the 36th Rifle Corps of the Western Front. He continued to serve in this position on the 3rd Belorussian Front. From July 1944 until the end of the war - corps doctor of the 69th Rifle Corps as part of the 2nd and 3rd Belorussian Fronts.

Organized medical support for the unit in the Belarusian, East Prussian, Koenigsberg, Zemland operations and in other types of military operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1955. Awarded three orders and several medals.

BICHUG Alexander Markovich(23.5.1903, Novorossiysk).

Colonel of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1932 after graduating from the Kuban Medical Institute. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, he served in the Oryol Military District, and then on the Bryansk Front as a divisional doctor of the 4th Cavalry Division. From December 1941 to February 1942 - corps doctor of the 2nd Guards. cavalry corps of the Western Front. Later he held the position of corps doctor of the 15th Cavalry Corps as part of the Transcaucasian Military District, the Transcaucasian and Crimean fronts, and a group of troops in Iran. In March 1944, he was appointed corps doctor of the 1st Guards. mechanized reserve corps of the Supreme Command Headquarters. He served in the Kharkov Military District (until December 1944). After that, he was the head of EG-1978 on the 2nd Ukrainian Front (until the end of the war).

Organized medical support for the unit in the Battle of Moscow and the Battle of the Caucasus. He led the military hospital in the Budapest and Vienna operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1960. Awarded two orders and several medals.

BOKAREV Andrey Iosifovich(October 9, 1902, Veletma village, Nizhny Novgorod province).

Major (lieutenant colonel) of the medical service. In 1928 he graduated from the medical faculty of Nizhny Novgorod University. In the Armed Forces since 1937. He began his military service in the Great Patriotic War on the Bryansk Front as a divisional doctor of the 160th Infantry Division. Subsequently he held this position on the Southwestern Front. From June 1942 to January 1943 he was in captivity. In March 1943, he was appointed doctor of the 556th separate motor battalion. He served on the Bryansk and later on the Central Front. Later (July - November 1943) - commander of the 190th Motorized Rifle Division of the 74th Infantry Division of the Central and (from October 1943) 1st Ukrainian Fronts. He continued to serve as assistant chief of the 1st department of UPEP-74 as part of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts. From March to May 1945 – corps doctor of the 50th Rifle Corps of the 2nd Ukrainian Front.

He headed the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Moscow, in the Eletsk, Barvenkovo-Lozovskaya, Vienna and Prague operations. He supervised the medical support of the unit in the Battle of Kursk, and then participated in organizing the treatment and evacuation of the wounded and sick in the military area during this battle and the Kyiv operation. He took part in the organization of medical and evacuation support for troops in the army region in the Zhitomir-Berdichev, Korsun-Shevchenko, Yassy-Kishinev and Budapest operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1957. Awarded two orders and several medals.

BRONFENBRENER Abram Yakovlevich(29.1.1907, Kherson).

Colonel of the medical service. Graduate of the Odessa Medical Institute (1932). In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, he was a divisional doctor of the 34th Tank Division on the Southwestern Front. He continued his service (September 1941 - June 1942) on the same front, and then on Bryansk, successively holding the positions of divisional doctor of the 12th and 129th tank divisions. Later he became the head of the medical unit of GLR-13 of the Bryansk Front. In March 1943, he was appointed corps doctor of the 28th Rifle Corps of the Central (until October 1943), and then of the 1st Ukrainian Front. From July 1944 to May 1945 he served as a corps doctor of the 25th Tank Corps of the last front.

He led the medical service of the unit in border battles, in Yelets, Sandomierz-Silesian, Berlin, Prague and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1956. Awarded four orders and many medals.

BRUN Yakov Semenovich(October 25, 1896, Petrovsk, Dagestan region - 1951).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. He received his medical education at the Kharkov Medical Institute. In the Armed Forces in and from 1941. From June 1941 to October 1942 he served on the Western Front in the NKVD troops Art. regiment doctor. Then he was (until June 1944) commander of ORMU-85 as part of the Ural Military District, Central, 2nd and 1st Belorussian Fronts. Later he became the head of the KhPG - 4319 of the 1st Belorussian Front. He continued to serve in this position until the end of the war, first on the 2nd and later on the 3rd Belarusian fronts.

He took part in the organization of specialized medical care for the wounded and sick in the front-line rear area in the Battle of Kursk, in the Oryol, Gomel-Rechitsa and Rogachev-Zhlobin operations. He headed the military hospital in the Belarusian operation. He led the medical service of the unit in East Prussian, Koenigsberg and other operations and types of military operations of the troops.

Awarded two orders and several medals.

BRUNSTEIN Timofey Samsonovich(10.1.1917, Lugansk).

Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service. In the Armed Forces since 1939. Graduate of the Military Faculty at the Kharkov Medical Institute (1940). In the Great Patriotic War, at the beginning there was Art. doctor of the 462nd Cavalry Artillery Regiment. He served on various fronts, including the Western and Southwestern. In May 1942, he was appointed divisional physician of the 148th Infantry Division of the Bryansk Front. Later he held this position on the Central and then on the 1st Ukrainian Front. From February to May 1945 - corps doctor of the 15th Rifle Corps as part of the 1st and 4th Ukrainian Fronts.

Organized medical support for units in border battles, in the Battle of Moscow and in other combat conditions. He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Kursk, in the Kyiv, Zhitomir-Berdichev, Lvov-Sandomierz, Prague and other operations.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1958. Awarded three orders and several medals.

BRYZGALOV Boris Semenovich(24.7.1905, Kazan province. –

Colonel of the medical service. He received his medical education at the 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute (1932). In the Armed Forces since 1933. Served in the troops in various positions. Since September 1941 - divisional doctor of the 372nd Infantry Division of the Volkhov Front. Then he headed the medical service of this division, and from September 1943, the 7th Rifle Corps on the Leningrad Front. Later (Oct. 1943 – Jan. 1944) he was a corps doctor of the 14th Rifle Corps as part of the 1st Baltic, Volkhov and Leningrad fronts.

He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Leningrad, in the Gorodok and Leningrad-Novgorod operations.

He died from his battle wounds. Awarded an order and several medals.

BUGLO Yakov Grigorievich(12.2.1905, Balakleya station, Kharkov province).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1929. Graduate of the Military Medical Academy (1933). Before the Great Patriotic War and at the beginning of it, he served as a military doctor in Crimea. From November 1941 to July 1942 - brigade doctor of the 4th Tank Brigade as part of the Western and Southern Fronts. He continued his service on the Far Eastern Front as a brigade doctor in the 73rd Tank Brigade, and then in the 17th Rifle Brigade. In June 1943 he was appointed corps doctor of the 3rd Guards. mechanized corps of the Voronezh Front, and a year later - divisional doctor of the 54th anti-aircraft artillery division of the Special Moscow Air Defense Zone. He held this position until the end of the war.

He led the medical service of the unit in the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Kharkov and the Donbass operation.

Dismissed from the Armed Forces in 1955. Awarded an order and several medals.

BUNEVICH Pavel Konstantinovich(29.7.1906, Stavropol).

Lieutenant Colonel (Colonel) of the medical service. In the Armed Forces since 1930. In 1940 he graduated from the Military Medical Academy. During the Great Patriotic War, he first served on the Western Front. doctor of the 451st Cavalry Artillery Regiment. Then (from June 1943) he was a division doctor of the 4th Artillery Division as part of the Western and 3rd Belorussian Fronts. From January 1945 until the end of the war, he was a corps doctor of the 5th Artillery Corps of the breakthrough on the last front.

The feat of medical workers during the war is admirable. Thanks to the work of doctors, more than 17 million soldiers were saved, according to other sources - 22 million (about 70% of the wounded were saved and returned to a full life). It should be remembered that during the war years medicine faced many difficulties. There were not enough qualified specialists, hospital beds, and medicines. Surgeons in the field had to work around the clock. Doctors risked their lives along with their comrades; out of 700 thousand military doctors, more than 12.5% ​​died.

Marine Corps soldier N.P. Kudryakov says goodbye to hospital doctor I.A. Kharchenko, 1942

Urgent retraining of specialists was required; not every civilian doctor could be a “full-fledged field doctor.” A medical military hospital requires a minimum of three surgeons, but at the beginning of the war this was impossible; it took more than a year to train a doctor.

“The leadership of the military medical service, starting with the head of the division’s medical service and ending with the head of the front medical service, in addition to special medical knowledge, must also have military knowledge, know the nature and nature of combined arms combat, methods and means of conducting army and front-line operations. Our senior medical staff did not have such knowledge. The teaching of military disciplines at the Military Medical Academy was limited mainly to the boundaries of the formations. In addition, most doctors graduated from civilian medical institutes. Their military operational training left much to be desired.”- wrote Colonel General of the Medical Service Efim Smirnov.

“In July 1941, the additional formation of evacuation hospitals with 750,000 beds began. This amounted to approximately 1,600 hospitals. In addition, from the beginning of the war to December 1, 1941, 291 divisions with medical battalions, 94 rifle brigades with medical companies and other reinforcement medical institutions were formed. In 1941, not counting the medical companies of rifle regiments and seventy-six separate tank brigades, more than 3,750 were formed, each of which was required to have a minimum of two to three surgeons. If we take the minimum average figure - four surgeons per institution, we would need 15,000 of them. In this regard, it was an unacceptable luxury for us to have even three surgeons per institution, since they were also needed for the formation of medical institutions carried out in 1942 . After all, it takes at least a year and a half to train a surgeon.”

Field medicine and first aid to soldiers

In poetry and prose, the feat of the brave girl nurses who carried the wounded from the battlefield and provided first aid was glorified.

As Yulia Drunina, who served as a nurse, wrote:
"Exhausted, gray with dust,
He limped towards us.
(We dug trenches near Moscow,
Girls from capital schools).
He said directly: “It’s hot in the mouths.
And many wounded: So -
A nurse is needed.
Necessary! Who will go?"
And we are all “I!” they said right away
As if on command, in unison.”

