A collection of ideal social studies essays. According to Leonov's text Inflammatory state of Poly (Unified State Examination in Russian) 1 inflammatory state of Poly

If you notice these five signs of inflammation, you urgently need to see a doctor.

The inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated independently.

From a young age, in the office of an uncle or aunt in a white coat, a frightened child hears these strange words: rhinitis, sinusitis, or, for example, tonsillitis. With age, mysterious diagnoses ending in “it” are added to almost every person’s medical record. Did you know that all these “itis” mean one thing: inflammation of one or another organ. The doctor says nephritis means your kidneys have a cold, arthritis means your joint hurts. Absolutely every structure in the human body can be affected by the inflammatory process. And your body begins to tell you about this quite early and actively.

Five signs of inflammation were identified in ancient times, when not only there were no special medical devices for diagnosis, but there was no talk of even a simple blood test.

Knowing these five characteristic signs of inflammation, you too can determine your disease without any additional methods:

1. Tumor - swelling

Any inflammatory process in the human body begins with the penetration of a provoking agent into it. It could be a bacteria, virus, foreign body, chemical or other “provocateur”. The body immediately reacts to the unexpected guest, sending its guards to him - leukocyte cells, which are not at all happy with him and instantly enter into battle. An infiltrate forms at the site of exudate accumulation. You will definitely see swelling in the area of ​​the inflammatory process.

2. Rubor – redness

As a result of the death of damaged cells in the body, special substances are released - inflammatory mediators. They are primarily reacted to by blood vessels located in the surrounding tissues. To slow down the blood flow, they expand, fill with blood, and the result is redness. Thus, Redness is another characteristic sign of inflammation.

3. Calor – temperature increase

Vasodilation is an essential component of any inflammatory process also because it is necessary to clean up the battlefield. The influx of blood brings oxygen and the necessary building materials to the site of inflammation, and takes away all the decay products. As a result of such active work, the area of ​​inflammation becomes very hot. The third mandatory sign of inflammation is an increase in temperature.

4. Dolor – pain

The fact that somewhere in the body there is an active fight against the pest must be communicated to the brain, and the best way to do this is some kind of bright and expressive signal. For this purpose, in almost every part of our body there are special bells - nerve endings. Pain is the best signal for the brain, as a result of which a person understands that something is going wrong in a certain area of ​​his body.

5. Functio laesa - dysfunction

The above signs of inflammation together give another important symptom of this pathological process - dysfunction of the affected structure.In the field of combat, life cannot continue as usual. Therefore, inflammation is always accompanied by functional failure of the affected organ. In some cases, this can be very dangerous for the body, for example, during inflammatory processes of the heart, kidneys or other vital organs.

If you notice these five signs of inflammation, you urgently need to see a doctor.

Remember that the inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated on its own. Consultation with a qualified specialist and selection of an effective treatment regimen will help your body become a winner in the battle against inflammation.published

A1

1. In which word is there an error in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted incorrectly?

   • call them
   • vomited
   • citizenship
   • old

Right answers:

1. citizenship

A2

1. Which answer option uses the highlighted word incorrectly?

   • In the unclear, diffused light of the night, MAJESTIC and beautiful vistas of St. Petersburg opened up before us: the Neva, the embankment, canals, palaces.
   • DIPLOMATIC relations between Russia and the USA were established in 1807.
   • The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which the spiritual life and health of a person depends.

Right answers:

1. Iron, chromium, manganese, copper and nickel are PAINT substances, components of many paints created from these minerals.

A3

1. Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.

   • lie down (on the floor)
   • their work
   • hot soups
   • six hundred students

Right answers:

1. six hundred students

A4

1. Provide a grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

   Speaking of the richness of language,

   • a discussion began in the audience.
   • I became interested in this problem.
   • specific examples are required.

Right answers:

1. we meant mainly his vocabulary.

A5

1. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).

   • "Moidodyr", written by Korney Chukovsky and published in the 20s of the twentieth century, became one of the most beloved works by children.
   • M. Gorky in one of his articles notes that poets before Pushkin did not know the people at all, were not interested in their fate, and rarely wrote about them.
   • Those who strive for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.

Right answers:

1. Thanks to the increased level of service, there were more customers in company stores.

A6

1. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase?

   • French words and expressions that penetrate the Russian language are called Gallicisms.
   • In order to promote the development of literature and literary language, the Russian Academy was created in the 18th century, which became the main scientific center for the study of the Russian language and literature.
   • In the second half of the 18th century, French influence on the speech of Russian nobles, which played an important role in the process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language, became predominant.

Right answers:

1. The environment in which living organisms exist is constantly changing.

A7-A12

Text for completing tasks A7 - A12

(1)... (2) The wooden sailing ships, approaching each other, fired point-blank at each other with cast-iron cannonballs from small cannons loaded from the muzzle. (3) Since the energy of the nuclei was rarely enough to disable the ship, the battle could end in abodation. (4) At the same time, from the attacking ship, which had grappled with the enemy’s side, sailors landed on the enemy deck and tried to take possession of the enemy ship in hand-to-hand combat. (5)... the industrial revolution of the 19th century very quickly made adjustments to this area of ​​​​military affairs, and the first important innovation was steam engines. (6) Their installation on military vessels eliminated the previous dependence on the strength and direction of the wind, allowing them to maneuver freely, choosing the position that was most advantageous for firing and at the same time providing the least vulnerability from enemy fire.

A7

1. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text?

   • The unreliability of the first steam engines and their size aroused a rather skeptical attitude among sailors.
   • Along with artillery, other types of naval weapons appeared.
   • For the first time, steam engines took part in hostilities during the Crimean War.

Right answers:

1. Even in the first third of the 19th century, naval battles differed little from those that took place a hundred years before.

A8

1. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the fifth sentence?

   • However
   • Despite this,
   • Hence,

Right answers:

1. However

A9

1. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence in the text?

   • steel machines (offer 5)
   • the ships fired point blank (sentence 2)
   • the sailors tried to take possession (sentence 4)

Right answers:

1. disable (sentence 3)

A10

1. Indicate the correct characteristic of the third sentence of the text.

   • complex non-union
   • complex
   • simple with homogeneous terms
   • complex with non-union and allied subordination between parts

Right answers:

1. complex

A11

1. Write a sentence that contains the present passive participle.

Right answers:

A12

1. Indicate the meaning of the word CORRECTIVE (CORRECTIVES) (sentence 5).

   • politeness
   • ratio
   • error
   • amendment

Right answers:

1. amendment

A13

1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?

