The use of foreign words in Russian. Foreign words in Russian. Words of foreign origin: examples. How not to make mistakes when writing other borrowings

I think that since I managed to read the entire thread of the discussion (a thread, not a thread [disgusting word], but a discussion, not a dispute or discussion, stylistically, “dispute” is too “sharp” a word, and “discussion” is soft, although, in some places opponents clearly did not skimp on expressions), then he earned the right to his humble word as a linguist.

A lot of thoughts were expressed, some smart and some not so smart, some I can agree with, some I frankly don’t want to agree with. Borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching vocabulary; there are known cases when it goes beyond all limits, and there are cases when the fight against it goes beyond all limits. Yes, the Icelandic Language Committee pursues a wise policy, in my opinion, but in rare cases it has to approve borrowings, because sooner or later tracing loses productivity. An alternative option for expanding the word-formation arsenal (in addition to borrowing) is the transition of root morphemes into word-formation ones, but such processes in a language take about a hundred years and cannot be carried out artificially.

A few words about relevance. Let's take the same hackneyed manager for example. The very phenomenon of “manager” arose in a different sociocultural space, in the USA, for example, a manager and a salesperson are not the same thing, while in Russia now almost every second person is a manager (soon teachers will become managers by education). Here the point is not in the borrowing itself, but in the distortion of the usage of the word. We came to capitalism, tried to copy some models, but it didn’t work out. Even in such a trivial matter as the use of foreign words. Happens. This is not the most important part of the problem. After all, there are real managers in Russia, just like in the West, so let them be called managers, everyone else - sellers, managers, etc. Excessive enthusiasm for native words is also not good. In the Navajo language, for example, the word for “tank” is beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí. The question is, the worse the English tank or panzer. Here, of course, a negative attitude towards the descendants of the colonists plays a role, but this is the tenth thing, this fact does not in any way make it easier to understand such a cumbersome structure; in the end, all, absolutely all languages, without exception, follow the path of simplification.

For some reason, no one mentioned during the argument (if I missed / didn’t notice, I apologize) the importance of such a phenomenon as jargon. There is a norm - these are dictionaries, there is oral speech - this is what we hear every day, it is a no brainer. Another question is what is considered the norm and what is included in these same dictionaries. And when. After what period of time has the word “coffee” been used in the neuter gender by the broad masses, can both genders be established as the norm? The question is ambiguous. In Pushkin’s original you can find, for example, “meaningless.” Once upon a time, such spelling was the norm, mind you, the rule is simpler than today’s “without- and without-”, before there was only one option - “without-”. The question is different: does an individual prefer to speak a language close to the norm, or does he prefer jargon - thieves, conceptual, glamorous, hipster, regional vernacular - the choice is very wide. We must not forget that we live in the 21st century, the century of global peace, the Internet and a tendency towards mass hysteria. Is there a new iPhone model out? Buy it urgently! Is it fashionable to say "bodyguard"? I will only say “bodyguard”! And you cavemen say “bodyguard,” as if yesterday you escaped from the village and today you saw a computer for the first time in your life. If one or more sections of society are dominated by jargon that encourages excessive borrowing, this is a diagnosis of sorts. We need to think, first of all, about why society is so susceptible to foreign culture (and its products of a dubious level), why it is so dismissive of its own, and most importantly, why such an attitude is dictated as fashion. And this is a whole bunch of extralinguistic aspects - social, cultural, political, etc., which need to be considered both individually and in aggregate and in their interaction. I can guess what is happening today in this regard with the Russian language, but I’m afraid that the wall of text will be ten times longer.

