Nutrition for the kidneys. Itching due to kidney disease Kidney irritation

• Causes of renal colic
• Forecast of complications

Renal colic manifests itself as repeated attacks of acute, sharp, often unbearable pain in the lumbar region, sometimes radiating to the front of the abdomen, groin area or external genitalia, to the rectum. Pain during renal colic practically does not depend on the patient’s body position and can begin at any time of the day or at any time of the year. Pain syndrome due to colic in the kidney is most often caused by dysfunction of the urinary tract and blockage of the renal ducts.

The main symptom of colic in the kidneys is severe pain, the intensity of which does not change when the patient moves or changes the position of the body. Various diseases can cause an attack: urolithiasis, nephritis or hydronephrosis, kidney tuberculosis, peritoneal fibrosis, oncological or inflammatory diseases. Acute pain in renal colic is associated with obstruction of the urinary tract and stretching of the fibrous capsule of the kidney or deformation of the renal pelvis. Kidney pathologies very often cause an attack of intense pain, requiring immediate surgical treatment.

There are a lot of diseases that cause attacks of acute pain in the kidneys, but the most likely cause of their occurrence may be urolithiasis, which causes the deposition of stones in various parts of the kidney itself, the bladder, ureter or urethra. The different locations of the accumulation of stones are due to their migration with the urine stream from the site of deposition until their independent exit from the urethra. Migrating concrements, stones, can irritate the fibrous capsule and block the urinary ducts, which is the most common cause of colic.

Blockage of the ducts and urinary retention in parts of the kidney can be caused by inflammatory processes, for example, with pyelonephritis. Oncological diseases or tuberculosis damage to kidney tissue can lead to blockage of the urinary canals with dead tissue or blood clots, which can also cause acute attacks of pain - colic in the kidneys.

Some gynecological diseases, in particular uterine fibroids or adnexitis, can cause kidney dysfunction due to the growth of adhesions in the area of ​​the urinary canals. Diseases of this kind are diagnosed through a vaginal examination. In men, factors that provoke renal colic may be overheating of the body, heavy physical work, inflammatory diseases of the prostate and urinary tract, general weakness of the body due to poor diet and low fluid intake. The accumulation of fluid in the renal cavities, increased pressure in the renal cavities and the resulting deformation of the fibrous capsule lead to irritation of pain receptors, causing renal colic.

Risk factors that provoke the appearance of colic include:

1. Hereditary predisposition.
2. Manifestation of mild forms of urolithiasis.
3. Infectious diseases of the urinary tract.
4. Elevated body temperature that persists for a long time.
5. Low fluid consumption.
6. Prolonged high physical activity.

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Characteristic symptoms and signs of renal colic

Diagnostic measures include collecting anamnesis, identifying the presence of hereditary, infectious or oncological diseases. In laboratory tests, a general urine test is performed to determine the presence of urolithiasis, glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis. In addition, the diagnosis of renal colic includes examining the patient for the presence of pain when urinating, deviation in the color of urine, the presence of edema and other characteristic signs of kidney disease.

An ultrasound examination of the kidneys to diagnose urolithiasis, edema, tumors, displacements or congenital kidney pathologies can be considered quite informative. In some cases, X-ray excretory urography cystography is used to determine the symptoms of renal urolithiasis. X-ray examination methods should be excluded in case of renal colic in children and pregnant women, due to their high sensitivity to ionizing radiation.

The main symptoms of colic in the kidneys include:

1. Paroxysmal pain.
2. Localization of pain in the lumbar region.
3. Irradiation of pain to the abdomen or rectum.
4. Pain in the groin area, urethra.
5. Nausea, single vomiting.
6. Painful urge to urinate.
7. Blood in urine.
8. Slight increase in temperature.
9. Fever and chills due to the infectious nature of the disease.

When diagnosing, special attention is required for right-sided renal colic. This is due to the fact that the clinical manifestation of an attack of right-sided colic in the kidney is similar to the manifestations of an acute attack of inflammation of the appendix. The presence of a calculus (stone) in the ureter on the right side localizes pain on the right in the iliac region, which is typical for acute inflammation of the appendix.