   The originality of the art of (1) the world of (2) their stories N.V. Gogol is connected (3) with the use of folklore traditions: from (4) in folk tales, semi-pagan legends and traditions, the writer found themes and plots for his works.

   • 1, 2, 3
   • 2, 3, 4
   • 1, 2, 4

Right answers:

1. 1, 2, 4

A14

1. In which row in all words is the unstressed vowel of the root being tested missing?

   • progressive, commissioned, age...st
   • selects, ornament...nt, program...
   • donkey...captive, k...fell asleep, sovereignty

Right answers:

1. in... the river, development, sh... sting

A15

1. In which row is the same letter missing in all words?

   • on...laying, on...edge, on...lowercase
   • on...to play, over...investment, from...to find
   • bar...barry, s...sarcastically, monkey...

Right answers:

1. pr...stand up, pr...glue, pr...school

A16

1. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

   • pronounce...sh, transform...my
   • relate, fluff...
   • look...looked at, noticed...
   • thrown...sh, broken...

Right answers:

1. look...looked at, noticed...

A17

1. Which answer option contains all the words where the letter E is missing?

   A. nickel...vy, B. add...to, C. welcome, D. impoverish...

   • A, B, G
   • A B C

Right answers:

A18

A19

1. In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?

   • The city of Kalinov does not need either lightning rods or a perpetual motion machine, BECAUSE (BECAUSE) all this (S) SIMPLY has no place in the patriarchal world.
   • It is possible to (IN) DIFFERENTLY explain the scene of the verbal duel between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, and (AT) AT THE BEGINNING it may seem that the nihilist is right.
   • TO return Radishchev to the modern reader, it is necessary to try to impartially evaluate his philosophical views, AS WELL as his literary work.

Right answers:

1. (F) OFTEN we don’t even imagine (HOW) HOW important it is for a person to understand what is most important to him in life.

A20

1. Provide the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence.

   M.V. Lomonosov outlined the distinction between significant and function words () and later this distinction was supported by the largest representatives of Russian science.

   • A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction and no comma is needed.
   • A complex sentence with a secondary member common to the parts, before the conjunction. And a comma is not needed.
   • A simple sentence with homogeneous members, a comma is needed before the conjunction AND.

Right answers:

1. A complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

A21

1. The first exhibition of the Peredvizhniki (1) opened in 1871 (2) convincingly demonstrated the existence in painting (3) of a new direction that was taking shape throughout the 60s (4).

   • 1, 2, 3
   • 1, 2, 3, 4

Right answers:

A22

1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?

   In late autumn or winter, flocks of either melodiously chirping or sharply screaming birds appear on city streets. It is (1) apparently (2) for this cry that the birds got their name - waxwings, because the verb “waxwing” (3) according to linguists (4) once meant “to whistle sharply, to shout.”

   • 1, 2, 3, 4

Right answers:

1. 1, 2, 3, 4

A23

1. Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (No punctuation marks included).

   • Someone was cleaning the mansion and waiting for the owners.
   • Many literary scholars and historians argue again and again about Goethe’s relationship with the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin.
   • From the houses there were rows of trees or bushes or flowers in all directions.

Right answers:

1. In the syntactic structure of the two poetic texts we can find both similarities and differences.

A24

1. How to explain the placement of the colon in this sentence?

   A large role in the opera by A.P. Borodin's "Prince Igor" plays folk scenes: choirs of the townspeople of Putivl accompanying Igor and his army on a campaign, a choir of boyars announcing the capture of the prince.

   • The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the consequence of what is said in the first part.
   • The second part of a non-union complex sentence explains and reveals the content of what is said in the first part.
   • The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the time of occurrence of what is said in the second part.

Right answers:

1. The generalizing word comes before the homogeneous members of the sentence.

A25

1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

   The idea of ​​a single European space (1), a fan (2) of which (3) was the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Malinovsky (4), gained many supporters.

Right answers:

A26

1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?

   After the third bell sounded (1) the curtain trembled and slowly moved up (2) and (3) as soon as the audience saw their favorite (4) the walls of the theater literally trembled with applause and enthusiastic screams.

   • 1, 2, 3, 4

Right answers:

1. 1, 2, 3, 4

A27

Read the text.

Text for completing task A27

Ground storage facilities for liquid radioactive products and solid waste disposal sites can be sources of contamination of soils, groundwater and underground (deep) waters. Therefore, to prevent and prevent dangerous radioactive contamination, the movement of groundwater from disposal points to the outlet of groundwater to a surface water source is monitored. This control is carried out using special maps of groundwater movement and possible migration of contaminants.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

   • Monitoring of the distribution of radioactive products in the ground flow is carried out in observation wells, the depth and location of which depend on the purpose of the structures, hydrogeological conditions and the nature of the soil.
   • Liquid and solid radioactive waste are sources of contamination of soils, groundwater and underground (deep) waters.
   • The direction of movement and speed of groundwater and underground (deep) water requires strict control, therefore it is necessary to create special hydrogeological maps of different regions of Russia.

Right answers:

1. To avoid dangerous radioactive contamination, special maps are used to control the movement of groundwater from radioactive waste disposal sites to access to a surface water source.

A28-A30, B1-B8

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30, B1-B8.

Text for completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B8

(According to L. Leonov)

A28

1. What does the hero’s statement mean: “I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity!”?

   • The retreat of our troops takes place without fighting, without blood.
   • The author of the letter is not capable of committing any reprehensible act.
   • The author of the letter is not a coward and is not afraid of battles.

Right answers:

1. To become a real man, you don’t always have to prove your physical strength; sometimes it’s more important to test your mental strength.

A29

1. Which of the following statements is false?

   • Sentences 17, 18, 20, 22 list the sequential actions of the characters.
   • Sentences 3-5 present the reasoning.
   • Sentences 8-9 include description.

Right answers:

1. Sentences 24-26 contain the narrative.

A30

1. What word is used figuratively in the text?

   • unfolded (sentence 8)
   • burn (sentence 15)
   • closed his eyes (sentence 22)
   • thundered (sentence 29)

Right answers:

1. thundered (sentence 29)

Part 2

Attention

Write down the answers to tasks B1-B3 in words.

