Kommersant sign examples. How do you spell a soft sign? It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words

DividingKommersantwritten after consonants before lettersI, Yu, Yo, E,conveying combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant .

For example:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, reveal, enraged, become enraged, worn out, interlingual, get fed up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, shrink, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright.

Letter ъ traditionally it is also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin : counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, sub-core, superyacht, trans-European .

Words of foreign origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub- , which in the source language are prefixes, but in the Russian language they are usually not distinguished as prefixes. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjustage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective .

2. In complex words:

a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , For example: double-anchor, double-capacity, triple-core, quadruple-tier ;

b) in words pan-European, courier .

After the initial parts of compound words, a separator ъ traditionally it is not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, special education, household unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.

3. The letter ъ is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters containing paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Toryal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

In this case, the separating ъ also possible before the letter And , For example: Junichiro(Japanese name).

Note!

1) The letter ъ is not written before letters a, o, y, e, and, s.

For example: interatomic, counterstrike, transoceanic, three-story.

2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!), for example: dress, clerk Exception – courier.

3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.

For example: detyasli (nurseries), Inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages).

4 ) The letter ъ is not written in a noun clerk(there is no prefix in this word under- !). A separator is written in the middle of the word b , since the prefix stands out here By- and the root dyak (-dyach-).

5) In the middle of a word (at the root) rearguard write separator ь , but not ъ , since prefixes ar- not in Russian.

6) In a word flaw (Turk.) written ъ by analogy with the verb take away.

Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, e, e, and, conveying combinations [j] with vowels.

For example:

- ya : devil, yudyachiy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan;

-yu : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, fut(interjection);

- yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, sewing;

-ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, calm, Vietnam, Fourier;

-y : passerine, nightingales, pancakes, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.

1) The separating b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after a consonant before letters e, e, yu, i, if after a consonant before a vowel it sounds [j]; for example: vVyot [v’jot], loach [v’jun], clerk [d’jak]).

2) The separative b is written in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after a consonant before a letter O.

For example: bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, the letters e, e, yu, ya (and) help to denote the sound [th"] by b and b. In this case the signs are called dividing marks.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose the right one from two separating characters.

Lesson topic: “The rule for using the separating signs b and b.”

Observing the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign. To find the root, let's select words with the same root.

Fun, have fun, have fun(root -vesel-),

bearish, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, little sparrow, passerine(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the Ъ sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix s-),

entrance, driving(root -ezd-, prefix under-),

announcement, announcement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for using the separating signs b and b

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, i.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, yu, ya.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen to see if it contains the sound [th"] after the consonant sound before the vowel.

2. Identify the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write the separator - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If at the root, write b, if between the prefix and the root, write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - separating b or b.

Street_i, nightingale_i, pre_anniversary, raz_ezd, sedobny, brother_ya.

Beehives - root -ul-, write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root -anniversary-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, write b;

travel - ride, root -ezd-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant, write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, write b.

Apply your new knowledge, spell words with the root -EX- correctly, and don’t fall into traps.

from?went, on?went, in?went, reached, drove up, from?went, drove

moved out, drove off, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, stopped by prefixes po-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore There is no need to write the Kommersant sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, sub-, ot- end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[s й "е l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the letter E is denoted by Ъ. C- prefix, root -e-. [vy"un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the letter Yu helps to denote the sound [y"] by b. Root -loach-. [p"er"y"a] - feathers. After the consonant [p"] before the vowel [a], b helps to designate the sound [th"] of the letter I. The root is -per-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.

wings - [wing "y"a], 6 b., 6 star. I'll eat - [sy"edu], 5 points, 5 stars. You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in the words is the same.

b, b do not indicate sounds, but the letters e, e, yu, i denote two sounds[y"e], [y"o], [y"u], [y"a].

We look for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find words with b and b in the lines of poetry.

Suddenly it became twice as bright,

The yard is like in the sun's rays -

This dress is golden

On the shoulders of a birch tree.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves are falling like rain.

E. Trutneva

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot regions

Ride a camel!

Really great, friends!

S. Baruzdin

It's raining, it's raining,

He beats the drums. A. Barto

The evil blizzard flew away.

The rooks brought warmth.

They ran after each other

Restless streams.

A. Usanova

I see wonderful freedom,

I see cornfields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

S. Mikhalkov

Dress(root -pay-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

Friends(root -friend-),

snowstorm(root -blizzard-),

streams(root -stream-),

freedom- space, free life (root -will-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(root -yav-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant).

note: in words sews, pours, beats and in related words sew, spill, beat at the root it is written b (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We look for words in the text with separating signs b and b

Find words in the text with separating signs b and b.