“Clenching my teeth until they crunch,
From the native trench
One
You gotta break away
And the parapet
Jump under fire
Must.
You must.
Even if you're unlikely to return,
At least "DON'T YOU DARE!"
The battalion commander repeats.
Even tanks
(They're made of steel!)
Three steps from the trench
They are burning.
You must.
After all, you can't pretend
In front of,
What don't you hear in the night?
How almost hopeless
"Sister!"
Someone is there
Under fire, screaming"

“When we arrived at the front line, we turned out to be more resilient than the older ones. I don't know how to explain this. They carried men two or three times heavier than us. You put eighty kilograms on yourself and drag it. You throw it away... You go for the next one... And so five or six times in one attack. And you yourself are forty-eight kilograms - ballet weight. I just can’t believe how we could..."- wrote military paramedic A.M. Strelkova.

The hardships of war and the work of nurses are very vividly described in the poems of Yulia Drunina; these lines need to be re-read. For her amazing talent to talk about the war in poetry, Julia was called “the connection between those who are alive and who were taken away by the war.”

A quarter of the company has already been mowed down:
Prostrate on the snow,
The girl is crying from powerlessness,
Gasps: “I can’t!”
The guy got caught heavy,
There is no more strength to drag him:
(To that tired nurse
Eighteen equals years.)
Lie down, the wind will blow,
It will become a little easier.
Centimeter by centimeter
You will continue your way of the cross.
There is a line between life and death -
How fragile are they...
Come to your senses, soldier,
Take a look at your sister at least once!
If the shells don't find you,
A knife will not finish off a saboteur,
You will receive, sister, a reward -
You will save a person again.
He will return from the infirmary -
Once again you cheated death
And this consciousness alone
It will warm you all your life.

According to the rules, the delivery of a wounded person to a field hospital should not exceed six hours.

“Since childhood, I was afraid of blood, but here I had to cope with the fear of both bloody wounds and bullets: Cold, damp, you can’t make fires, we slept in wet snow many times,- recalled nurse Anna Ivanovna Zhukova. - If you managed to spend the night in a dugout, that’s already luck, but you still never managed to get a good night’s sleep.”

The life of the wounded man depended on the first aid provided by the nurse.

Smirnov formulated a system: “Modern staged treatment and a unified military field medical doctrine in the field of field surgery are based on the following provisions:
all gunshot wounds are primarily infected;
the only reliable method of combating infection of gunshot wounds is primary wound treatment;
most of the wounded require early surgical treatment;
wounded who undergo surgical treatment in the first hours of injury give the best prognosis.”

Brave nurses were given awards: “for carrying out 15 wounded - a medal, for 25 - an order, for 80 - the highest award - the Order of Lenin.”

Doctors operated on the rescued wounded in the field. Field hospitals were located in tents in the forest, dugouts, operations could be carried out in the open air.

Doctor Boris Begoulev recalled: “We, military doctors, are experiencing exciting feelings these days. Valiant red warriors, like lions, fight the enemy, defending every inch of sacred Soviet land. Vigilantly protecting the health and life of soldiers and commanders, selflessly fighting the death impending over the wounded - that’s what The Motherland is calling us. And we accept this call as a military order."

Field surgeons usually worked 16 hours a day. With a large flow of wounded, they could operate for two days without sleep. During fierce fighting, about 500 wounded were admitted to the field hospital.

Nurse Maria Alekseeva wrote about the feat of her colleagues:
“Liza Kamaeva came to our Volunteer Division, having just graduated from the 1st Medical Institute. She was young, full of energy and amazing courage. The main part of the medical battalion was the so-called sanitary company, and the main thing in it was the dressing tent. internal organs, that is, something that did not require general anesthesia. The surgeon worked on three tables: 1st table - the wounded were prepared for surgery; 2nd table - the operation was carried out directly; 3rd table - the nurses bandaged and carried away the wounded.

During the battle, up to 500 people entered the medical battalion, who came on their own or were brought from the medical units of the regiments. The doctors worked without a break. My task was to help them as much as possible. Lisa worked like this: there was always blood, but at one moment the required blood type was not at hand, then she herself lay down next to the wounded man and did a direct blood transfusion, got up and continued to perform the operation. Seeing that she staggered and could barely stand on her feet, I went up to her and quietly whispered in her ear: “I’ll wake you up in two hours.” She replied: “In an hour.” And then, leaning against my shoulder, she fell asleep."

Tankman Ion Degen recalled “A tall surgeon was leaning against the wall, standing. I don't know if he was old or young. The whole face was covered with a yellowish gauze mask. Only eyes. Do you know what his eyes were like? I'm not even sure he noticed me. He clasped his rubber-gloved hands in prayer. He held them just below his face. And [...] a girl stood with her back to me. At the first moment, when she took out a glass jar from under the surgeon’s robe, I still did not understand what she was doing. But while she was straightening his robe, I saw that there was urine in the jar.
A surgeon needs ten minutes to wash his hands before an operation... This is what a battalion paramedic once told us.”

According to the memoirs of wounded front-line soldier Evgeniy Nosov:
“They operated on me in a pine grove, where cannonade from a close front reached. The grove was filled with carts and trucks, constantly bringing up the wounded... First of all, the seriously wounded were let through...

Under the canopy of a spacious tent, with a canopy and a tin pipe over a tarpaulin roof, there were tables placed in one row, covered with oilcloth. The wounded, stripped to their underwear, lay across the tables at intervals of railroad sleepers. It was an internal queue - directly to the surgical knife...

Among the crowd of nurses, the tall figure of the surgeon hunched over, his bare, sharp elbows began to flash, and the abrupt, sharp words of some of his commands could be heard, which could not be heard over the noise of the primus, which was constantly boiling water. From time to time, a loud metallic slap was heard: it was the surgeon throwing the extracted fragment or bullet into a zinc basin at the foot of the table... Finally, the surgeon straightened up and, somehow martyrically, hostilely, looking at the others with reddish eyes from insomnia, who were waiting for their turn, went to the corner to wash hands…"

According to the memoirs of Dr. N.S. Yartseva:
“When the war began, I was still a student at the Leningrad Medical Institute. I asked to go to the front several times - they refused. Not alone, with friends. We are 18 years old, first year, thin, small... At the regional military registration and enlistment office they told us: they will kill you in the first five minutes. But still, they found a job for us - to organize a hospital. The Germans quickly advanced, the number of wounded became more and more... The Palace of Culture was converted into a hospital. We were hungry (food shortages had already begun), the beds were iron, heavy, and we had to carry them from morning until night. In July everything was ready, and the wounded began to arrive at our hospital.

And already in August there was an order: to evacuate the hospital. The wooden carriages arrived and we became loaders again. This was almost the last echelon that was able to leave Leningrad. Then that was it, the blockade... The road was terrible, we were fired upon, we were hiding in all directions. We unloaded in Cherepovets and spent the night on the platform; summer, and the nights were cold - they wrapped themselves in an overcoat. Wooden barracks were allocated for the hospital - prisoners were previously kept there. The barracks had single windows, holes in the walls, and winter was ahead. And this “ahead” came in September. It started snowing and freezing... The barracks were far from the station, we were carrying the wounded on stretchers in the snowstorm. The stretcher, of course, is heavy, but it’s not scary - it’s scary to look at the wounded. Although we are doctors, we are not accustomed to it. And here they were all bloodied, barely alive... Some died on the way, we didn’t even have time to get them to the hospital. It was always difficult..."

Surgeon Alexandra Ivanovna Zaitseva recalled: “We stood at the operating table for days. They stood there and their hands fell. Our feet were swollen and could not fit into our tarpaulin boots. Your eyes will become so tired that it will be difficult to close them. We worked day and night, and there were fainting spells of hunger. There is something to eat, but no time..."

The seriously wounded were sent for treatment to city evacuation hospitals.

Evacuation hospital

According to the memoirs of doctor Yuri Gorelov, who worked in an evacuation hospital in Siberia:
“Despite all the efforts of doctors, the mortality rate in our hospitals was high. There was also a large percentage of disabled people. The wounded came to us in very serious condition, after terrible wounds, some with already amputated limbs or in need of amputation, having spent several weeks on the road. And the supply of hospitals, as we have already said, left much to be desired. But when something was missing, doctors themselves engaged in invention, design and innovation. For example, Lieutenant Colonel of the Medical Service N. Lyalina developed a device for healing wounds - a smoke fumigator.

Nurses A. Kostyreva and A. Sekacheva invented a special frame bandage for the treatment of burns of the extremities. Major of the medical service V. Markov designed an electric probe to determine the location of fragments in the body. On the initiative of the senior inspector of the department of evacuation hospitals of the Kemerovo region A. Tranquillitati, enterprises in Kuzbass began to produce the equipment she developed for physical therapy. In Prokopyevsk, doctors invented a special folding bed, a dry-heat disinfection chamber, bandages made from rags, vitamin drinks from pine needles and much more.”

The townspeople helped the hospitals, bringing things, food, and medicine from home.
“Everything was taken away for the needs of the army. And the hospitals got what was left, that is, practically nothing. And their organization was strict. Since October 1941, hospital staff were deprived of military allowances. This is the first war autumn when there were no normally functioning subsidiary farms at hospitals. In cities there was a card system for food distribution.

On top of that, in the fall of 1941, the medical industry produced less than 9% of the necessary drugs. And they began to be manufactured at local enterprises.
Ordinary Kuzbass residents provided great assistance. Housewives brought milk from their cows to evacuation hospitals, collective farmers supplied honey and vegetables, schoolchildren picked berries, Komsomol members collected wild plants and medicinal plants.
In addition, a collection of items from the population was organized. Those who could help in any way they could - dishes, linen, books. As subsidiary farming developed, it became easier to feed both ourselves and the wounded. At the hospitals themselves, pigs, cows and bulls, potatoes, cabbage, and carrots were raised. Moreover, in Kuzbass there was more acreage under crops and more heads of livestock. Accordingly, the nutrition of the wounded was better than in other regions of Siberia.”

Children took care of the wounded. They brought gifts, acted out scenes from plays, sang and danced.