IN 1

From sentences 4 and 5, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

Answer:

nearby

AT 2

Write out the numeral from sentences 16-18.

Answer:

Also possible: nine

AT 3

Indicate the type of subordinating connection in the phrase IN THOSE DAYS (sentence 29).

Answer:

coordination

Attention

Write down the answers to tasks B4-B7 in numbers.

AT 4

Among sentences 21-26, find complex ones that include a one-component impersonal. Write the number of these complex sentences.

Answer:

It is also possible to indicate: 26.21

Numbers are given separated by commas without spaces. Commas are written in separate cells.

AT 5

Among sentences 1-9, find a sentence complicated by a separate common agreed upon definition. Write the number of this offer.

Answer:

AT 6

Among sentences 2-9, find a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of purpose. Write the number of this offer.

Answer:

AT 7

Among sentences 15-19, find one that is connected to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer:

AT 8

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B7. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.

A fragment from L. Leonov’s novel “Russian Forest” confirms the idea that even complex philosophical problems can be discussed in an accessible way. This is achieved with the help of the following tropes: _____ (“The font of maturity” in sentence 24), _____ (“inquisitive, questioning eyes” in sentence 21), _____ (“the midday sun is a thousand times easier to look at” in sentence 21). Strengthens the effect of reading _____ (“retreat” in sentence 12, “I am not a coward” in sentence 21). This technique fixes the reader’s attention on the main thing and emphasizes the author’s most important thoughts.

List of terms:

1) anaphora

2) metaphor

3) hyperbole

4) professional vocabulary

5) parcellation

6) lexical repetition

7) opposition

8) epithets

9) contextual synonyms

Answer:

2,8,3,6
Also possible: 2836

It is better to indicate numbers separated by commas without spaces. Commas are written in separate cells.

Part 3

C1

Write an essay based on the text you read.

(1) Polya’s inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much more terrible than even Rodion’s captivity or his mortal wound.

(2) “No, this is completely different,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, over-read triangle from under the pillow.

(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stay in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Polina’s address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the train to the Blagoveshchensk dead-end street, then why didn’t he at least write a postcard to his beloved one on his way to the active army?..

(6) So, this was the first news from the front with a delay of more than two weeks. (7) In any case, now it will become clear with what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the piece of paper, which was pierced all over with a pencil - apparently it was written on her knee. (9) I had to go to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.

(10) Varya immediately came across the main place.

(11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why I was silent all this time - there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected completeness and straightforwardly, as in a confession. (12) “We are still retreating for now, day and night we retreat, occupy more advantageous defensive positions, as the reports say (13) I was very sick, and even now I have not fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am completely. I’m healthy, all whole, there’s not a single scratch on me yet. (15) Burn this letter, I can tell you alone in the whole world about this,” Varya turned the page.

(16) The incident happened in a Russian village, which our unit passed through in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company... and maybe the last in the entire army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently taught at school to love the Red Army... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wildflowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - the midday sun is a thousand times easier to look at, but I forced myself to take the bouquet, because I am not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I am not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, but took it from her, abandoned to the mercy of the enemy... (23) Since then, I have kept that dried broom with me constantly, on my body, like a burden of fire in my bosom, I order it to be put on myself in the grave, if what will happen. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity! (25) Then two lines were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, whether my whole life will be enough to pay for that gift..."

- (27) Yes, he has grown up a lot, your Rodion, you’re right... - Varya said, folding the letter, because with such a line of thinking, it is unlikely that this soldier would be capable of any reprehensible act.

(28) Hugging, the girlfriends listened to the rustle of the rain and the rare, faded beeps of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, the unfilled crater on Veselykh Street, as they were already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat resounded throughout the country in those days.

(According to L. Leonov)

*Leonid Maksimovich Leonov (1899-1994)
- Russian writer, public figure.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

Russian language

15 out of 24

(1) Polya’s inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much more terrible than even Rodion’s captivity or his mortal wound. (2) “No, this is completely different,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, over-read triangle from under the pillow.
(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stay in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Polina’s address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the train for the Blagoveshchensk dead-end street, then why didn’t he at least write a postcard to his beloved on her way to the active army?.. (6) So, this was his first front-line service news more than two weeks late. (7) In any case, now it will become clear with what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the piece of paper, which was all pierced with a pencil—it was apparently written on her knee. (9) I had to go to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines. (10) Varya immediately came across the main place. (11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why I was silent all this time was that there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected completeness and straightforwardly, as in confession. (12) - We are still retreating, retreating day and night, occupying more advantageous defensive positions, as the reports say. (13) I was also very sick, and even now I have not fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock. (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am quite healthy, completely intact, there is not a single scratch on me yet. (15) Burn this letter, you alone in the whole world can tell me about this,” Varya turned the page. (16) The incident happened in a Russian village, which our unit passed through in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company... and maybe the last in the entire army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently taught at school to love the Red Army... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wildflowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take the bouquet, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, but took it from her, abandoned to the mercy of the enemy... (23) Since then, I have kept that dried broom with me constantly, on my body, like a burden of fire in my bosom, I order it to be put on me in the grave, if anything happens. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity! – (25) Then two lines were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, whether my whole life will be enough to pay for that gift...”
(27) “Yes, he has grown up a lot, your Rodion, you’re right...” Varya said, folding the letter, because with such a line of thinking, it is unlikely that this soldier would be capable of any reprehensible act.
(28) Hugging, the girlfriends listened to the rustling of the rain and the rare, fading beeps of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, the unfilled crater on Veselykh Street, as they were already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat resounded throughout the country in those days.
(According to L. Leonov)

Show full text

War. How does it affect a person’s growing up? This is exactly what L. Leonov writes about in his wonderful text.

The problem that the author touches on is eternal, because every person goes through a stage of growing up, but in ordinary life this process lasts longer than in difficult life situations such as war. The text talks about how a young guy Rodion went to the front and sent “the first news from the front.” She made it clear that the young man had become mature ahead of schedule, because during the war, people feel a sense of duty, a huge responsibility to the Motherland, and realize the value of life and love. During the retreat of the Red Army, an unfamiliar girl gave a bouquet of wild flowers to Rodion. These flowers were a symbol of trust, hope that the Soviet army would defend the Motherland. “I don’t know...whether my whole life will be enough to pay for this gift...” - these words Rodion says that now his main goal is to justify the hopes of compatriots abandoned to the enemy. This incident helped the young man mature morally. How does this manifest itself? The writer does not answer this question; he probably wants the reader to think about it himself.