Lecture 4, 5

Subject: Features of official business style

1. Lexical features

2. Lexical errors

2.1. Incorrect use of terms.

2.2. Inappropriate or unjustified use of foreign words.

2.3. Non-discrimination of paronymous words.

2.4. Errors in the use of synonymous words.

2.5. Illegal use of outdated words.

2.6. Illegal use of stylistically charged vocabulary.

The linguistic means of the official business style form a relatively closed system, the basis of which is specific units of three levels: lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical features

The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to neutral and common words, also stable phrases that have the coloring of the official business style:

(1) professional terminology (diplomatic, military, accounting, etc.): legislation, ratify, authority, contract, import, levy, applicant, etc.;

(2) non-terminological words used primarily in administrative and clerical speech: undersigned, above, proper, forwarding, collection, subordinate, appeal, etc.;

(3) archaisms and historicisms: His Majesty, Your Excellency, assurance of respect, this, such, that.

Such lexical units are characteristic only of certain genres of organizational and business documents; in particular, historicisms are found only in government notes.

Obligatory-prescriptive the character inherent in the official business style requires a choice from a number of synonyms, those that express the will of the legislator: allow, prohibit, indicate, oblige, decree, appoint.

Many of the words with the coloring of an official business style form antonymic pairs: rights - obligations, plaintiff - defendant, punished - acquitted, action - inaction, legal - illegal.

The process of standardization of business speech is closely related to the process of its phraseologization. Both stylistically neutral and cross-style phraseological units are widely represented here (have meaning, hold a position, scope of application, cause damage), as well as stable combinations with the coloring of an official business style (established procedure, cassation appeal, preliminary consideration, acquittal, lump sum).

Business style vocabulary is also characterized by the use of compound abbreviations words (usually abbreviated names of state and public organizations): UN, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Moscow State University, Research Institute, trade union, student council, workshop.

Official business speech reflects not the individual, but social experience, therefore her vocabulary is extremely generalized in semantic terms. Preference is given to generic rather than specific concepts: settlement, vehicles, educational institution, etc.

The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by a complete absence of jargon, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive connotation.

Lexical errors

The majority of errors in business papers and documents are lexical. And everyone knows that the semantic accuracy of speech is primarily related to the correct choice of words. Let's name typical lexical errors found in document texts and outline ways to overcome them.

Incorrect use of terms. When using terms in business documentation, it is necessary to ensure that the term is understandable not only to the author-compiler of the document, but also to the addressee. If the author of the document has doubts about this, it is necessary to disclose the content of this term in the text.

The widespread use of verbal nouns as terms in official business speech is one of the features of this style of speech. For example, words such as: verification, order, execution, agreement, approval, resolution and many others.

The texts of documents should not use professional slang words that are parallel to accepted terms, as well as words of general literary use. For example, elaboration instead of criticism, cleaning instead of elimination, hard workers instead of workers etc. Sometimes lovers of clerical terms come up with words that do not have legal rights to be used in speech. In documents such words should be treated with great caution. The use of new words in the text of a document should be based on an assessment of whether this word is the only term in a given field or whether it names a concept that already has a stable designation in modern Russian. So, instead of the word progress the phrase should be used positive (positive) changes, instead of idea– plan, instead of extinction– exception, instead of application– statement, instead of complete it– completion of construction, instead of link the issue - agree on the issue, instead of write in the document– state or reflect in the document etc.

The emergence of new words in business speech and the loss of old ones is a natural phenomenon, since new concepts require their linguistic embodiment.

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New words that can be replaced by common literary words or already “legalized” terms are inappropriate in speech.

Difficulties in using terms are also associated with the fact that the term system of any subject area or type of activity is in constant change: the content of existing concepts changes, some concepts become obsolete, and new ones arise. When deciding which term to use (new or old), at least two factors should be taken into account:

Firstly, to what extent this concept is entrenched in written language;

Secondly, whether there is a double interpretation of the term due to its ambiguity.

To adequately understand the text of a document, it is very important to use a word that is firmly established in business writing, as well as to use terms and words with an unambiguous interpretation.

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If there is any doubt that a term can be understood by the addressee, then this term must be defined in the text, deciphering it in words of neutral vocabulary, or replace this term with a generally understandable word.