A small bird flutters above the river in the frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment - rise. This is a dipper, a visitor from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(see Fig. 1)

Curls- vit, viu, root -v-, write b,

climb- you can see in books two options for isolating a root: the root -em-, the prefix under-, the root -lift-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -yas-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, write ъ.

Explain which letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Rus', samovars of different shapes and sizes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. My Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: “Whoever drinks tea will live a hundred years.”

Volume- previously the prefix ob- was distinguished, now the root -volume- is distinguished;

removable- shooting, previously the prefix s- was highlighted, now the root -sem is highlighted;

family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -drink-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Listen to the dialogue.

If only you had some fox teeth, hare!

If only you had wolf legs, gray one!

If only you had lynx claws, scythe!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still a hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdthe root is written b.

Listening to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

The streams will merge - there will be a river. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish; you can’t catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not through flattery, but through truth and honor.

Streams- stream, in the root - stream- after the consonant before the letter and it is written ь.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

Unite- union, single, root -uni-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, written ъ.

Happiness- happy, at the root -happiness- after the consonant before the letter e written ь.

Flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

Honor- at the root -honor- after a consonant before a letter Yu written ь.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(medicine injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- meat decoction

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- mail delivery person to addresses

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, and.

The separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, e, yu, i.

Bibliography

1. M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

1. Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a soft separator, in the right - with a hard separator.
   Sh.yut, n.yut, l.yut, b.yut, sat down, healthy, announcement, rise, out.yan, hug, sparrow, depart, happy. e, inclement, cheerful, present, unify, clarify.
2. Insert b or b. In words with a hard separator, highlight the prefixes.

   The titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest in winter. So many trees! She was jumping on the branches. A bale with a sharp nose into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats it.

   Zinka looks: a forest mouse jumped out from under the snow. She’s shaking, she’s all nervous. She explained to Zinka her fear. The mouse fell into the bear's den.

   (According to V. Bianchi)

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Guess the riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he doesn’t get angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without bit.i

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. She herself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

The wings chirp,

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. It gets dusty underfoot, meanders and gets stuck.

It lies and runs and circles. What's the name?

1. Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
2. Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
3. Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
4. Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().

Letters Kommersant And b(hard and soft signs) do not indicate sounds; they are used in writing to indicate the correct pronunciation of words. Compare:

blizzard - in b south

entrance - under Kommersant rides

Dividing solid sign

Letter Kommersant used only as a separator. A hard sign is written after prefixes ending in a consonant followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

explanation, cringe, go away

The separating solid sign is written in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals TWO-, THREE- And FOUR- followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

two-tier, four-core

two storey, three point

Dividing Kommersant

The hard sign is not written:

1. Before vowels A, O, U, E, For example:

   without an emergency, under a horseman, to teach, with e save

2. In compound words, for example:

   kids(nurseries)

Designation of softness of consonants

In written speech, the letter is in the middle and at the end of words b denotes the softness of the preceding consonant, for example:

in the south, leaf, tulle pan

To indicate the softness of consonants, a soft sign is written:

1. At the end of words, for example:

   day, twirl, rain

2. In the middle of a word, after a soft consonant preceding a hard one:

   more, ginseng, letters about

3. In the middle of a word after a soft consonant that comes before a soft one G, K, B or M in the event that when changing the word G, K, B or M becomes hard:

   earrings and - earrings, written - letters about

4. In the middle of a word after soft L, before any consonant:

   lion cub, flatter, benefit

   But between the two L, coming one after another - LL, the soft sign is not written:

   illuminator, alley, illusiya

A soft sign in the middle of a word is not written:

1. In combinations ZN, NT, SN, ZD, ST, For example:

   execute, quarantine, blush, here, cost and

2. In combination with H And SCH with all consonants except L:

   night oh, finish, counting

   fan, boy

   Combinations CHK, CHN, NC, NShch, RShch, ShchN written without a soft sign.

   candle, precise, beg, mason, assembler, powerful

Dividing soft sign

Letter b used in words as a separator. A soft sign is written inside words after consonants followed by a vowel E, Yo, I, Yu or I. For example:

necklace, necklace, nightingale, wind, ringing

When pronouncing words with a soft separating sign, the sound [th" is always heard. Dividing b indicates that the letters E, Yo, I, Yu, I represent two sounds:

E [y"e], Yo [th"o], AND [th"i], YU [th"y], I [y"a]

note that dividing b not written after prefixes.

Note: the separating soft sign is written in some words foreign origin before the letter ABOUT:

postman n, bouillon n, batillon n, medallion n, champigno n

Dividing b used to ensure that when pronouncing words, the consonant letter does not merge with the vowel.