L. Leonov poses such a problem as the formation of personality. He believes that difficult life situations contribute to early adulthood. In his opinion, it is not necessary experience great trials, one important case is enough.

I completely agree with the author’s opinion and believe that in war, when a person is responsible not only for himself, moral growing up is progressing faster than in normal life. Who can be called an adult? Prim

Criteria

• 1 of 1 K1 Formulation of source text problems
• 3 of 3 K2

Unified State Examination in Russian

Task 20-24

Text 1.

(1) Polya’s inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much more terrible than even Rodion’s captivity or his mortal wound.

(2) “No, this is completely different,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, over-read triangle from under the pillow.

(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stay in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Polina’s address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the train to the Blagoveshchensk dead-end street, then why didn’t he at least write a postcard to his beloved one on his way to the active army?..

(6) So, this was his first news from the front, more than two weeks late. (7) In any case, now it will become clear with what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the piece of paper, which was all pierced with a pencil—it was apparently written on her knee. (9) I had to go to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.

(10) Varya immediately came across the main place.

(11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why I was silent all this time was that there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected completeness and straightforwardly, as in confession. (12) – We are still retreating, retreating day and night, occupying more advantageous defensive positions, as the reports say. (13) I was also very sick, and even now I have not fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock. (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am quite healthy, completely intact, there is not a single scratch on me yet. (15) Burn this letter, I can tell you alone in the whole world about this,” Varya turned the page.

(16) The incident happened in a Russian village, which our unit passed through in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company... and maybe the last in the entire army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently taught at school to love the Red Army... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wildflowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take the bouquet, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, but took it from her, abandoned to the mercy of the enemy... (23) Since then, I have kept that dried broom with me constantly, on my body, like a burden of fire in my bosom, I order it to be put on me in the grave, if anything happens. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity! - (25) Then two lines came across that were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, whether my whole life will be enough to pay for that gift...”

(27) “Yes, he has grown up a lot, your Rodion, you’re right...” Varya said, folding up the letter, because with such a mindset, it is unlikely that this soldier would be capable of any reprehensible act.

(28) Hugging, the girlfriends listened to the rustling of the rain and the rare, fading beeps of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, the unfilled crater on Veselykh Street, as they were already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat resounded throughout the country in those days.

(According to L. Leonov*)

*Leonid Maksimovich Leonov (1899–1994) – Russian writer, public figure.

20 . Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) The retreat of our troops takes place without battles, without blood.

3) To become a real man, you don’t always have to prove your physical strength; sometimes it’s more important to test your mental strength.

5) Rodion did not write for a long time because he was shell-shocked.

21. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 17, 18, 20, 22 list the sequential actions of the characters.

2) Sentences 3–5 present the reasoning.

3) Sentences 8–9 include description.

4) Sentences 24–26 contain narration.

5) The predominant type of text is reasoning.

22 . Find among the indicated options one where the word is used in a figurative meaning. Write this word down.

unfolded (sentence 8)

burn (sentence 15)

closed his eyes (sentence 22)

thundered (sentence 29)

23 . Among sentences 15–19, find one that is connected with the previous use of a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

24. Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list

“A fragment from L. Leonov’s novel “Russian Forest” confirms the idea that even complex philosophical problems can be spoken about in an accessible way. This is achieved with the help of tropes: (A)_____ (“font of maturity” in sentence 24), (B)_____ (“inquisitive, questioning eyes” in sentence 21), (C)_____ (“the midday sun is a thousand times easier to look at " in sentence 21). Enhances the effect of reading (D)_____ (“let’s retreat” in sentence 12, “I’m not a coward” in sentence 21). This technique fixes the reader’s attention on the main thing and emphasizes the author’s most important thoughts.”

List of terms:

1) anaphora

2) metaphor

3) hyperbole

4) professional vocabulary

5) parcellation

6) lexical repetition

7) opposition

8) epithets

9) contextual synonyms

Text 2.

1) Writing is a difficult and confusing matter. (2) A writer should not observe life, but live in life, observing it not from the outside, but from the inside. (3) Meanwhile, the usual story of a writer’s life is this: he succeeded in a thing, attracted attention to himself - and quits his previous job and becomes a professional. (4) And so a man sits down to write not when he needs to say something, but when he needs to pay the rent or sew a coat for his wife. (5) And before our eyes, the fresh sprout of talent turns yellow and dries up. (6) And there is no longer a writer. (7) An aspiring writer, if he respects his talent and values ​​it, should not “live” on literature. (8) Earn your livelihood by anything, just not by writing. (9) The time will come, and the same writing will automatically begin to feed you with works written earlier.

(10) Not to mention this, but a writer, becoming a professional, tears himself out of life. (11) The usual environment for him now is fellow writers, section meetings, restaurants, a writers club. (12) Cooking in its own juice. (13) And then he goes somewhere, walks around with a notepad and “types up material.”

(14) You need to live in life, work - as an engineer, doctor, teacher, worker.

(15) - Okay, but when should I write then? - you ask.

(16) - When? (17) After work. (18) On rest days. (19) For a month of vacation, I will answer.

(20) - Will you write much then?

(21) - And it’s very good that it’s not much. (22) Everything that is written then will be complete and necessary. (23) And so, to be honest, if you take almost every writer’s complete collection of his works - how much will literature lose if you throw away three quarters of what is written?

(24) I noticed on myself at the beginning of literary work: every success reduces the demands on yourself, with every success you begin to write “easy.” (25) And how useful is a cruel blow at this time - a refusal from the editors, a harsh meeting of criticism!.. (26) Ask, comrades, fate to be stricter and meaner to you. (27) And then we will certainly recognize the real writer.

(According to V. Veresaev*)

* Vikenty Vikentyeich Veresaev (1867-1945) , prose writer, literary critic, critic. The central theme of creativity is the disclosure of the ideological quests of the Russian intelligentsia.

20 . Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The writer must observe life from the outside.

2) If you take from almost every writer the complete collection of his works and leave a quarter of what was written, literature will lose a lot.

3) It is very useful for a writer to receive a rejection from the editor or a harsh response from criticism.

4) A writer, becoming a professional, pulls himself out of life.