Margarita Podguzova, who visited the soldiers, recalls: “ My friend and I ran to the hospital, although we were in fourth grade. The wounded and sick lay in the hospital; they were brought to Kotlas for recovery. We took the bandages, brought them home, the mothers steamed them, we took them back. We’ll sing a song to the sick, tell poems, read the newspaper as best we can, distract the sick from pain, sad thoughts, they were waiting for us, coming to the window. My friend and I felt sorry for the very young tanker; he was burning in the tank and went blind. We paid special attention to him. And one day they came and saw our sponsor’s empty bed made up. Then all the patients were taken away somewhere, and our “acting” activities ended.”

“When I was in the 8th grade, my classmates and I went to hospital No. 2520, it was in the “Red School”, to perform. We went in a group (10-15 people): Katya (Krestkentia) Cheremiskina, Rimma Chizhova, Rimma Kustova, Nina and Valya Podprugina, Zhenya Kononova, Borya Ryabov... I read poetry, my favorite work is the poem “On the Twentieth”, who sang songs, the guys played the accordion. The wounded servicemen always received us warmly and rejoiced at our every visit.”

“The living conditions of the patients and hospital staff were extremely cramped. As a rule, there was no electric lighting at night, and there was no kerosene. It was very difficult to provide assistance at night. All seriously ill patients were interviewed and individual meals were prepared for them. The women of Kotlas brought green onions, carrots and other greens to the hospital from their beds.”(Zdybko S.A. Kotlas evacuation hospital).

The report on the work of evacuation hospital No. 2520 from August 1, 1941 to June 1, 1942 reveals statistics on the success of war doctors: “A total of 270 operations were performed. Including: removal of sequestration and fragments - 138, amputation of fingers - 26. A total of 485 people received therapeutic patients, including 25 people from the Karelian Front. By the nature of the diseases, most therapeutic patients belong to two groups: respiratory diseases - 109 people, and severe form of vitamin deficiency - 240 people. Such a large intake of therapeutic patients at the hospital is explained by the fact that in April 1942, by order of UREP-96, 200 sick Estonians were immediately admitted from the work columns of the local garrison.

...not a single patient admitted from the Karelian front died in the hospital. As for the garrison patients, out of the total number of those admitted, 176 people were returned to duty, 39 people were found unfit for military service, 7 people were dismissed, 189 people were in hospital as of June 1, 50 died. people The causes of death are mainly pulmonary tuberculosis in the stage of decompensation and general exhaustion due to severe scurvy.”

Blockade Hospital

About the everyday life of city hospitals in the memoirs of Leningrad doctor Boris Abramson, who worked as a surgeon during the days of the siege. Doctors, in order not to think about hunger, immersed themselves in work. During the tragic blockade winter of 1941-1942, when the city’s water supply and sewerage system did not work, hospitals were a particularly depressing sight. They operated by candlelight, almost by touch.

“...The work in the clinic is still peaceful - we are “finishing” planned operations, there are acute appendicitis, a little trauma. From mid-July, the evacuated wounded began to arrive, treated somehow.

The August days are especially difficult - pressure on Leningrad is intensifying, confusion is felt in the city, evacuation, declared mandatory, is in fact impossible - all roads from Leningrad, including the Northern one, are cut off by the enemy. The blockade of the city begins.

The food situation in the city is still tolerable. For cards introduced on July 18, 600 grams are issued. bread, commercial stores and restaurants are open. Already from September 1, the standards are reduced, commercial stores are closed...
... On September 19, Dmitrovsky Lane was destroyed by three huge bombs. By luck, Manya survived. My sister’s apartment was also slightly damaged.

Massive arrivals of bomb victims begin at the clinic. A terrifying picture! Severe combined injuries, causing enormous mortality.

...Meanwhile, normal training sessions are going on at the clinic, I regularly give lectures, but without the usual wake-up time - the classroom is half empty, especially in the evening hours, before the “usual” alarm. By the way, the sound of a siren, already so familiar, still seems unbearable to this day; the music of lights out is just as pleasant... And life goes on as usual - concerts at the Philharmonic have resumed, theaters and especially cinemas are crowded...

...Hunger is taking its toll! In October, and especially in November, I feel it acutely. I am especially painful about the lack of bread. Thoughts about food never leave me during the day and especially at night. You try to operate more, time goes by faster, you don’t feel hungry as much... I’ve gotten used to being on duty every other day for two months, Nikolai Sosnyakov and I bear the brunt of the surgical work. Lunch every other day in the hospital gives a hint of satiety.
Hunger is everywhere...

Every day, 10–15 malnourished people who died from hunger are admitted to the hospital. Sunken, frozen eyes, a haggard, sallow face, swelling in the legs...

...Yesterday's duty was especially difficult. From two o'clock in the afternoon, 26 wounded were immediately brought up, victims of artillery shelling - a shell hit the tram. There were a lot of serious injuries, mostly crushed lower extremities. It's a difficult picture. By night, when the operations were over, in the corner of the operating room there was a pile of amputated human legs...

... Today is a very cold day. The nights are dark and scary. In the morning, when you arrive at the clinic, it is still dark. And there is often no light there. You have to operate with kerosene and candles or a bat...

...It’s freezing cold in the clinic, it’s become very difficult to work, I want to move less, I want to warm up. But the main thing is still hunger. This feeling is almost unbearable. Incessant thoughts about food and searches for food crowd out everything else. It’s hard to believe that a radical improvement is imminent, something that hungry Leningraders talk about a lot... The institute is preparing for the winter session with a serious look. But how can it go if students hardly go to practical classes for more than two months, it’s very bad - they don’t read lectures at all at home! There are actually no classes, but the Academic Council meets carefully, every other Monday, and listens to the defense of dissertations. All the professors are sitting in fur coats and hats, everyone is haggard and everyone is hungry...

...So the year 1942 began...
I met him at the clinic, on duty. By the evening of December 31, brutal shelling of the area began. The wounded were brought. I finished processing five minutes before the start of the new year.
It's a bleak start. Apparently, the limit of human trials is already approaching. All my additional sources of nutrition have dried up - here it is, real hunger: frantic anticipation of a bowl of soup, dulling of interest in everything, adynamia. And this terrifying indifference... How indifferent everything is - both life and death...

More and more often I remember the Yekaterinburg prediction about my death at the 38th year of my life, that is, in 1942...

...The unfortunate, numb patients lie covered with fur coats and dirty mattresses, swarming with lice. The air is saturated with pus and urine, the linen is dirty to blackness. There is no water, no light, the toilets are clogged, the corridors stink from unflushed slops, and there is half-frozen sewage on the floor. They are not poured out at all or are dumped right there, at the entrance to the surgical department - a temple of cleanliness!.. And this is the picture throughout the whole city, since everywhere since the end of December there has been no heat, no light, no water and no sewerage. Everywhere you can see people carrying water from the Neva, Fontanka (!) or from some wells on the street. Trams have not been running since mid-December. Corpses of half-naked people lying on the streets, which those still alive pass by with indifference, have already become commonplace. But still a more terrible sight is five-ton trucks loaded to the brim with corpses. Having somehow covered the “cargo”, the cars take them to cemeteries, where they dig trenches with excavators, where they dump the “cargo”...

...And yet we wait for spring as a deliverance. Damn hope! Is she really going to deceive us now?”

The doctor mentions the prices of things during the blockade; everything changed for food: “Expensive grand pianos and upright pianos can be easily purchased for 6–8 rubles - 6–8 kg. of bread! Wonderful stylish furniture - for the same price! My father bought a nice autumn coat for 200 grams. of bread. But in monetary terms, the products are extremely expensive - bread again costs 400 rubles. kg., cereals 600 rub., butter 1700–1800 rub., meat 500–600 rub., granulated sugar 800 rub., chocolate 300 rub. tiles, a box of matches - 40 rubles!”

By the first of May, in besieged Leningrad, the townspeople received gifts, a real feast: “The mood of Leningraders has clearly increased. A lot of products were given out for the holiday, namely: cheese 600 g, sausage 300 g, wine 0.5 l, beer 1.5 l, flour 1 kg, chocolate 25 g, tobacco 50 g, tea 25 g ., herring 500 gr. This is in addition to all current distributions - meat, cereals, butter, sugar."

“In general, I am glad to be in Leningrad, and if the current situation had not deteriorated militarily and domestically, I am ready to remain a Leningrader until the end of the war and wait for my people to return here.”- writes the unbroken doctor.

Medicines during the war

“Without medicines there is no practical medicine”- noted Efim Smirnov.

Vladimir Terentyevich Kungurtsev spoke about military painkillers: “If a wounded person has a painful shock, you need to lay him down so that the blood circulates normally, and the head is not higher than the body. Then you need to anesthetize the wounds. We didn’t have anything other than chlorethylene then. Chlorethyl freezes the pain for a few minutes. And only then, in At the medical battalion and in the hospital, the wounded man was given injections of novocaine and given more effective ether and chloroform.”

“But I was lucky: not a single death. But there were serious ones: once they brought in a soldier with a pneumothrust of the chest. He could not breathe. I put a blind bandage on him so that air would not get into his lungs. In general, we quickly evacuated the seriously wounded - on stretchers or vehicles. All soldiers in their mandatory equipment had individual dressing bags, which they received from the regimental doctor. Each soldier was well instructed in case of injury. For example, if a bullet hit the stomach, it was impossible to drink or eat, because through the stomach and intestines. "along with the fluid, an infection enters the abdominal cavity, and inflammation of the peritoneum begins - peritonitis."

“With an inexperienced anesthetizer, the patient does not fall asleep for a long time under ether, and may wake up during the operation. Under chloroform, the patient will definitely fall asleep, but may not wake up.”- wrote doctor Yudin.

During the war, the wounded died more often from blood poisoning. There were cases when, due to a shortage of drugs to prevent gangrene, wounds were dressed with bandages soaked in kerosene, which prevented infection.

In the Soviet Union they knew about the invention of the English scientist Fleming - penicillin. However, approval for the use of the medicine took time. In England, the discovery was treated with distrust, and Fleming continued his experiments in the USA. Stalin did not trust his American allies, fearing that the medicine might be poisoned. Fleming's experiments in the USA continued successfully, but the scientist refused to patent the invention, claiming that the medicine was created to save all humanity.
In order not to waste time on bureaucracy, Soviet scientists set about developing a similar antibiotic drug.