Inappropriate or unjustified use of foreign words.

Currently, foreign words often appear in the business language, denoting concepts for which the Russian equivalent has long been assigned. For example, they write: the deadline can be extended instead of extended; represent instead of imagine, legitimate instead of legal, consulting instead of consulting and many others.

When using a foreign word, you need to know its exact meaning. For example, the following sentence is incorrect: “The effectiveness of the economy regime largely depends on how much financial expenses are limited.” The word "limit" means "maximum rate." Funds are limited, not expenses, i.e. the maximum rate of funds within which certain expenses are carried out is given. The meaning of the sentence is not clear; the word “limited” must be replaced.

Using multiple words with the same meaning in documents often makes work difficult. Nowadays, foreign and Russian words are especially often used in parallel: legitimate - legal, utilitarian - applied, preventive - warning, representative– personable, extraordinary– special, exclusive– exceptional.

Borrowing foreign words is a natural way to enrich any language. V. G. Belinsky also wrote that many foreign words entered Russian life, since many concepts and ideas entered. It is very difficult to invent your own terms to express other people's concepts, and this pile is rarely possible. Today, with the advent of computer technology and new economic ideas, more and more foreign words penetrate into our lives almost every day. However, there is no point in using a foreign word if there is a Russian term denoting this concept. Let us pay attention to how easily these foreign words can be replaced, for example: parking(parking, parking), sales(sale), casting(selection), electorate(voters) teenager(teenager), preference(preference), poster(poster), creative(creative) and many others. In the process of language development, some foreign words take root and become fixed in speech, while others remain alien to the Russian language and are forgotten.

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The use of foreign vocabulary should be determined by three circumstances: necessity, appropriateness and accuracy of word use. If there is a Russian equivalent to designate an object or concept, the use of a word of foreign origin in the document is unacceptable.

Non-discrimination of paronymous words. The semantic accuracy of speech is one of the main conditions that ensures the practical and often legal value of a business text. An incorrectly chosen word can distort a phrase or give the text an undesirable connotation. A speech error associated with ignorance of the meaning of a word is the failure to distinguish between paronymous words.

Paronyms These are related words that are close in sound but differ in meaning and scope of use.

For example:

Document writers often incorrectly use ambiguous paronymic verbs. introduce And provide. Let's look at some of the meanings of these verbs.

Verb introduce matter:

Present, report (provide a list of necessary equipment, submit documents);

Introduce someone (introduce a new employee to the team);

Apply (nominate for an award).

Verb provide matter:

Place at someone else’s disposal or use (provide a room in a hotel, provide materials for certification);

Give the right, the opportunity to do, implement something (give leave, give the floor, give a position, leave the solution to the issue to the team);

Allow to act independently (provide freedom of action).

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Mixing paronyms in business documentation is a gross violation of the norms of literary speech.

Errors in the use of synonymous words. Synonymous words are often mistakenly used in business papers. For example: words staff And personnel, questionnaire And questionnaire. These words are synonyms, but not equivalents. Synonymous words are extremely rarely completely identical.

Synonyms words with the same or very similar meaning are called. Synonyms differ in shades of meaning, lexical compatibility or stylistic coloring.

When using synonymous terms, it is important to keep in mind which side of the property of the concept needs to be highlighted in the context. Even such synonymous terms as contract, agreement, agreement, differ somewhat in meaning and scope of use: in labor legislation we are talking about employment contract or contract, in civil law conclude contracts, foreign trade transaction is called Contract, scientific and technical happens cooperation, and tariff – agreement.

Words combination and part-time work in common literary language are synonyms, but in the language of the document these are different terms: combination is carried out at the main place of work, and part-time work is possible only in time free from the main place of work and at another place of work.