5) Only professionals write books worthy of the reader’s attention.

21 . Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 3 of the text is contrasted in meaning to sentence 2.

2) Sentences 4-14 present the reasoning.

3) Sentences 22-23 explain the content of sentences 20-21.

4) Sentences 24-27 list sequential events.

5) Proposition 6 does not contain a conclusion from 5.

22 . From sentence 2, write down the antonyms.

23. Among sentences 15-23, find a sentence that is related to the previous one using a particle and an antonym. Write the number of this offer.

24 .

“From the first sentences, V. Veresaev introduces readers to the circle of the problem. Reflecting on a real writer, in the second sentence he uses (A)_____ (“not to observe, ... but to live”). The author emphasizes that if the writer behaves differently, then “... the fresh sprout of talent turns yellow and dries up.” This trope - (B)_____ enhances the impression of what you read. (B)_____ (sentences 15-23) makes the text come alive. A syntactic device such as (G)_____ (sentences 11, 13) helps the author convince the reader of the correctness of the thesis expressed.”

List of terms:

1) contextual antonyms

2) comparative turnover

3) phraseology

4) anaphora

5) extended metaphor

6) socio-political vocabulary

7) question-and-answer form of presentation

8) quoting

9) series of homogeneous members

Text 3.

(1) What a mirror of life our language is! (2) No, he is truly great, remaining free and truthful to this day. (3) He accepts everything, responds to everything, like a Pushkin echo; moreover, he will take in foreign words and teach them to produce new forms (not clone!) from outdated and borrowed words. (4) The only trouble is that all this sometimes happens in an ugly, illiterate mixture.

(5) Thus, in a short period of time, such words as familiar in sports as “fanatic” and “fan” managed to become Russified and even differentiated in meaning, and now “fan”, and even religious fanaticism takes on a different coloring. (6) There were once “fans”, even theatrical “claquers” (French), but now fanatics have separated themselves from “fans”. (7) There are also football fans (not “fans”) and pop fans.

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in V. Dahl’s dictionary as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“privat-docent”, “private conversation” "), we managed to nationalize so much that the word “privatization,” even in everyday language, always sensitive to nuances, acquired a disparaging sound, becoming “privatization.” (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that finds its way into the popular language, into folklore, into an anecdote, already becomes “ours”, “ours”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

(10) Linguistic colors are everywhere. (11) What a field for observation of linguists, writers, actors! (12) But how unusually and spiritually ancient words sound in our super-busy speech, which are gone temporarily, but live on the pages of the classics and await bright days.

(13) In no case should we turn a blind eye to the fact that, in addition to foreign words, we are also overwhelmed by criminal vocabulary. (14)Where did these “cool”, “cool”, “roofy”, “cool” come from? (15) Their source is clear. (16) But why do they flourish among quite decent young people, sound from the screen, and are full of prints?

(17) This conversation can be continued by anyone who cares about our language. (18) Even now he is “great, powerful, truthful and free.” (19) We only spoil it ourselves, forgetting that it is alive, so there is no need to offend it with vulgarity, other people’s rubbish, profanity, clerical delights, and incompatible mishmash.

(According to T. Zharova*)

* Taisiya Vasilievna Zharova (born in 1923), member of the Union of Journalists, veteran of the Great Patriotic War. The main theme of creativity is the fate of the Russian language.

20 Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The core of a modern literary language is commonly used vocabulary.

2) In fiction, it is sometimes appropriate to use colloquial, slang words to create local flavor.

3) The problem of non-compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language is often raised in the media.

4) Changes in the lexical composition of the Russian language reflect changes in society.

5) The ancient words are gone temporarily, but they live on the pages of the classics and await brighter days.

21 . Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1-4 include descriptive elements.

2) Sentences 13-16 present the reasoning.

3) Proposition 12 contains the conclusion of the argument.

4) Sentences 5-9 provide examples of the statement made in sentence 4.

5) The predominant type of text is narrative.

22 . From sentences 3-6, write down contextual synonyms.

23. Among sentences 10-19, find one that is connected to the previous one using a possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

24. Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The speech of the author of the text is especially emotional when it comes to the beauty and richness of the Russian language. This is emphasized by such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (A)_______ (sentences 1, 11), and such a device as (B)_______ (“accepts everything, responds to everything”), and such lexical means as (B)_______ ( “super-businesslike” in sentence 12) and (G)_______ (“great, powerful, truthful and free” in sentence 18), make speech expressive, figurative and allow a deeper understanding of the author’s position.”

List of terms:

1) epithet

2) dialectism

3) lexical repetition

5) litotes

6) parcellation

7) colloquial word

8) phraseology

9) rhetorical exclamation

Text 4.

(1) In modern society there is a whole ocean of problems. (2) They surround us everywhere, and no matter which path you take, new ones arise. (3) Let’s take the question of reading - in class, at home. (4)0 whether they read a lot, how they read, how they relate to the book. (5) This is also a very complicated matter. (6) Now, according to my observations, they read much less than 25-30 years ago. (7) I remember the war years, when as a boy I found myself in evacuation, in the rear, in special hospital conditions. (8) What a great value the book was for us! (9) They were ready to exchange it for any boyish joy - for stamps, for slingshots, and for anything. (10) Moreover, not to exchange for personal use, but only to read. (11) This was already happiness. (12) The most popular boys among us were those who knew how to retell a book that no one had seen. (13) Those who could tell “The Three Musketeers”, “The Headless Horseman” and ... “War and Peace”. (14) Yes, yes, “War and Peace,” this most serious work, I heard in the stories of an eleven-year-old boy. (15) At the age of ten I read Gogol’s “Dead Souls” and Schiller’s “Cunning and Love.” (16) I can’t say that I understood a lot, but I still imagine some scenes from Schiller.

(17) Under the influence of the ever-accelerating, increasingly nervous rhythm of life, a trend has emerged that many consider inevitable and logical: instead of reading voluminous novels by great writers, you can watch a film adaptation and get acquainted with the contents of the book. (18) More or less successfully... (19) Some believe that this is very modern and gives a great advantage to a person, since it saves his time, which must be spent on familiarizing himself with the work. (20) This is so convenient for a schoolchild who needs to read so much “according to the program”!