“Tired of waiting in vain, in the spring of 1942, with the help of friends, I began collecting mold from a variety of sources. Those who knew about Flory’s hundreds of unsuccessful attempts to find his penicillin producer treated my experiments ironically.”- Tamara Balezina recalled.

“We began to use the method of Professor Andrei Lvovich Kursanov to isolate mold spores from the air by peeling potatoes (instead of the potatoes themselves - in wartime), moistened with copper sulfate. And only the 93rd strain - spores grown in a bomb shelter of a residential building on a Petri dish with potato peelings - showed, when tested by the dilution method, 4-8 times greater penicillin activity than Fleming’s.”

The new drug was tested on 25 dying wounded people, who gradually began to recover.

“It is impossible to describe our joy and happiness when we realized that all our wounded were gradually emerging from their septic state and beginning to recover. In the end, all 25 were saved!”- Balezina recalled.

Widespread industrial production of penicillin began in 1943.

Let us remember the feat of our medical heroes. They were able to do the impossible. Thanks to these brave people for the victory!

I look back into the smoky distances:
No, not by merit in that ominous forty-first year,
And schoolgirls considered the highest honor
The opportunity to die for your people

From childhood to a dirty car,
To an infantry echelon, to a medical platoon.
I listened to distant breaks and did not listen
Forty-first year, accustomed to everything.
I came from school to damp dugouts,
From the Beautiful Lady to “mother” and “rewind”,
I'm not used to being pitied
I was proud that among the fire
Men in bloody overcoats
They called a girl for help -
Me...

On a stretcher, near the barn,
On the edge of a recaptured village, a nurse whispers, dying:
- Guys, I haven’t lived yet...

And the fighters crowd around her
And they can’t look her in the eyes:
Eighteen is eighteen
But death is inexorable to everyone...

I still don't quite understand
How am I, thin and small,
Through the fires to the victorious May
I arrived in my kirzachs.

And where did so much strength come from?
Even in the weakest of us?..
What to guess! - Russia has and still has a great reserve of Eternal Strength.
(Yulia Drunina)

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State budgetary educational institution of higher professional education

"Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlova"

Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

(GBOU VPO Ryaz State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia)

Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Organization of Nursing with a Course of Social Hygiene and Organization of Healthcare of the Federal Postgraduate Educational Institution

Head of the department: Doctor of Medical Sciences O.V. Medvedev

Heroism of doctors during the Great Patriotic War

Ryazan 2015

Introduction

Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War

1.1 Problems facing medicine at the beginning of the war

1.2 Healthcare objectives during the Second World War

1.3 Help from science

Chapter 2. War does not have a feminine face

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Over the course of five thousand years of recorded human history, only 292 years have passed on Earth without war; the remaining 47 centuries have preserved the memory of 16 thousand large and small wars, which claimed more than 4 billion lives. Among them, the bloodiest was the Second World War (1939-1945). For the Soviet Union it was the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. This was the period when service to duty goes beyond the boundaries of science and one’s profession and is performed in the name of the Motherland, in the name of the people. During this difficult time, medical workers showed true heroism and devotion to their fatherland; their exploits during the war years were unique.

Suffice it to say that over two hundred thousand doctors and a half-million army of paramedical workers worked at the front and in the rear, showing miracles of courage, unprecedented mental fortitude and humanism. Military doctors returned millions of soldiers and officers to the ranks of the defenders of the Motherland. They provided medical assistance on the battlefield, under enemy fire, and if the situation required it, they themselves became warriors and carried others along with them. Defending their land from the fascist invaders, the Soviet people, according to incomplete estimates, lost on the battlefields during military operations more than 27 million lives. Millions of people remained disabled. But among those who returned home victoriously, many remained alive, thanks to the selfless work of military and civilian doctors.

Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War

1.1 Problems facing medicine at the beginning of the war

From the first days of the war, the medical service experienced serious difficulties, there was a sharp shortage of funds, and there was not enough personnel. A significant part of the mobilized material and human resources of health care, amounting to 39.9% of the total number of doctors and 35.8% of the number of hospital beds, was located in the western regions of the Soviet Union and was captured by advancing enemy units already in the first days of the war. The medical service suffered heavy losses directly on the battlefield. More than 80% of all its sanitary losses were among privates and sergeants, that is, at the forefront operating on the front line. During the war, more than 85 thousand doctors died or went missing. In this regard, early graduations of the last two courses of military medical academies and medical faculties were carried out, and accelerated training of paramedics and junior military paramedics was organized. As a result, by the second year of the war, the army was staffed with 91% doctors, 97.9% paramedics, and 89.5% pharmacists.

The main “personnel forge” for the military medical service was the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. Within its walls, 1,829 military doctors were trained and sent to the front. Academy graduates showed true heroism in fulfilling their patriotic and professional duty during the war. 532 students and employees of the academy died in battles for their homeland. Representatives of other medical educational institutions, including the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M., also made a significant contribution to the victory. Sechenov.

1.2 Healthcare challenges during the Second World War

During the war years, the main tasks of healthcare were:

1. Help for the wounded and sick of war;

2. Medical care for home front workers;

3. Protecting children's health;

4. Extensive anti-epidemic measures.

The fight for the life of the wounded began immediately after the wound, directly on the battlefield. All medical personnel clearly understood that the main cause of death of the wounded on the battlefield, in addition to injuries incompatible with life, was shock and blood loss. When solving this problem, the most important condition for success was the timing and quality of first aid, first medical and qualified medical care.

Particular attention was paid to the requirement to carry out the wounded with weapons, which restored not only the human, but also the military-technical potential of the Red Army. Stalin ordered orderlies and orderly porters to be nominated for awards for carrying the wounded from the battlefield with their weapons: for carrying 15 people. were nominated for the medal “For Military Merit” or “For Courage”, 25 people - for the Order of the Red Star, 40 people - for the Order of the Red Banner, 80 people - for the Order of Lenin.

A wide network of evacuation hospitals was created in the country, and a system of stage-by-stage treatment of the wounded and sick with evacuation as directed was established.

The evacuation of the wounded from front hospital bases to rear hospitals in the country was carried out in the vast majority of cases by military ambulance trains. The volume of railway transportation from the front-line region to the rear of the country amounted to more than 5 million people.

The organization of specialized medical care was improved (for those wounded in the head, neck and spine, chest and abdomen, hip and large joints).

During the war, the creation of an uninterrupted system for the procurement and delivery of donor blood was of vital importance. Unified management of the civil and military blood services ensured a higher percentage of recoveries of the wounded. By 1944, there were 5.5 million donors in the country. In total, about 1,700 tons of preserved blood were used during the war. More than 20 thousand Soviet citizens were awarded the “Honorary Donor of the USSR” badge. The joint work of military and civilian health authorities on the prevention of infectious diseases, their active interaction at the front and in the rear to prevent the massive development of epidemics, dangerous and previously integral companions of any war, fully justified themselves and made it possible to create the strictest system of anti-epidemic measures, which included:

· creation of anti-epidemic barriers between the front and rear;

· systematic observation, with the aim of timely identification of infectious patients and their immediate isolation;

· regulation of sanitary treatment of troops;

· use of effective vaccines and other measures.

A large amount of work was done by the chief epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist of the Red Army I.D. Ionin.

The efforts of hygienists contributed to eliminating the danger of vitamin deficiencies, a sharp reduction in nutritional diseases in military units, and maintaining the epidemic well-being of troops and the civilian population. First of all, as a result of targeted prevention, the incidence of intestinal infections and typhoid fever was insignificant and did not tend to increase. To maintain a favorable sanitary and epidemiological situation, the vaccines developed by domestic scientists were of great importance: a polyvaccine, built on the principle of associated vaccine depots using complete microbial antigens; tularemia vaccines; typhus vaccine. Tetanus vaccinations using tetanus toxoid have been developed and successfully used. Scientific development of issues of anti-epidemic protection of troops and the population continued successfully throughout the war. The military medical service had to create an effective system of bath, laundry and disinfection services.

A coherent system of anti-epidemic measures, sanitary and hygienic provision of the Red Army led to a result unprecedented in the history of wars - during the Great Patriotic War there were no epidemics in the Soviet troops. Issues related to medical care for prisoners of war and repatriates remain little known. It was here that the humanism and philanthropy of Russian medicine manifested itself with all its brightness. The wounded and sick were sent to the nearest medical institutions. They were provided with medical care on the same basis as Red Army soldiers. Meals for prisoners of war in hospitals were carried out according to hospital rations. At the same time, in German concentration camps, Soviet prisoners of war were practically deprived of medical care.

During the war years, special attention was paid to children, many of whom lost their parents. Children's homes and nurseries at home were created for them, and dairy kitchens were set up. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in July 1944, the honorary title “Mother Heroine”, the Order of “Maternal Glory” and the “Motherhood Medal” were established.

1.3 Help from science

The successes achieved in treating the wounded and sick, returning them to duty and to work, in their significance and volume are equal to the winning of the largest strategic battles.

G.K. Zhukov. Memories and reflections.

It is difficult to overestimate the feat of Soviet doctors in these difficult years.

In the active army, 4 academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 60 academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 20 laureates of the Lenin and State Prizes, 275 professors, 305 doctors and 1199 candidates of medical sciences worked as chief specialists. Important features of Soviet medicine were formed - the unity of civilian and military medicine, the scientific management of the medical service of the rear front, the continuity of medical care for the wounded and sick.

In the process of work, medical scientists developed unified principles of wound treatment, a unified understanding of the “wound process,” and unified specialized treatment. Chief specialists, surgeons of the fronts, armies, hospitals, medical battalions performed millions of surgical operations; Methods have been developed for the treatment of gunshot fractures, primary treatment of wounds, and application of plaster casts.

The chief surgeon of the Soviet Army N.N. Burdenko was the largest organizer of surgical care for the wounded.