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Transcript

1 17. USING b and b SIGNS. Table 17 Dividing b: Dividing b: b to denote softness: 1. After consonant prefixes (Russian and borrowed) before a root that begins with E, Yo, Yu, Ya: ate, rise, explained, anniversary, adjutant, subject. 2. In complex words after the first part of two-, three-, four-, super-, inter-: two-tier, trilingual, inter-tier. 3. At the root of the foreign word courier (vojenský kurýr). 1. It is always written in the middle of a word (i.e. in roots, suffixes and endings) after a soft consonant letter before the vowels E, E, Yu, Ya, I: play [p yes], linen [b i e l yo], leaves [l ist ya], lyu [l yu], sparrows [varλb yi], 2. In words borrowed for the Russian language in the combination ЁО (not Ё!!!): broth, pavilion, medallion, postman, champignon. 1. At the end of words as an indicator of the softness of consonants: fire, dictionary, door, pain 2. In the middle of a word: A) After a soft L, standing before any consonant (hard or soft) lioness, linen, waltz, only B) After a soft consonant , standing before a hard consonant: Kuzma, struggle, request, letter. 3. In numerals only once: five, six, eleven, fifty, seventy, six hundred, nine hundred. 4. In some forms of the instrumental case (7. p.) of nouns: mother by mother, horse by horse, 5. In the infinitive of the verb: read, write, ride, sing, sit, study, wash. 109

2 18. USAGE AFTER EFFECTS. Table 18 b WRITTEN: At the end of the noun. and. R. in Im. (1.r.) and Vin. (4.r.) pad. singular: youth, dryness, quiet, rye, trifle, In the infinitive of verbs: take care, take care, cut, cut your hair, entertain, have fun, burn, bake, lie down, In the verb of the 2nd l. units hours present and bud. simple vr.: if you write, you will write, if you draw, you will draw, if you read, you will read, if you return, you will return. In the imperative mood: hide, hide, hide, hide, smear, smear, smear, smear. In adverbs after hissing Zh, Sh, Ch: exactly, backwards, away, wide open. backhand. Exception: already married, unbearable. At the end of the particles: just, I mean, see. b NOT WRITTEN: 1. In noun. m.r. 2nd declension: key, brick, lily of the valley, comrade, luggage. 2. In the form of birth. p.m. h. (2. r.) noun. with base to sizzling: roof (without) roofs, cloud (without) clouds. 3. In the form of birth. p.m. h. (2. r.) noun. na nya: a song without songs, a massacre without a slaughterhouse, BUT: a nanny without nannies. Exceptions: a young lady without young ladies, a village without villages, a hawthorn without hawthorns, a kitchen without kitchens. 4. In short adjectives: prickly prickly, fresh fresh, skinny skinny, hot hot. 5. Attached. with the suffix -SK-, if they are formed from noun. on b: Tyumen Tyumen, brutal beast, Kazan Kazan, BUT: day after day. 6. In combinations CHK, CHN, LF, NSCH, SHCHN, NN, ZHN, RF, RSH: girl, night, nurse, driver, assistant, shoemaker, early, pepper (from pepper), lamplighter. 110

3 EXCEPTION: the word January. January JANUARY February February March March April April May May June June July July August August September September October October November November December - December EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Insert the letters b or b where necessary, explain your choice. February in the south and January frosts, a crane, he goes to the village to visit his sick grandmother, he writes an announcement, he drinks tea, he is a serious postman, he fell into a medal, a seed of an unknown plant, in all health this very strong beast, on Sunday will take place with the teacher, it is impossible to postpone the primer, happiness in misfortune, monkeys and furs, request, explanation, third capacious association, Olenka , the patient received an injection. Exercise 2. Insert b where necessary after sibilants in nouns. Explain the spelling. Stupid kid, came to the rescue, bought a ball, a good doctor, a leak in the boat, brought a brick, baked a kalach, oral speech, steel sword, drove into the garage., fragrant lily of the valley (konvalinka), dark night, black carcass, the orchestra played carcasses ( fanfáru), heavy luggage, new thing, red pencil, beautiful daughter, thick ivy (břečťan), first finger, old watchman, impassable wilderness (divočina, zapadlé místo), Russian stove, faithful comrade, golden face, sunbeam, change the ruble for small things, modern youth, black grass snake (užovka), steppe wasteland (pustina), thick reeds (rákosí), white mouse, sharp knife, the patient is trembling (zimnice), construction drawing. Exercise 3. Write it down, inserting b or b where necessary. Explain the spelling General's adjutant, objective review, non-nuclear zone, in the garden Buryan (plevel), car racer, radio interview, from yan material, beg (prosit) sweets, company company, postal courier, eight hundred million, vast expanses, to burn (napálit důvěřivé) the buyer, a manifest (notorický) liar, present documents, provide for everything, voluminous portfolio, before the autumn 111