(21) I think that television is the great enemy of books. (22) It’s a misfortune that children watch too much TV indiscriminately and read too few books. (23) Of course, television is a great power and it is difficult to do without it in our lives and in our studies. (24) But it must be used more wisely. (25) When a restaurant offers us a menu of a hundred dishes, we naturally don’t take everything. (26) One or two, and we’re already full. (27) But what are we doing with television? (28) Chaotically, when we have to, we turn on the device and “watch” whatever they show. (29)Barbarism. (ZO) We need to shape the children’s taste so that they can choose what they can discuss later with friends and teachers.

(31) Education of taste is a separate topic. (32) This can only be done on tall samples. (33) Unfortunately, many works of art have now appeared of a very low artistic level. (34) Getting used to them, we lose our bearings. (35) You can cultivate taste in Tolstoy, in Dostoevsky, in Pushkin. (Zb) The main thing is to learn to distinguish what is really beautiful and what is fake. (37) What is new and original, and what is banal and worn out, has been encountered a thousand times. (38) Therefore, it is not art: art is always new, it reveals something. (39) Taste can be cultivated only by reading, thinking, and looking at truly perfect texts.

(According to V. Lakshin*)

* Vladimir Yakovlevich Lakshin (1933-1993), Russian literary critic, literary scholar, prose writer, memoirist, author of famous television programs about Russian classics.

20 .Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) One of the problems of modern society is the fading interest in reading.

2) You should use the opportunities that television provides more wisely.

3) You can cultivate artistic taste through any works.

4) Cultivating taste is impossible without thoughtful reading of books.

21 . Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 21-27 present the narrative.

2) Sentences 31-39 present the reasoning.

3) Sentences 25-30 explain the content of the statement made in sentences 23-24.

4) Proposition 22 explains the content of the statement made in sentence 21.

5) The predominant type of text is description.

22. From sentence 12, write down the phraseological unit.

23 . Among sentences 31-39, find one that connects with the previous one using an introductory word and antonyms. Write the number of this offer.

24 . Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Turning to one of the pressing problems of our time, V. Lakshin recalls his childhood. He reflects on the book, using such syntactic means as (A)_____ (sentence 8), (B)_____ (sentence 9), and such lexical means as (B)_____ in sentence 22. The author draws readers' attention to the role of the classic literature, using such a syntactic means of expression as (D)_____ in sentences 36-37.”

List of terms:

1) epithet

2) antonyms

3) exclamatory sentence

4) dialectism

5) metaphor

6) parcellation

7) quoting

8) colloquial vocabulary

9) a number of homogeneous members

Text 5.

(1) Many consider the concept of honor to be outdated, outdated, in the sense that it is not applicable today - the conditions are not the same. (2) For some, this is associated with such actions as a duel: how else can you protect your honor from insults? (3) Others believe: honor today has been replaced by a higher concept - integrity. (4) Instead of a man of honor, a man of principles...

(5) How can a sense of honor, a sense of self-worth, a purely personal moral feeling become obsolete? (6) How can the concept of honor become obsolete, which is given to a person once, along with a name, and which can neither be compensated nor corrected, which can only be preserved?

(7) I remember an incident connected with the name of A.P. Chekhov. (8) In 1902, the tsarist government annulled the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academician. (9) As a sign of protest, Korolenko and Chekhov refused the title of academicians. (10) For Chekhov, this was not only a social act, but also a personal one. (11) He wrote in a statement that when Gorky was elected, he saw him and was the first to congratulate him. (12) And now, when the Academy of Sciences has announced that the elections are invalid, it turns out that he, Chekhov, as an academician, admits this. (13) “I congratulated you heartily, and I recognize the elections as invalid - . such a contradiction does not fit in my mind, I could not reconcile my conscience with it,” he wrote to the Academy of Sciences. “And after much thought, I could come to only one decision... to relinquish my title of honorary academician.” (14) But circumstances developed that seemed to be independent of Chekhov, and he could have found an excuse for himself.

(15) Beliefs, of course, are a necessary thing. (16) But there is such a simpler, concrete concept as a word given by a person. (17) It is not confirmed by any document or certificate. (18) Just a word. (19) Let’s say a business person who promised to make repairs by such and such a date, gather people, bring equipment, and receive those who came from afar. (20) You never know what else. (21) Well, what a disaster, I didn’t accept it, didn’t do it, didn’t bring it. (22) He’ll do it in a month, he’ll accept it in two days, and thank you for that. (23) It happens that there really is nothing terrible, no catastrophe, if we exclude one circumstance - the word, the word was given.

(According to D. Granin)

20 .Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) The concept of honor is not applicable in the modern world.

2) Honor is given to a person, like a name, once.

3) Anton Chekhov refused the title of academician as a sign of protest.

4) A word given by a person does not require confirmation by any document.

5) There is nothing wrong with the fact that a person did not keep his word, no.

21 . Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 4 confirms the judgment expressed in sentence 3.

2) Sentences 8-9 present the narrative.

3) Sentences 15-17 present the reasoning.

4) Sentence 19 contains a descriptive fragment.

5) Sentences 5-6 contain a narrative.

22 . Write down synonyms from sentence 1.

23 . Among sentences 5-12, find one that is connected to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

24. Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“A talented publicist, D. Granin skillfully combines accurate facts with a deeply personal attitude to events and characters, with genuine emotionality. This determines the combination in the text of such techniques as (A)_____ (sentence 13), (B)_____ (“the word, the word was given” in sentence 23), such a trope as (B)_____ (sentences 21-22), and such a syntactic device as (D)_____ (for example, sentence 6).

List of terms:

1) extended metaphor

2) quoting

3) irony

4) lexical repetition

5) epithets

6) litotes

7) jargon

8) comparative turnover

9) rhetorical question

Answers

234

123

thundered

2836

123

Outside-Inside

1579

124

Ugly-illiterate

9341

124

234

Didn't see it in my eyes

3926

234

123

Outdated-not modern

2439

Explanation.

Main problems:

1. The problem of acquiring a sense of responsibility and a sense of duty as characteristic features of an adult. (How do they become adults?)

2. The problem of growing up. (Is growing up always associated with brave, heroic deeds?)

3. The problem of growing up in war. (Why did young men grow up faster during the war?

1. Growing up of a person (young man) is, first of all, acquiring the readiness to be responsible for one’s actions, to accept responsibility not only for oneself, but also for other people.

2. Sometimes, to become a real man, you don’t need to perform a feat, for this it is enough to feel responsible for your actions and the actions of others.