The widely known domestic military field surgeon, scientist, professor Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky made an invaluable contribution to the development of both military field surgery and surgical science in general. Realizing that combat defeats of military personnel, occurring in qualitatively new conditions, cannot be compared with peacetime trauma, N.N. Elansky strongly objected to the mechanical transfer of ideas about such trauma into the practice of military field surgery.

In addition, the undeniable contribution of N.N. Elansky's contribution to the organization of surgical care was his development of issues of surgical triage and evacuation. One of the most important problems of military field surgery has received a final solution - the refusal to suture a treated gunshot wound in a combat situation. The implementation of these scientist’s proposals made it possible to achieve high performance indicators of the army’s medical service. The number of surgical complications has sharply decreased. The experience of medical and evacuation support for past combat operations was summarized in a number of works by N.N. Elansky. The most important of them is Military Field Surgery, published at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The textbook has been translated into many foreign languages. The scientific development by scientists of such pressing problems of military pathology as the fight against shock, treatment of gunshot wounds of the chest, limbs, and craniocerebral wounds contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of medical care, a speedy recovery and return to duty of the wounded.

The skin graft method and the cornea transplant method, developed by V.P. Filatov, were widely used in military hospitals.

At the front and in the rear, the method of local anesthesia developed by A.V. became widespread. Vishnevsky - it was used in 85-90% of cases. medicine war healthcare domestic

In organizing military field therapy and providing emergency care, the main merit belongs to the scientist-therapists M.S. Vovsi, A.L. Myasnikov, P.I. Egorova and others.

The science of antibiotics began to develop after the discovery in 1929 by the English scientist A. Fleming of the antimicrobial action of the Penicillium mold. The active substance produced by this fungus. Ah, Fleming called it penicillin. In the USSR, the first penicillin was obtained by Z.V. Ermolyeva and G.I. Badezino in 1942. The production of drugs based on it created the conditions for the medical use of antibiotics. During the war, penicillin was used to treat complicated infected wounds and saved the lives of many Soviet soldiers.

V.N. Shamov was one of the creators of the blood service system in the active army. During the war, mobile blood transfusion stations were organized for the first time on all fronts.

Many chemist scientists also came to the aid of medicine, creating medications necessary to treat the wounded. Thus, the polymer of vinyl butyl alcohol obtained by M. F. Shostakovsky - a thick viscous liquid - turned out to be a good means for healing wounds; it was used in hospitals under the name “Shostakovsky balm”.

Leningrad scientists developed and manufactured more than 60 new therapeutic drugs, mastered the method of plasma transfusion in 1944, and created new solutions for blood preservation.

Academician A.V. Palladium synthesized agents to stop bleeding.

Scientists at Moscow University synthesized the enzyme trombone, a drug for blood clotting.

In addition to the chemical scientists who made an invaluable contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany, there were also simple chemical warriors: engineers and workers, teachers and students.

Chapter 2. War does not have a feminine face

Ardent love for their fatherland gives rise to the determination of Soviet people to undertake heroic deeds, to strengthen the power of the Soviet state through selfless labor in any position, to increase its wealth, to defend the gains of socialism from all enemies, and to defend peaceful life in every possible way.

In this entire struggle, the role of Soviet women, including female doctors, is great.

During the Great Patriotic War, during the period of greatest tension of all the material and spiritual forces of the people, when the male part of the population went to the front, the places of men everywhere - both in production and on collective farm fields - were taken by women. They coped with the work in the rear at all posts with honor.

The role of the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent societies is honorable and noble. The work in these organizations was especially widespread during the Great Patriotic War. Hundreds of thousands of nurses and sanitary squads were trained on the job in schools, courses, and in sanitary squads of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Here they received initial training in providing first aid to the wounded and sick, caring for them, and carrying out recreational activities.

Selflessly, under enemy fire, brave patriots provided first aid to the wounded and carried them out of the battlefield. They provided caring care and great attention to the seriously wounded in field hospitals and hospitals in the rear, and they also served as donors, giving their blood to the wounded.

Orderlies, sanitary instructors, nurses, doctors - they all selflessly fulfilled their duty on the fields of the Great Patriotic War, at the bedside of the wounded, in the operating room, in front-line hospitals and in rear hospitals far from the front. Tens of thousands of medical workers received orders and medals, and the best of the best were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Most of the recipients were active members of the Red Cross Society.

The names of twelve female doctors who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union are known.

The greatest scientist of our country, chief surgeon of the Soviet Army N. N. Burdenko, who participated as a medical orderly in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. and who was then awarded the soldier’s St. George Cross, pointed out during the Great Patriotic War that “behind the shoulders of a soldier with a medical bag, bending over a wounded comrade, stands our entire Soviet country.”

Assessing the high moral qualities of the orderlies and nurses who worked under a hail of bullets and mines in the name of saving their comrades, he said that our glorious orderlies show miracles of courage and dedication, that the fighting orderlies risk their lives every minute, but perform their duty heroically, and there are examples there are thousands of such heroism.

The feat of Russian women will forever remain on the pages of history, let us keep the memory of it in our hearts, the memory of the women who brought freedom to our Motherland.

Conclusion

Medical workers made an invaluable contribution to the victory. At the front and in the rear, day and night, in the incredibly difficult conditions of the war years, they saved the lives of millions of soldiers. 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick returned to duty. If these percentages are presented in absolute figures, then the number of wounded and sick returned to duty by the medical service during all the years of the war will be about 17 million people. If we compare this figure with the number of our troops during the war (about 6 million 700 thousand people in January 1945), it becomes obvious that the victory was won largely by soldiers and officers returned to duty by the medical service. It should be especially emphasized that, starting from January 1, 1943, out of every hundred people injured in battle, 85 people returned to duty from medical institutions in the regimental, army and front-line areas, and only 15 people from hospitals in the country's rear. “Armies and individual formations,” wrote Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky, - were replenished mainly by soldiers and officers who returned after treatment from front-line, army hospitals and medical battalions. Truly our doctors were hard workers and heroes. They did everything to get the wounded back on their feet as quickly as possible, to give them the opportunity to return to duty again.”

Bibliography

1. History of Medicine: Textbook for students. higher honey. textbook establishments / Tatyana Sergeevna Sorokina. - 3rd ed., revised. And additional - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 560 p.

2. Who was who in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: A short reference book / Ed. O. A. Rzheshevsky. - M.: Republic, 1995. - 416 p.: ill.

3. Satrapinsky F.V. Together with all the people for the glory of the Motherland.

4. Scientific discoveries during the Great Patriotic War

5. Participation of women in the Great Patriotic War.

6. Gaidar. B.V. The role of doctors in the Great Patriotic War.

7. State archives of the Russian Federation, storing photographic documents about the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. Military medicine.

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In the forty-first year he graduated from high school in Kharkov with a gold certificate and in June 1941 was accepted to study at the Kharkov Military Medical School - KhVMU. Excellent students were accepted without exams. My choice to join the army was influenced by the example of my older brother. My older brother Ilya had graduated from artillery school by that time and was in command of a battery. Soon after the start of the war, a cadet regiment was created on the basis of the school, and we were brought to the line of defense, to the distant approaches to Kharkov. We did not take part in the battles; the Germans simply did not reach our borders.

Already at the beginning of September, the entire school, which was approximately 1,500 cadets, was evacuated to the city of Ashgabat. We were placed in barracks and classes began. We did our internships in Ashgabat hospitals and clinics.

The main emphasis in the educational process was on military field surgery. We knew sufficiently about the primary treatment of wounds, splinting, desmurgy (application of bandages) and the so-called minor surgical operations.

We knew approximately how to carry out resuscitation measures; then the concept of resuscitation did not exist. Of course, we did not take such things as a Latin exam seriously at such a difficult moment for the country, when the Germans stood at the gates of Moscow, but such was the specificity of our profession.

Many training hours were allocated for field training - setting up battalion first-aid posts and evacuating the wounded. And, of course, step training: drill training took a lot of our nerves and time. It was about hot Turkmenistan. No one wanted to march on the parade ground under the scorching, merciless sun. They fed us well. Camel meat was often given for lunch.

We learned to shoot well with all types of small arms; we had grenade throwing lessons five times. We were not trained as infantry platoon commanders, but I think that in terms of shooting and tactical training, we were not much inferior to graduates of the accelerated infantry courses for junior lieutenants. Once again, I want to note that we were prepared for a strictly defined task - to save the lives of the wounded on the battlefield.

GSS attack pilot Emelianenko also once studied at the conservatory, and the legendary battalion commander Major Rapoport, a future geneticist academician, before the war looked through a microscope in the laboratory, and not through the scope of a sniper rifle.

But here we are talking about cadets of military medical schools or military paramedics. And no one demanded knowledge of the tactics of a rifle company in battle from a certified doctor, or even from an ordinary doctor. In June 1942, we were released from school and awarded the rank of m/s lieutenants.

The whole war is in the floodplains. The soldiers' legs became swollen, and after several days in the water they could no longer walk on land.

I crashed my MP on some island in the middle of the water, but how was it possible to send the wounded to the rear?! They made rafts for the wounded and pushed them to the rear, while being almost up to their necks in water. A wounded soldier lies in front of you, still conscious, holding his guts in his hands, looking at you with prayer and hope, and what could I do. Sanbat God knows where, the painkillers have run out. There is another soldier nearby with his legs torn off, asking to shoot him... The entire island is filled with bleeding bodies.

I still sometimes see these moments in front of me...

But the most difficult memory of that period is participation in the battle of our officer’s penal battalion against the Vlasov battalion. May God bless you, in the area of ​​the village of Kavkazskaya or Kazanskaya. I personally saw with my own eyes that only every second penalty box had a weapon. I repeat - only every second!..

I pull a wounded penalty box out of the battlefield. We are lying behind some hummock, waiting for the Vlasov machine gunner to get rid of us. The penalty officer, writhing in pain, pale from loss of blood, suddenly says to me: “I am a sailor, captain-lieutenant, they put me in a penal battalion for talking. Here they are now, all this tribunal bastard!..”