Errors in the use of synonymous words often arise from the fact that a polysemantic word can be synonymous with another only in one of its meanings. For example, the word request, characteristic of business texts, in one of its meanings is synonymous with the word requirement. You can write: "...all requests were satisfied ( requirements ) customers." At the same time, the word request does not have the meaning inherent in the word requirement (a norm, an order that someone or something must comply with): requirements (not a request) for product quality, requirements for those applying for work. But in the accompanying It is customary to write in a letter: “we are sending a response to your request,” and not “...to your request.”

The synonymous words defect and disadvantage differ in the scope of their use. The word defect is usually used in relation to technical products (defect of a machine, installation, design), and the word deficiency refers primarily to what is created by nature, or to the processes and results of activity (flaws in work, in character).

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From two synonymous keywords, you must first select one, the most suitable word, and then use it throughout the entire text.

Thus, inattention to the shades of meaning of synonyms can lead to a semantic error in the document. The author of the text should avoid synonymy, especially when it comes to document keywords.

Illegal use of outdated words. The use of outdated words (archaisms and historicisms) in the text of the document is unacceptable, since the modern Russian literary language is developing and changing. Many words in business speech acquire a new meaning or are replaced with other words.

Archaisms - obsolete words, replaced by synonymous equivalents.

Let us give as examples some archaic words and phrases, as well as their modern equivalents.

Historicisms – words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of concepts.

For example: clerk, petition, guardsman, archivist, attitude (in the sense of writing), etc.

Some words become obsolete, others sometimes return to speech from the historical past. Some historic words are used today in speech in parallel with foreign words equivalent to native Russian ones. Such linguistic instability will disappear over time, but which of these words will remain in spoken and written business speech is now difficult to predict.

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If archaisms or historicisms are used in official documents, then this is a violation of the norms of official business style of speech.

Illegal use of stylistically charged vocabulary. According to the sphere of use in the modern Russian literary language, there is a distinction between interstyle vocabulary (words that are used by everyone and in all communication situations) and words inherent in a certain style of speech. It is highly undesirable to introduce special linguistic means from other styles of speech into the document: from the language of science (highly specialized scientific terminology); from journalism (newspaper stamps and cliches); from colloquial speech. One of the most negative trends at the present time is that modern business speech is clogged with words and phrases from common speech, from the professional sphere, and from jargon. Below are examples of correct and incorrect word usage.

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If vernacular or professionalism is used in official documents, then this is a gross violation of the norms of official business style of speech.

In recent years, the Russian language has been intensively replenished with borrowed words. This is because the country has entered into a new socio-political formation, as well as free market relations. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. It is no exaggeration to say that a linguistic explosion has occurred. However, there is nothing wrong with this, because borrowed words are the result of contacts and relationships between peoples and states.

The presence in one language of words from other languages ​​and their use in speech is an objective reality. The number of such words is constantly increasing due to the penetration of new words and the expansion of the scope of old ones, which were used in a narrow meaning.

Unfortunately, when using borrowed words, many errors are made (spelling, orthoepic, grammatical, lexical), which are explained by the special position of foreign words: in a new language they have weak family ties (or do not have them at all), so their root for most native speakers are vague, the meaning is unclear, but their modernity is felt in comparison with familiar Russian or long-acquired borrowed words.

The most common type of error is associated with the unreasonable use of a foreign word, which does not introduce anything new in comparison with its Russian or long-acquired borrowed synonym. For example, “The perfume launch took place last Friday; The perfume sold well." If the word “perfume” has the meaning of a special type of perfume or denotes some class of perfumery products, which includes the perfume in question, it is necessary to give a comment; if the word “perfume” is used in its direct meaning “perfume”, then the need for its use in this text is very doubtful.