3. During the war they grew up faster because the responsibility for what was happening at the front was too great.

Explanation.

Main problems:

The problem of the truth of literary talent.

The problem of creativity and money (is it possible to create for money?)

One of the main reasons for the appearance of a literary work should be the need to tell people something.

Explanation.

Main problems:

1) The role of language in the culture of the people (is it worth rejoicing at the “linguistic diversity” - the functioning in modern speech of archaisms, neologisms, the abundance of foreign language vocabulary, the use of colloquial words?);

2) The problem of clogging the Russian language (how dangerous is it for the existence of the Russian language to use criminal jargon and profanity in people’s speech?).

1) Language reflects the “not a distorted mirror of life”, the history of the people; and observations of changes taking place in the vocabulary of the Russian language must be carried out, this is very useful

and interesting;

2) The language must be protected from contamination with profanity, jargon, and vulgarisms.

Explanation.

Main problems:

1) The problem of reading in modern society (why have modern youth begun to read less? Has the attitude towards books changed in society?);

2) The problem of modern young people realizing the high spiritual value of books (maybe television can become an alternative to books?);

3) The problem of cultivating taste (what helps to cultivate a taste for reading?).

1) The book has always been of great value for the younger generation, but under the influence of living conditions (in particular, the nervous rhythm of life, the unreasonable use of television), they began to read less, which led to the erosion of the concept of a true work of art;

2) The book has always been and will remain a source of knowledge of the world, a means of improving the inner world of a person, therefore it is very important today to understand the purpose of the book as a guide in the spiritual quest of modern young people, to realize that television cannot replace a book;

3) It is necessary to cultivate taste in high examples of art, including the best works of Russian classical literature.

Explanation.

Main problems:

1. The problem of preserving the concept of “honor” in the modern world. (What does the word “honor” mean for modern people? Is this concept outdated?)

2. The problem of being true to your word. (What is the relationship between being true to your word and having a sense of honor?)

Author's position:

1. A sense of honor is a sense of self-worth; it cannot become outdated: it is the moral core of a person.

2. For a decent person, it is important to be honest, first of all, to himself, to remain true to his word, this is where his sense of honor is manifested.

Basic information you need to know when writing an essay in task C1.

Basic information

Plan

1. Introduction (2-3 sentences leading to the topic of the text under review).
2. The problem raised in the text.
3. Comment.
4. Author's position.
5. The student’s position on the problem raised in the text (agreement, disagreement, partial disagreement, ambivalent or contradictory assessment).
6. Arguments confirming or refuting the author’s position (the student gives at least two arguments, based on his life and (or) reading experience).
7. Conclusion (1-2 sentences should complete the essay and connect it with the source text).

Speech samples

How to start an essay

You can start:

For example:
K. G. Paustovsky (M. M. Prishvin) is one of the amazing masters of artistic expression, his works instill in us a reverent attitude towards nature, the ability to see beauty in the world around us. So the text I read takes me to
or
But in this text, the author plays the unexpected role of a philosopher and reflects on the “mirror” connection between man and nature.

2) from a long series of homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalizing word (abstract nouns that denote concepts related to the topic of the text are most often used as homogeneous members).

For example:
Faith, hope, love (loyalty, devotion, friendship, mutual assistance, mercy, etc.) - without these moral categories it is impossible to imagine the spiritual life of a person. A well-known modern publicist in his article shares with readers his reflections on the fact that...

3) from two to three rhetorical questions leading to the topic or main idea of ​​the text (in questions it is appropriate to use antonym words).

For example:
In our age of contradictions and social upheavals, how can we not forget how to distinguish true from false? How to understand what has a beneficial effect on the soul, and what corrupts and destroys it? How to distinguish culture from “pseudoculture”? He reflects on these complex philosophical problems in his article...

For example:
I have thought more than once that the most important concepts in life are very difficult to explain in words. Love, faith, happiness - it is impossible to live without these moral categories, and it is not so easy to “define” them. In this text, the author proposes to reflect on the role...

Comments

The text says (narrates, describes, the author reflects, argues, etc.) about...
- In a short article, the author touches on several important issues: ...
- In the text under review, one can note a high “density of thought”: the author speaks not only about ..., but also about .... The author achieves such semantic capacity with the help of ....
- The author does not formulate the main idea of ​​his article, but with the whole course of reasoning he leads us to the conclusion: ….
- After reading the text, I came to a conclusion (I understood, I came to a conclusion, I understood the author’s position).
- The content of the text is much broader than its topic. When talking about..., the author means...

For example:
a) The author comes to an interesting, unexpected conclusion: “masterpieces exist not only in art, but also in nature.”
b) S. Soloveichik shares with readers his thoughts that faith is “the most important function of the soul.” The author unobtrusively, without excessive edification, proves that without this “transmission mechanism” between the mind and heart, the soul of a person will “dry up.”

Speech samples for expressing your own opinion about what you read
Key phrases for the text on a current, topical topic:

I have thought about this more than once and therefore the topic of the text is close and understandable to me.
Despite the fact that I had thought a lot about ... before, the author’s thought about ... seemed interesting and unexpected to me.
The topic of the text is close and understandable to me, because I myself have experienced similar feelings more than once (I found myself in such a situation).
The problem... cannot but worry my contemporaries. A well-known publicist... in his article talks about...

Key phrases for popular science text:

In the lessons ... I studied in the section ..., so the problem that the author of the text is talking about is familiar (understandable) to me.
The author speaks clearly about complex scientific concepts, using general scientific terms (examples).
To make his point of view more convincing, the author quotes (refers to the opinion of) such famous... as...
Although the text seemed difficult to me at first, after reading it a second time, I realized that...
Frankly, I had never read about ... before, so the text ... interested me, I learned a lot about ...

Key phrases for the text on a topic far from the student’s interests:

After reading the text (by the author), I caught myself thinking that I had never thought about...
I found the author’s idea about... interesting and unexpected.
My limited life experience does not allow me to express a clear position on this issue. But after reading the text, I thought that... (I found out that)
I have never thought about this problem before, and I'm afraid my position will seem vague.
Therefore, I have to agree with the author, who managed to talk about...

Speech samples for finishing an essay on this text

You need to finish the essay with a phrase that sums up everything that has been said and logically connects the student’s creative work with the text read.

Here are a few successful, in our opinion, final phrases from the graduates’ essays.