They went into the landing force with their usual weapons, no one hung themselves with bunches of grenades or belted themselves with machine gun belts. Everything was according to our standard - we got up and went, and then we’ll see...

Everyone intuitively gathered as much ammunition as possible, and, of course, everyone took an extra cracker or something more substantial. Everyone knew 100% in advance that at this bridgehead we would be eating the ninth horseradish without salt.

My opinion is personal, I am not a prosecutor or a war historian. Our job in the war was the calf’s, the infantry’s was to fight, my job was to save the wounded, not to reason. And the KGB ears stuck out cool. But to be honest...

For your information, the great leader of all peoples, Comrade Stalin, was very often openly cursed and cursed in the trenches, on the front line. Without fear of anything! Because they won’t send you further than the front! And those who were not political instructors, but prayed to Stalin or raised a toast to his health, were considered on the front line to be not entirely healthy in the head. I myself went to war as a Komsomol fanatic, but only by 1945 I saw and understood a lot.

What else to say? We had a duty to our Motherland, a soldier's duty.

And the fact that they would kill us someday was as clear as two times two... There is a proverb - lieutenants die in battle, and only generals die in their beds...

...Sometimes you go alone at night to the regimental rear for dressings, there is shooting here and there, and you feel uneasy, your soul is restless, you feel some kind of shock. What if German intelligence catches me now? I feared captivity more than my own death...

There was a joke at the front: whoever is not afraid is not a hero!

In an attack, a person is insane!.. You just don’t understand anything, you run forward towards the Germans, shoot somewhere in front of you... They shoot us from machine guns from above.

Independents in Western Ukraine treated us with hatred. Let me give you one example. It was in the Carpathians. The regiment was on the march to the front line. According to the map, seven kilometers from us there was a village that had already been liberated from the Germans. Five people had to go ahead and scout out what was what, and look for places for the battalions to spend the night. They named five names of officers led by the party organizer, including my name. They jumped onto the car, suddenly there was a random shot, the soldier was wounded. I got off the car and started bandaging the fighter. And the Komsomol organizer of the regiment went instead of me. Two hours later we entered the village. Our comrades were hanging from trees, tortured, mutilated and naked...

Bandera's men hanged them... We burned this village down to the last log.

I actually didn’t see any obvious crossbows.

If the crossbow was not a complete idiot, he immediately after being wounded in battle fled to the regimental rear, to the infantry squad. Why? Yes, if the battalion suspected that he had shot himself, his company comrades would have killed him immediately, on the spot, without hesitation or delay.

We, cadets of the KhVMU, during our studies did internships in Ashgabat hospitals and everyone was surprised - where did the national men get so many wounded in the left arm? At the front I understood - these, if I may say so, some soldiers voted in the elections to the Supreme Council - they stuck their hand out of the trench and waited for the German to relent and shoot. But in 1943 such a number was no longer available...

And by that time the special officers had already become cunning guys.

During the Carpathian battles, the so-called soap people appeared: they swallowed soap so as not to go on the attack, and then writhed from abdominal pain, rolling on the ground, pretending to have a twisted intestine. These knew that no one would impose self-harm or simulation on them. But there were only a few such bastards, and if such a bastard got into his company again, then he could be killed... I’ll say it again - such nets were rare.

Generally speaking, people fought honestly, not sparing their lives.

Our losses were very heavy; sometimes our own infantry even pitied us. I don’t remember that there were more than two medical instructors left alive in my medical platoon.

There has always been a shortage of frontline doctors. Healthy, sedate men, 30-35 years old, were selected as orderlies. In order to carry a wounded man with a weapon from the battlefield, you must have the proper strength for this. So, orderlies in rifle companies died very often, rarely was anyone able to hold out for more than two or three battles, there was no choice: either to the People's Commissar of Land or to the People's Commissar of Health.

Not everyone trusted in God, but the soldiers always relied on the battalion’s medical workers and trusted us. They knew that we would save our wounded comrades and would not leave them on the battlefield to bleed. Even if we are destined to die. This was our work at the front... And we justified the soldiers’ trust...

Excerpts are based on the edition by Artem Drabkin “Up to the elbows in blood. Red Cross of the Red Army"

The further into history the tragic years of the Great Patriotic War go, the more fully and vividly the heroic feat of the people and their armed forces appears before us, the clearer we see at what cost the victory was achieved, and what contribution medicine made to the cause of victory.

Zhukov
Georgy Konstantinovich
(1896 –1974)

Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov wrote that "... in the conditions of a major war, achieving victory over the enemy depends to a large extent on the successful work of the military medical service, especially military field surgeons." The experience of the war confirmed the truth of these words.

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR presented the Government, the People's Commissariat of Health and the military medical service of the Red Army with tasks of unprecedented complexity that had to be solved as quickly as possible. The brutal hostilities that began did not leave time for long-term reflection and, first of all, it was necessary to immediately transfer the army’s medical service to a military footing.

Military medicine has already gained some experience working in combat conditions, operating on the Khalkhin Gol River and during the Finnish-Soviet conflict.

Based on the results of the military campaigns of 1939–1940. Significant changes were made to the staffing and organizational structure of the medical service, including the creation of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, which was headed by Efim Ivanovich Smirnov (later Colonel General of the Medical Service, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). In May 1941 unified forms of personal registration of the wounded and sick, statistical reporting on their movement and treatment outcomes were put into effect, and a staff of chief specialists in medical areas was created.

The war, which began on June 22, 1941, from the first days revealed problems that the military medical service had to deal with for the first time. This is not only saving the wounded, but urgent evacuation of hospitals for various purposes with hundreds of thousands of beds to the east, these are medical and sanitary tasks, organizational issues and much more.

Smirnov
Efim Ivanovich
(1904 –1989)

In particular, in the western part of the country there were 39.9% of doctors and 35.8% of hospital beds of the total number of the People's Commissariat of Health.

In total, 472 thousand certified personnel worked in healthcare throughout the country:

Incl. more than 140 thousand doctors (including 96.3 thousand women doctors; 43.7 thousand men);
- incl. 228 thousand nurses;
- incl. there were 12,418 career doctors in the Red Army;
- incl. staff 91,582.

A nurse provides first aid to a wounded Red Army soldier.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

The military medical service had honey. units in units, medical battalions in divisions, field hospitals in armies at the rate of one per rifle corps, garrison and district hospitals with warehouses for medical and sanitary equipment.

Most of this base was located in the western front-line regions, and they did not have time to transfer them to wartime states. In the very first days of the war, a huge amount of medical equipment and property was lost.

The medical service suffered significant personnel losses. The question of replenishing the army's medical service with doctors - specialists, orderlies - instructors and orderlies, and the question of organizing the supply of everything necessary, arose urgently.

All these urgent organizational measures had to be resolved in the first period of the war of 1941–1942, during the hostilities, during the chaotic mass retreat of our troops.

Professor Danilov I.V. and Professor Garinevskaya V.V.
at the bedside of a wounded man in one of the hospitals.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

Already June 30, 1941 was approved “Instructions for the supply of medical and sanitary equipment in the active army.”

In February 1942 a unified military field medical doctrine has been developed.

1. all gunshot wounds are primarily infected;
2. the only reliable method of combating infection of gunshot wounds is primary wound treatment;
3. most of the wounded require early surgical treatment;
4. wounded who undergo surgical treatment in the first hours of injury give the best prognosis.

E.I. Smirnov wrote: “An important place belongs to the organization of medical supplies for troops. A clear organization must ensure maneuver with medical equipment of combat support, and the higher the medical commander, the greater rights he should have to carry out the maneuver.”

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also noted ... “that to achieve good results in military field hospitals, it is not so much scientific surgery and medical art that is needed, but an efficient and well-established administration.”

Pirogov
Nikolay Ivanovich
(1810 –1881)

The main task of the medical service was to sort the wounded coming from the battlefield to dressing stations.

One of the most striking indicators of the organization of the field medical service, which was of paramount importance for all subsequent surgical work, was time of arrival of the wounded person after injury at the regimental medical station (RPM), where he was provided with first aid. The main requirement for the medical service was to ensure the arrival of all wounded at the field medical station within 6 hours after injury and to the medical battalion within 12 hours.

1 - place for selecting and recording documents and clothing of the wounded; 2 - a place for storing the belongings of the wounded; 3 - table for toiletries; 4 - washbasin; 5 - basin for washing the wounded; 6 - care items for the wounded; 7-place for dressing the wounded after surgery; 8 - table for preparing the wounded for surgery; 9 - oven; 10-shaped stacks with tools; 11 dressings; 12-set of tires; 13 - table for sterile instruments; 14-table for solutions; 15 - table for blood transfusion; 16—table with spare sterile materials; 17 - operating tables; 18 places for personnel to rest between operations; 19 - table for anesthesia; 20 - table for the registrar; 21 - table for injections of cardiac drugs and serums; 22 - sterilization of instruments; 23 - autoclaves; 24-table for receiving dressings; 25 - hanger for staff dresses; 26 - breakfast table for operating personnel; 27 - place for a thermos with blood; 28 - bench with basins for washing hands according to Spasokukotsky.

The issue of creating therapeutic hospitals was resolved only in December 1942. Professor Miron Semenovich Vovsi was appointed chief therapist of the army. N.N. became the main specialists in various areas of medicine. Anichkov, N.N. Burdenko, M.S. Vovsi, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Yu.Yu. Dzhanelidze, F.G. Krotkov, A.L. Myasnikov, A.I. Evdokimov.

Vovsi
Miron Semyonovich
(1897-1960)

For the treatment and evacuation of the wounded and sick, in addition to organizing all types of hospital care, in 1941. 286 permanent military sanitary trains, 138 temporary VSP, 295 air ambulance aircraft, 100 sanitary transport river vessels were formed.

Formed on the territory of the Vologda region, during the loading of the wounded.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

About the features:

The number of wounded was determined by the folding combat situation.

Mandatory consideration of what troops in battles suffer unequal and non-simultaneous losses in manpower.

- shortage of general surgeons and specialists in the treatment of combat injuries to organs and tissues of the body.