4th period, won honor, before anniversary preparations, pan-European route, angry lion (rozzuřený), super poisonous substance, saving money, super natural phenomena, three-language dictionary, two-story house. Exercise 4. Explain the spelling of words and create phrases with them. If you have any difficulties, consult dictionaries. Explanation obligation, three-tier three-story, wolf wolf, nuclear-free, counter-game counter-tier, teach declare, disunite disunite, inter-tier inter-story, family seed, two-anchor bilingual, injection instruction, inter-institution interlingual, Pan-American Pan-Japanese, untie enrage Exercise 5. Rewrite, opening the brackets and forming new words (adjectives, verbs, etc.) with prefixes. Use b or b where necessary. Explain the spelling. Without - (accident, language, appeal, core); about - (appear, teach, go, fuss*); from - (examine, study, travel); times - (unite, ride, communicate, ardent, decorate); over - (bright, natural, regular, regular). * declare - (colloquial, ošálit, ošidit) Exercise 6. Place the words in brackets in the instrumental case (7. p.). Explain the spelling of the formed words. Get carried away by playing with (children), come late (night), meet interesting people (people), stop in front of a closed (door), the clock will strike (midnight), talk with (daughter), a barrel of salty (herring), see a doctor with toothache (toothache), meet with (mother), ask for (help), meet guests with (joy), dress with (brooch), go on vacation with (family). Exercise 7. Change the words according to the example and write them down. Explain the absence of the letter Ъ or ь in the words. Sample: daughter daughter. We do not write b in the word daughter, since we do not indicate the softness of Ch in writing, and in the combinations CHK, CHN, ShchN, NN, NC, NSCH, RF, RSH the soft sign (b) is not written. Daughter daughter; night, oven The age is eternal; east, luck. Racing racer; stone, deception. 112

5 Exercise 8. Insert the missing letters where necessary. Write the words in three columns: 1) with a hard sign; 2) with a soft sign; 3) without b and b signs. Explain your choice. Unfathomable, nanny, stove maker, medal he, marry, beg, mighty (from mighty), cloak, cut those, weaver, integral, seventeen, seven ten, fox, (without) his dog, mouse, pan-European, zealous (horlivý), rider, furious, lamplighter, super natural, Kazan, add those, trilingual, illuminator. Ъ ь Without Ъ and ь Exercise 10. Explain why b is written in some words and not written in others. Quiet, bathing, key, dousing yourself, wilderness, (without) dwellings, burn, rye, backhand, broth, with children, eight, brick, eat, December, hide, picker, married, only, completely, crying, don’t cry, unbearable , you see, bath attendant, have fun, young people, you say, lie down. Exercise 13. Replace the expressions with one word. Explain its spelling. 1. A strong snowstorm with wind 2. Injecting medicine into a living organism 3. A dramatic work for a theatrical performance 4. A neck decoration with pendants on the front 5. A decoction of meat (as well as fish, vegetables, mushrooms) 6. An animal closest to humans in body structure 7. A text written on paper and sent to someone 8. Show documents to an official upon request 9. A strip of land along the seashore 10. A common name for tall weeds 11. Damage, deficiency 12. Very large, vast Words for reference: coast, necklace, flaw, monkey, present, weeds, immense, blizzard, play // performance, broth, letter, injection. 113

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A hard sign is placed after prefixes, both Russian and foreign, that end in a consonant if they are followed by the letters E, E, Yu, Ya.
The soft sign is placed after the same E, E, Yu, I, but not after the prefixes, but inside the word. Also, a soft sign is placed in front of O in foreign words: medallion, champignon.

1. Adjutant. This word is often mistaken and a soft sign is written. According to the rules with a dividing solid sign (Ъ), words of foreign origin are written with the initial parts ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub-, which are prefixes only by origin, in the language - source, but in the Russian language they are usually not distinguished as prefixes. Examples: subject, object, injection, conjunction.

2. Courier. This word appeared at the Russian language festival. There were mistakes: many participants wrote a soft one instead of a hard one. Courier is a German word. Feld is a field, and a huntsman is a hunter.
The “feld-” part acts here as the first part of a complex noun, and it can be perceived as a foreign language prefix (see paragraph 1).

3. Clerk. The mistake that is often made in this word is quite understandable. It seems that “under-” is a prefix, and after prefixes ending in a consonant, you need to put a hard sign. However, in this word the prefix is ​​not “under-”, but “po-”, because the root here is “deacon/deacon”. This means you need to write a soft sign.

4. Superyacht. The general rule applies here. There is a prefix (foreign language), it ends in a consonant, which means we put a hard sign. Similar examples: pan-European, post-nuclear, counter-tier.

5. Supernatural. Exactly the same algorithm of actions: calculate the prefix (super-), put a hard sign in front of E.

6. Two-tier, trilingual, quadruple. The hard sign is written in compound words after the initial parts “two-, three-, four-”.

7. Foreign language, party cell, children, state language. But here a firm sign is not needed. These are complex abbreviated words - we simply connect the two parts and do not put any signs between them.