1) Reading the text by V. Astafiev helped me to establish my opinion that friendship, combined with the love and care of loved ones, shapes a person’s personality. In addition, the author “infected” me with his optimism: I also want to believe that there are more good people in life than evil ones.
2) After reading the article, I realized how fragile this museum world is, how short-lived its “exhibits” are, which are often subject to “consumer” attitudes. So let's work together to ensure that these age-old values ​​retain their significance for future generations.
3) S. Soloveichik’s article touched a nerve in me, prompted me to think that I am grateful to my parents for my upbringing: they instilled in me a belief in the best, and I hope that this “function of the soul” will help me in life.

Composition of the essay

The text must contain at least 5 paragraphs:

Introduction;
problem;
analysis of the source text based on the author’s position;
expression and argumentation of one’s own position;
conclusion - conclusions.

Useful reminders

Memo 1. Main problem
The main problem is the one that has become the object of the author's thoughts, on which he mainly reflects; to which he returns repeatedly, on which the author’s position is clearly stated.

In the text

is being researched
analyzed
rises
is being considered
affected
problem (what? - R.p.)
moral choice
ecology
good and evil, etc.

delivered
stated
reviewed
nominated
affected
raised
formulated
researched
analyzed

Memo 2. Evaluative words
Without evaluative words that help convey the impression of what was read, the examinee’s position is not considered formulated!

I enjoyed reading it...
you can't remain indifferent...
Unfortunately, ...
To my great surprise, I learned that...
the author’s conviction in the correctness of his assessments cannot but arouse the reader’s sympathy
Sharing the author's indignation, I want to say that...
The originality of the author's solution to this problem is admirable
outrages (pleases, delights, upsets, etc.) that...
What’s interesting is how the author... etc.

Memo 3. Arguments

The arguments are also:
links to television, radio, movies
names of historical figures
references to recognized authorities and their works
eyewitness accounts
event names
quotes
dates
various facts (place, circumstances, participants in events)
own observations and conclusions
provisions of official documents
various social laws
Nature laws
folk wisdom (proverbs, sayings, signs, etc.)
statistical data
examples from fiction, popular science, and historical literature
examples from the lives of others

1. Clearly, directly, directly
in the title of the text
in separate sentences of the text
through a series of arguments

2. Through the modal text plan
rhetorical questions
rhetorical exclamations
word order
lexical repetitions
evaluative vocabulary
modal words and particles
a number of introductory words, phrases, sentences
Language clichés for presenting the author’s position:
The author believes that...
The author claims that...
The author is convinced that... and such confidence is not unfounded.
It is important for the author to convince the reader that...
The author's opinion is undeniable that...
The author's goal is to make the reader pay attention to...
The author's task is to convince readers that...
The author defines his attitude to the problem raised as follows: ...
The author leads the reader to the idea that...
The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that...
Solving the problem, the author comes to the following conclusion: ...
“...” - these words, in my opinion, reflect the idea of ​​the text.
"..." - in this statement (indicate the author) the idea of ​​the text is reflected.
"..." - this statement accurately reflects the position of the author.
... - this is the main idea (thought) of the text.
“...” - it is this thought that reflects the author’s position.
... - these linguistic means allowed the author to figuratively and vividly express his position.
... - this sentence contains the author’s direct assessment...
... - all this allowed the author to express the idea that...
... - this is what the author thinks about the problem he raised.
... - this is the result of the author’s thoughts on the main problem.
The author's position is obvious: ...

Memo 5. Comments
The comment should not contain:

retelling the source text or any part thereof
reasoning about all the problems of the text
comments about the actions of the characters in the text
general reasoning about the text (after all, the examinee needs to comment on one of the problems!)

Cheat Sheet 6. Ethical Mistake
An ethical error is associated with manifestations of verbal aggression, both externally expressed and hidden.

Speech aggression is rude, offensive, offensive communication; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form unacceptable in a given speech situation: insult, threat, rude demand, accusation, ridicule, use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, argot.

Sample essay-reasoning based on the text read

Text

(1) Polya’s inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much more terrible than even Rodion’s captivity or his mortal wound.

(2) “No, this is completely different,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, over-read triangle from under the pillow.

(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stay in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Polina’s address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the train to the Blagoveshchensk dead-end street, then why didn’t he at least write a postcard to his beloved one on his way to the active army?..

(6) So, this was his first news from the front, more than two weeks late. (7) In any case, now it will become clear with what thoughts he went to war. (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the piece of paper, which was all pierced with a pencil—it was apparently written on her knee. (9) I had to go to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.

(10) Varya immediately came across the main place.

(11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why I was silent all this time was that there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected completeness and straightforwardly, as in confession. (12) – We are still retreating, retreating day and night, occupying more advantageous defensive positions, as the reports say. (13) I was also very sick, and even now I have not fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock. (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am quite healthy, completely intact, there is not a single scratch on me yet. (15) Burn this letter, I can tell you alone in the whole world about this,” Varya turned the page.

(16) The incident happened in a Russian village, which our unit passed through in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company... and maybe the last in the entire army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently taught at school to love the Red Army... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wildflowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take the bouquet, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, but took it from her, abandoned to the mercy of the enemy... (23) Since then, I have kept that dried broom with me constantly, on my body,

It’s like I’m carrying fire in my bosom, I’ll tell you to put it in the grave with me if anything happens. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity! - (25) Then two lines came across that were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, whether my whole life will be enough to pay for that gift...”

(27) “Yes, he has grown a lot, your Rodion, you’re right...” Varya said, folding the letter, because with such a line of thinking, it is unlikely that this soldier would be capable of any reprehensible act.

(28) Hugging, the girlfriends listened to the rustling of the rain and the rare, fading beeps of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, the unfilled crater on Veselykh Street, as they were already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat resounded throughout the country in those days.

(According to L. Leonov*)

Composition

Introduction

Every person goes through a process of growing up at a certain period in his life. Most people mature over a period of years, gradually gaining life experience. Someone becomes an adult quickly, performing, for example, some heroic act. And for only a few, growing up occurs instantly, unexpectedly.

Problem Statement

The problem of a person growing up cannot leave anyone indifferent, including the famous Russian writer, author of the novel “Russian Forest” Leonid Leonov. It does not depend on time, on a person’s nationality and on what country he is a resident of. What does growing up depend on?