Another characteristic feature of military medicine is that we have to deal with wounded soldiers who have been subjected to exceptionally great physical, neuropsychic and pain stress, often leading to complications during treatment.

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

In July 1941 The GVSU sent instructions on military field surgery and to all doctors of the field medical service, which stated that the main task of the medical service is to return to duty soldiers cured of wounds and illnesses.

It should be noted what contingent of troops had to be provided in the medical and sanitary aspect by the military medical service.

Number of active Red Army:

About 4.8 million people at the beginning of the war in 1941;

Within 4.2 million people at the beginning of 1942;

Within 6 million people in 1943 - 1945;

34 million people were drafted in 1941 - 1945.

Numerical active Army
(1941-1945)

For 1941 The active army lost more than 4.4 million soldiers killed and missing, not counting the wounded and sick.

In 1941 The army suffered huge losses due to injuries to soldiers and officers; the Western Front alone had 30% of the losses of the total number of wounded on all fronts. The 5th Army of the Polar Fleet lost in December 1941. only 19,479 people were wounded.

The Southwestern Front had medical losses of 376,910 soldiers in only 47 days of fighting during the retreat.

During the first period of the war 1941–1942. The military medical service lost a significant number of medical battalions and hospitals, medical equipment and medical personnel.

On June 30, 1941 The Western Front lost 32 surgical and 12 infectious diseases hospitals, 13 evacuation centers, 3 autosanitary companies, 3 sanitary warehouses, evacuation hospitals with 17,000 beds, and 35 other units of medical units.

A large number of dressings and medicines were lost during the bombing.

A front-line warehouse located near Minsk, in which up to 400 wagons of medicines and equipment were stored, was captured by the enemy.

The rapid advance of the enemy led to the fact that 15% of medical institutions remained in service on the Western and Southwestern fronts.

Irreversible losses of doctors and paramedical staff in 1941 – 1942. amounted to 11.5 thousand people.

.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds)

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds).

The losses of medical instructors and orderlies amounted to 22,217 people.

The main “personnel forge” for the military medical service was the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. Military doctors who underwent advanced training there, and students who received special military medical knowledge during the training period, formed the backbone of the management and medical staff of the medical service of the Red Army. Within its walls, 1,829 military doctors were trained and sent to the front. Moreover, in 1941, the academy produced 2 early graduations. Academy graduates showed true heroism in fulfilling their patriotic and professional duty during the war. 532 students and employees of the academy died in battles for their homeland. Representatives of other medical schools also made a significant contribution to the victory. Since 1942, the Moscow Dental Institute has been restoring the training of dentists. This branch of medicine turned out to be in great demand at the front. The treatment of maxillofacial wounds has become especially important.

For 1941 – 1945 More than 65 thousand doctors were trained by the country's universities and sent to the active army and 80 thousand doctors were called up from the reserve. Basically, personnel problems have been resolved.

XI graduation of nurses
Novorossiysk secondary medical school, 1942.
(Photo from the RGAKFD funds).

Much work has been done to analyze the organization of medical support for troops both during the retreat in the first period of the war, and during offensive operations. At the same time, shortcomings were identified, which E.I. Smirnov divides it into three categories:

- errors in the implementation of staged treatment with evacuation as directed. Medical primary triage of the wounded must be complete. After initial treatment, the wounded person must be sent to the desired hospital with clear documentation, bypassing intermediate stages.

Errors in the management of field medical services and the organization of maneuver by field medical institutions in a combat situation. This also includes neglect and maintenance of work cards and operational documentation. Without clear documentation, staged treatment is not feasible.

All these defects in the work of the army and front-line medical services were explained by the poor medical and tactical literacy of the personnel, the lack of experience in managing field medical services in military operations and in planning medical and sanitary support for combat operations of troops.

During the war the situation improved. In total, more than 17 million wounded and sick were returned to service during the war years.

(Photo from the RGAKFD funds).

The return of healed fighters to the ranks of such a continent was the result of the dedicated work of both medical practitioners and scientists throughout the country.

The understanding and systematization of medical problems and scientific discoveries of the war experience amounted to 35 volumes of the fundamental work “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.” (M. Medgiz 1949 – 1955).

The war dictated its own laws to medical science and practice. It was necessary to develop and implement new methods and means of treating and rehabilitating wounded and sick soldiers, to prevent the emergence and spread of epidemics at the front and in the rear.
Many scientific problems that came to the fore during the war were seriously studied in the pre-war years. For example, studies by Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, Vladimir Andreevich Oppel and many others..

Experience of Soviet medicine

in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, volume 35

At the front and in the rear, the method of local anesthesia developed by A.V. became widespread. Vishnevsky - it was used in 85-90% of cases.

The testing of penicillin and the treatment of septic processes was developed under the leadership of Professor Ivan Guryevich Rufanov.

Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva, received the first Soviet penicillin in 1942 and subsequently actively participated in organizing the industrial production of antibiotics.

For his work “Foreign bodies of the lungs and pleura of gunshot origin,” Professor Justin Yulianovich Dzhanelidze received the Stalin Prize. During the war years, he dealt with the problems of cardiovascular surgery, especially with gunshot injuries, worked on the problems of reconstructive surgery, and proposed a method of osteoplastic amputation of the hip, which entered surgery under the name “Dzhanelidze method.”

Hundreds of reconstructive operations for wounds of the maxillofacial area were performed by the director of the Moscow State Institute of Informatics, Professor A.I. Evdokimov.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Blokhin was involved in improving the methods of plastic surgery after injuries and burns. In 1946, the work “Skin plastic surgery in the surgery of war injuries” was published.

Research and development of new effective medicines, dressings, medical devices and devices was carried out - “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” Scientific problems and other topics were developed.

Funds of the MSMSU Museum
them. A.I. Evdokimova

In 1944, a plan for research work on pediatrics. The main problems in the plan were related to restoring the health of children affected by the war. They united into large blocks:

Child morbidity and mortality during the war years;

Physical development of children during the war and post-war years;

Rational nutrition of a healthy and sick child in war and post-war times;

New food products;

Tuberculosis in childhood during wartime;

Acute infectious diseases in children, other topics.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

In 1944, studies on epidemiology and microbiology were planned.

This year, coordination of research work in all medical disciplines began.
Only on the problems of epidemiology and infectious diseases, 200 scientific developments were carried out at the country's medical institutes.
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

Lev Alexandrovich Zilber (1898 –1974). Photos from the RGAKFD funds

The basis of the scientific potential was 5 academicians, 22 honored scientists, 275 professors, more than 300 doctors and 2000 candidates of medical sciences. Military medical topics were fundamental in the research activities of medical and biological scientific institutions. Coordination of this work within the system of the People's Commissariat of Health was carried out by the Scientific Medical Council.

In the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on July 17, 1942, a military sanitary commission was created under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which included L.A. Orbeli, A.I. Abrikosov, N.N. Burdenko, K.I. Scriabin, A.D. Speransky and others. The Scientific Medical Council of the People's Commissariat of Health and the Military Sanitary Commission under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences worked in close cooperation with the GVSU and its Scientific Medical Council. The All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine was of great importance - one of the main research institutions in the country, the base of which served as the foundation for the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.

Active scientific work was carried out during these difficult years among the troops. The generalization of the experience gained and its further implementation in practice was facilitated by front-line and army scientific and scientific-practical conferences of doctors, where the most pressing issues facing the military medical service were discussed.

Important sections of the activities of doctors were sanitary and hygienic measures, anti-epidemic support and the prevention of infectious diseases among military personnel and home front workers.

The activities of Soviet military doctors in the field of anti-epidemic protection of troops during the Patriotic War entered the world history of medicine as a glorious page.

Wars are always accompanied by epidemics or significant outbreaks of various epidemic diseases. Diseases spread along troop routes. In turn, the presence of foci of the disease among the civilian population in the front-line rear poses a danger to the troops.

During the period 1941–1942. As a result of the evacuation of the civilian population and the movement of troops from west to east, massive crowds of people formed in populated areas of the country and on transport. All this led to the emergence of foci of typhus, typhoid and relapsing fever. The general morbidity rate in the active army began to increase, and the number of epidemic diseases increased. So, per 1000 personnel, the incidence of typhus increased from 0.003% in June 1941. to 0.35% in February 1942

A mass of military units from almost all of Europe passed through the occupied territory of the country, spreading various epidemic diseases among the impoverished local population.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Lice among the rural population was widespread, the incidence of typhus was epidemic, and there were outbreaks of typhoid fever, tularemia, and other infectious diseases. (example: During the first year of the war, the incidence of dysentery on the Leningrad Front was over 50% of the diseases in the entire army.) February 2, 1942 a decree was issued by the State Defense Committee

“On measures to prevent epidemic diseases in the country and CA.”

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Among anti-epidemic measures, the main role belonged to the timely diagnosis of diseases, isolation of patients and their treatment on site, in areas of occurrence, bathing, laundry and disinfection services for troops and the population, sanitary and epidemiological reconnaissance, specific immunoprophylaxis of typhus and dysentery. The resolution provided for the creation of local emergency plenipotentiaries anti-epidemic commissions , which included representatives of civil authorities, health authorities, army sanitary service, police, and party bodies. The People's Commissariat of Health, in particular, was entrusted with

ensure universal immunization against acute gastrointestinal diseases in cities and towns, general immunization of conscript populations according to the methodology adopted in the army. In the army to fight epidemics there were

During the war, hygienic anti-epidemic units of the military medical service, in particular, examined 44,696 settlements, identified 49,612 foci of typhus, and 137,364 patients with typhus.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Cook's camp kitchen
guard senior sergeant N.K. Ivanov at the forefront.

5,398,680 civilians were washed, 4.5 thousand baths, 3 thousand disinfection chambers and much more were built.

By the time our troops began their offensive on all fronts, the medical service had a powerful and well-organized organization that made it possible to provide anti-epidemic protection to the troops.

A huge amount of work was carried out on vaccination and revaccination according to epidemic indications, in particular, when epizootics and foci of plague were identified, vaccinations were done with live plague vaccine in the areas of the Stalingrad and Rostov regions.