Another type of error is the stringing of borrowed words, which can “stun” the reader with the scientific nature of the presentation. For example, “There must be a selection of property profitability.” The difficulty of understanding is associated with the use of two borrowed words in a row, and each of them is used incorrectly. The word “selection” means “a branch of agronomy and animal science that deals with the development of new varieties and breeds (by selection method).” The word “profitability” means “the property of being profitable (profitable, profitable).” Apparently, the word “selection” is used here, in its direct translation from English as “selection”, but such a meaning has not yet been formed in the Russian language, in addition, it is not combined with the word meaning “property”, so such use is perceived like a logical fallacy. It should be written: “The most cost-effective (profitable) types of property should be selected.”

Very often, ignorance of the exact meaning of a borrowed word leads to mistakes. For example, “Crime and Punishment” is a cult novel by Dostoevsky.” The word “cult” has two meanings:

1. adjective to the word “cult” in the meaning of “service to a deity and related actions and rituals” (cult objects);

2. widely known and popular; arousing the worship of its adherents (cult film).

It is obvious that in the above phrase the word “cult” is used in the meaning of the word “popular”, which is incorrect. It should be written: “Crime and Punishment” is a popular novel.”

Most pleonastic combinations arise precisely when borrowed words are used. For example: “short briefing” (“short” is included in the meaning of the word “briefing”, therefore it is superfluous), “terrain” (the word “terrain” is superfluous), “main priority” (the word “main” is superfluous).

A borrowed word that has a Russian synonym is usually higher in style (somewhat more formal), so it is poorly suited for interpersonal confidential communication, for describing a person’s inner world, his feelings, moods. Foreign words are more suitable for information about political events, scientific phenomena, and for communication between organizations and states. For example, an alliance is an alliance: an alliance of liberals and democrats, an alliance of the government of Moscow and the Moscow region, but a union of hearts, an alliance of friends. Thus, borrowed words have a stylistically more limited use than their Russian synonyms. Ignoring this feature of borrowed words leads to stylistic errors. For example, “Literature itself as a total value is under threat,” where instead of the word “total” the words “universal” or “eternal” should be used.

Among borrowings there is a special group of words denoting concepts characteristic of a very specific country (a number of countries) or people. Such borrowings are called exoticisms. For example, prairies are flat steppe spaces in North America, and savannas are plains in South America and Africa, covered with herbaceous vegetation, among which groups of trees and shrubs are scattered. Exoticisms are quite appropriate in texts that describe the reality with which these words are correlated (here it is necessary to ensure that prairies do not end up in South America, and savannas in North America).

The Russian text also contains foreign language inclusions and barbarisms. Foreign language inclusions are words, phrases, sentences in a foreign language of one-time use. Acquiring a regular character and taking shape in Cyrillic, they become barbarisms, for example: happy end, weekend, shop (from shop). For many foreign words, barbarism is the first stage of entry into the language (show, marketing). But a word or expression can become entrenched in a language precisely as barbarism, while having a Russian synonym, for example: nihil - nothing, tête-à-tête - alone. It is necessary to distinguish between the use of barbarisms to describe non-Russian reality, when they act as a characterological means, similar in function to exoticism, and to describe Russian reality. The first ones, if they are not widely known, are accompanied by explanations. When describing Russian reality, barbarisms are used exclusively as an expressive means (Vivat, Russia!) and are unacceptable in strictly informative texts.

I would also like to note that the incorrect use of borrowed words leads to the following errors:

1. Violation of spelling norms.

This section includes errors in the pronunciation of borrowings, as well as incorrect stress placement in foreign words. For example, “expert” instead of “expert”, “kv”artal instead of “kvart”al, kat”alog instead of katal”og, “kil”meters instead of “kil”meters.

2. Violation of spelling norms. For example, the word “billiard” instead of “billiards”.

3. Violation of grammatical norms. For example, “two shampoos”, “two shoes” are the wrong gender.

4. Violation of word compatibility norms. For example, “Only here there were interesting nuances.”

Language is the most universal means of communication, which responds flexibly to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in the Russian language: why do they appear and what do they represent?

Original Russian vocabulary

The Russian language was formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages in the genesis of original Russian words were identified.

Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food products (meat, fish), names of animals (bull, deer) and elements (fire, water).

Basic words have been absorbed into the Russian language and are considered part of it.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was highly relevant at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, had a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, words related to the plant world (tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, cloth, stone, iron), and birds (goose, nightingale) arose. , as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the original Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic linguistic branch. A large proportion of them expressed an action (run, lie, multiply, put), the names of abstract concepts appeared (freedom, outcome, experience, fate, thought), words corresponding to household items (wallpaper, carpet, book) and the names of national dishes appeared ( cabbage rolls, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need replacement soon, while others have been blatantly supplanted by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So “humanity” turned into “humanity”, “appearance” was transformed into “image”, and the “competition” was called a “duel”.

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin have been present in our speech so often and for a long time that we have become accustomed to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something foreign.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, gun, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% of words in the Russian language are borrowed. But if you listen to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, you can conclude that the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to fast food for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having discovered free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes on the best friend’s photo.

Borrowing foreign words: main reasons

Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?

Greece

Now let's look at the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent the Russian language part of its vocabulary is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) are of Greek origin.

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

Do you think there are many words in Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous “ciao” greeting, you won’t immediately remember anything. It turns out that Italian foreign words are present in sufficient quantities in the Russian language.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word “mafia” is beyond doubt. Likewise, “carnival” has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to the colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” were surprising: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms.”

Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as “paparazzi”. But in direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as one might think, but “annoying mosquitoes.”

France

But France gave the Russian speech many “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canapes, creme brulee, omelet, puree, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, cooking recipes were also borrowed from French chefs, many of which were enjoyed by Russian gourmets.

Several more extensive borrowing industries are the literature, cinema and entertainment industries: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details of women's clothing (panties and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (makeup, cream, perfume).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a lot of them.

For example, we often use the German word “route”, which means a pre-selected path. Or “scale” - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And “font” in Russian is a designation for writing characters.

The names of some professions have also stuck: hairdresser, accountant, mechanic.

The food industry is also not without borrowings: sandwiches, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashion accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a “prodigy” - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words feel quite comfortable in the Russian language; they have even taken up residence in our home in the form of a chair, a bathtub and tiles.

England

The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words are almost ubiquitous in the Russian language, but the most popular areas of their use are:

• business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time-out, foul);
• computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a common meaning (jeans, show, weekend).

The Russian language is rich and powerful, and this very wealth is constantly growing. Moreover, new words often come from other languages. Today we will tell you about the most frequently used words of English origin in the Russian language. You will find that you already know more than a hundred words in English without even studying them specifically.

Let's see what concepts relating to the names of clothing items and the world of fashion came to us from the English language.

The cuisine of English-speaking people contains hundreds of delicious and healthy dishes, which is why our domestic hostesses also prepare all kinds of overseas dishes. These are the words and dishes that have enriched the Russian language thanks to English:

English is the international language most often used in high-level business negotiations. The terminology of the business world is based on words of English origin, so if you work in the field of economics, management, marketing and finance, you already know hundreds of English words. Let's present the most frequently used of them:

The vocabulary of sports fans consists almost entirely of English loanwords, so it can be said that fans not only learn sports terms, but also expand their English vocabulary. Look at what words English has given us from the world of sports.

In the IT field, almost all words are taken from English. We will present here the most frequently used ones, and you can read about the rest in the articles of our teachers “Ok, Google, or All about gadgets and devices in English” and “Computer basics or how to survive in cyberspace. Basic computer concepts in English."

Of course, it is difficult to place in one article all the words we took from the English language. Below we present some of the most frequently used borrowed concepts. We think that every person has used these words at least once in their life.

We also invite you to watch a video about words that came into Russian from English.

These are the words of English origin in Russian that we often use in our speech. Now you know their origin and also understand their true meaning. However, there are many more similar borrowings from English in the Russian language. Do you know any words that came to us from English? Share your observations in the comments.