The NIISI polyvaccine solved the most difficult problem of military medicine - a one-time vaccination against seven infections simultaneously. As a result of attention to the above problems and their solution by medical services during the war,

90.6% of all sick soldiers and officers were returned to the active army.
Recovered wounded soldiers who have undergone treatment
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

in the hospital named after. Botkin, say goodbye to doctor Malyutina V.N. Left: nurse Z.N. Tarasova
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

Bandages a wounded soldier.

From the experience of anti-epidemic and sanitary support for combat operations of troops during the Great Patriotic War, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Epidemic diseases in the troops are not inevitable accompaniments of wars; they arise from the unsatisfactory state of the staffing and organizational structure of the medical service and the lack of necessary specialists;

Previous experience in this work must necessarily be supplemented by the achievements of the relevant sciences, especially biological and medical;

Carrying out routine vaccinations can be possible and successful when the immunization scheme with vaccine preparations is one-time and the method is simple, allowing to cover more people in a short time.

According to incomplete data, during the war years of 1941–1945, the Nazis destroyed 1,710 cities, over 70 thousand villages, 98 thousand collective farms, 1,876 state farms, 32 thousand factories, 65 thousand railway tracks, and other infrastructure on the territory of the USSR. Human losses amount to tens of millions of lives.
Collective farmer of the village of Vysokoye, Kharkov region O. Kononikhina
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

with children Viktor, Ivan, Vladimir and Nikolai at a house burned by the Germans. medical care for prisoners of war and repatriates. It was here that the humanism and philanthropy of Russian medicine manifested itself with all its brightness. In accordance with the Regulations on Prisoners of War approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 1, 1941, the wounded and sick among them were sent to the nearest medical institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation. They were provided with medical care on the same basis as Red Army soldiers. Meals for prisoners of war in hospitals were carried out according to hospital rations. At the same time, in German concentration camps, Soviet prisoners of war were practically deprived of medical care.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

The solution to the problem was of national importance reducing the level of disability among the wounded and sick. In the context of a sharp decrease in human resources in the country, the decrease in the level of disability increased not only the number of combat-ready soldiers and officers, but also the number of the working population. Already in November 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a special resolution “On measures for employment and training of disabled people of the Patriotic War.” As a result of the measures taken, more than 80% of war invalids were able to return to full-time work in the national economy of the country.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

At evacuation and triage hospital No. 2-386
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

Without supply of medical equipment, without coordinated work pharmacists and pharmacists full and timely provision of medical care is impossible. Thanks to the work of the chemical-pharmaceutical, medical-instrumental industry, the medical service was sufficiently provided with medicines, surgical instruments, and consumables. In a short time, new pharmaceutical institutions and enterprises were formed. To manage this activity, the Central Pharmacy Research Institute was formed in 1944, and in 1945, the Main Pharmacy Directorate of the People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR.

In 1941–1945 More than 200 thousand doctors, 500 thousand paramedical personnel, and a million-strong army of medical instructors and orderlies worked at the front and rear hospitals.

The share of women among all medical workers was 46%. Among front-line doctors, women accounted for 41%, among military surgeons - 43%, nurses - 100%, sanitary instructors and nurses - 40%.

The country's scientists made a huge contribution to saving people during the war with their discoveries in science.

Many decisions in the field of scientific development resulted from the creation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in June 1944. 60 academicians were elected to its first composition.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, st. Solyanka, 14.
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist

This event was preceded by another interesting decision - on November 12, 1942, a military medical museum was created in Moscow, which in 1945 opened to visitors in Leningrad.

The problems of blood replacement and the widespread practice of obtaining live blood were developed. V.N. Shamov was one of the creators of the blood service system in the active army. During the war, mobile blood transfusion stations were organized for the first time on all fronts. The scale of this patriotic movement can be judged at least from such examples. During the war years, Bilchits donated 45 liters of blood, Markova 42, Rossova 30 liters.

During the war years, donors gave 1 million 700 thousand liters of blood to the front. By 1944, there were 5.5 million donors in the country. More than 20 thousand Soviet citizens were awarded the “Honorary Donor of the USSR” badge.

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Since January 1943 Medics returned 85 people out of every hundred wounded to duty.

The war dictated its own laws to medical science and practice and posed problems that required urgent resolution. As Nikolai Nilovich Budrenko wrote: “In the days of difficult trials for our Motherland... our science fought with all our great people, it helped the country and the Red Army fight against the enemy.”

In this aspect, we will touch upon the issue of maxillofacial surgery as a branch of dentistry and the history of MGSI, the history of MGMSU.

In the autumn of 1941 A.I. took over the leadership of the institute. Evdokimov.
Evdokimov
(1883-1979)

Alexander Ivanovich

The institute's staff developed a number of original methods for treating wounds, created designs for reducing, splinting, shaping and replacing splints, devices and prostheses. We have developed the basis and methodology for plastic surgery on the face, using plastics, cadaveric cartilage, canned and fresh bone homotransplants, and Filatov’s stem in maxillofacial surgery. A new method for treating fractures of the upper and lower jaws, a method for treating purulent-inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial area, and much more was developed.

For exploits in battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, 47 doctors were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (23 of them posthumously), 116 thousand military medical workers were awarded government awards. However, we do not yet know how many medical workers died as brave men on the battlefields. Everlasting memory! Maria Karpovna	Borovichenko Maria Sergeevna	Gnarovskaya Valeria Osipovna
Kislyak Maria Timofeevna		Petrova Galina Konstantinovna

One of the most important orders of Headquarters, which ultimately saved many lives of Soviet soldiers, was the order of the People's Commissar of Defense “On the procedure for presenting military orderlies and porters for government awards for good combat work,” signed on August 23, 1941 by I.V. Stalin. It ordered that orderlies and orderlies-bearers be nominated for awards for carrying the wounded from the battlefield with their weapons: for carrying out 15 people were nominated for the medal “For Military Merit” or “For Courage”, 25 people - for the Order of the Red Star, 40 people - to the Order of the Red Banner, 80 people - to the Order of Lenin.

The exploits of medical workers during the Great Patriotic War were highly appreciated by the party and the government: for the heroism and courage shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders, 44 medical workers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Medical instructor Valeria Gnarovskaya with a bunch of grenades threw herself under an enemy tank and, at the cost of her own life, saved 20 seriously wounded people from imminent death. She was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

During the war, 285 people were awarded the Order of Lenin, 3,500 - the Order of the Red Banner, 15,000 - the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, 86,500 - the Order of the Red Star, about 10,000 - the Order of Glory. 18 became holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees. 44 nurses were awarded the highest distinction of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Florence Nightingale Medal. For achieving excellent results during the war, 39 military hospitals, 8 medical battalions and a number of other medical units and institutions were awarded Orders of the Soviet Union.

The scale and complexity of the health problems that Soviet medicine faced during the Patriotic War had no analogues!

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Military medicine, like the health care system as a whole, received powerful development during the war in the following areas:

Military field surgery;

Military field therapy;

Immunology;

Sanitary and hygienic provision of the active army and rear;

Military pathology.

Experience has been gained in organizing medical and sanitary support for the active army, interaction between the country's leadership, the army and its military medical service; in training medical personnel for the needs of the army. Disaster medicine has been created.

All the data collected and the experience gained during the war are the foundation of modern military medicine.

Medicine of Sevastopol

In besieged Sevastopol, doctors acted under conditions of tight defense, cut off from the front, from the active army. The city was under fire all the time. In the huge blue horseshoe of Sevastopol Bay, the water boiled from the explosions of bombs, mines and shells, and city blocks turned into ruins.

Over the course of several days of December fighting, about 10 thousand wounded were admitted to the Sevastopol Naval Hospital.

Several surgeons were unable to cope with them. We had to involve therapists, neurologists, and radiologists: they performed simple operations.

There was no safe place left on the wounded and scorched land of Sevastopol. It would be best to “hide” medical shelters underground. The quarry adits of “Champanstroy” were used. In a matter of days, doctors from the 25th Chapaev Division (which was part of the Primorsky Army) installed electric lighting, ventilation, and water supply and sewage systems. In general, the uninhabited basement was turned into a hospital with 2 thousand beds. Surgeons officiated in six underground operating rooms and dressing rooms. The most experienced surgeons B.A. operated here. Petrov, E.V. Smirnov, V.S. Kofman, P.A. Karpov. The surgeons did not leave the operating rooms for days, each

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

more than 40 operations per shift.

The sad truth is that it was not possible to evacuate all the wounded, although enormous efforts were made to do so. On the seashore in the last days of defense there were about 10 thousand soldiers and sailors injured in the battles and with them doctors: doctors, nurses, orderlies.

Medicine of Moscow

Photos from the RGAKFD funds

Moscow turned into a vast hospital. More than 30 thousand additional hospital beds were deployed in Moscow. At the end of 1941, more than 200 hospitals were deployed in the capital and region. The donor movement spread widely. Along with the central blood transfusion point, 27 donor points were created in different areas of Moscow. 342 thousand Muscovites became donors. They donated more than 500 thousand liters of blood.

More than 750 Moscow enterprises patronized medical institutions. More than 200 thousand women cared for the wounded through the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. More than 300 medical workers were awarded high government awards for their dedicated work. More than 30 doctors were awarded the high title “Honored Doctor of the RSFSR”. Hundreds of healthcare workers were awarded the “Excellence in Healthcare” and “Honorary Donor” badges.
Baghramyan
(1897 –1982)

Marshal of the Soviet Union I. Kh. Bagramyan wrote: “What was done by military medicine during the years of the last war can, in all fairness, be called a feat. For us, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the image of a military medic remains the personification of high humanism, courage and dedication.”

In total, 22,326,905 soldiers and officers of the armed forces were hospitalized during the war years. Of these, 14,685,593 were due to injury, the rest due to illness.

Of this huge number, 72.3% of wounded and 90.6% of sick soldiers and officers were returned to duty. Another 17% was commissioned. And doctors were unable to save only 6.1% of the fighters. In absolute terms, these data are impressive: over 17 million people continued to fight against the enemy.