A characteristic difference between an attack of right-sided renal colic and pain during appendicitis is the independence of pain from body position during colic in the kidneys and the spread of pain to the inguinal ligament or genital area.

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Treatment of renal colic and diseases that provoke them

The main treatment procedures for colic in the kidneys are pain relief or pain relief. The patency of the urinary tract is restored, swelling and stretching of tissues are eliminated, as well as the normal functioning of the kidneys. Treatment and pain relief is carried out with analgesic and antispasmodic drugs, such as Baralgin, No-shpa (Drotaverine), Indomethacin, Diclofenac, Atropine, Papaverine, Nitroglycerin. To relieve spasms, you can use a bath with heated water or a warm heating pad.

If the cause of colic in the kidneys is urolithiasis, then treatment is prescribed depending on the stage and severity of the disease. It is possible to use surgery, use special drugs or ultrasound to destroy stones and remove them from the body.

Folk remedies for the treatment of kidney diseases are also widely used. These include decoctions of chamomile, rose hips, and lingonberry leaves.

Complex treatment, adherence to diet and fluid intake have a fairly reliable and lasting therapeutic effect.

In particularly difficult cases, the appearance of renal colic requires mandatory hospitalization. Such cases include:

1. Unsatisfactory physical well-being of the patient or advanced age.
2. Absence of one kidney.
3. Bilateral renal colic.
4. Complications after taking medications or drug intolerance.
5. Lack of positive reaction to the administration of drugs.
6. Poor living conditions.

During the treatment of colic, it is necessary to observe complete rest or semi-bed rest, adhere to a strict diet that excludes spicy, salty, smoked foods, and also limits the consumption of chocolate, some types of dairy products, and meat in excessive quantities. When organizing meals for patients with renal colic, fresh bread and confectionery, legumes, mushrooms and mushroom broths, hot sauces, smoked meats, fatty foods, sharp and salty cheeses, eggs, garlic, onions, and seasonings are excluded from the diet. A salt-free diet for patients with colic in the kidneys should be based on treatment table No. 10, focused on limiting the energy saturation of the diet and eliminating ingredients, sauces and seasonings that irritate the kidneys and liver.

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Hidden ailments are often indicated by a constantly sore throat and even... cracked heels.

When sitting down to eat, few people think about how the kidneys will react to different drinks and foods. Meanwhile, experts advise: you should always remember this.

What are kidneys? And why is it so important not to irritate them?

The kidneys are a kind of pump with a filter that passes through everything that a person eats and drinks, and then drains it into the bladder, explains the main function of the vital organ, Nikolai, a urologist, associate professor of the department of urology and nephrology of BelMAPO, chairman of the Belarusian Association of Urologists Ven. - Many people are probably interested in how alcohol affects the kidneys. I will say this: alcohol is different from alcohol.

Drinks that contain a lot of toxic substances, and these are, first of all, cheap wines, moonshine, home-made vodka - a real poison for this very delicate organ. Experts know that low-quality alcohol can even cause your kidneys... to melt. Why? Everything that poisons the body not only passes through the kidneys, but also concentrates in them. In addition, the kidney is one of the organs that regulates blood pressure, as well as acid-base balance, the release of various ions, salts and other substances from the body. The human body consists of minerals, organic substances, acidic and alkaline solutions. We are 80 percent water, so we react immediately to any disturbance in the acid-base balance.

Just not thirst!

Meanwhile, kidney health depends on little things that many of us don’t even pay attention to. For example, what we drink and how much. Alas, most people do not attach importance to maintaining a drinking water regime. Many people do not understand that if the body is thirsty, then the density of urine, the concentration of what the body must get rid of, will be high. This means the risk increases

The signs of kidney disease in adults are very recognizable and simple. They will be discussed in this article, because for correct and quick treatment it is very important to make a correct diagnosis.

Kidney diseases are characterized by urination disorders, lower back pain, and swelling. Many diseases may be characterized by increased body temperature, shortness of breath, and increased blood pressure. The patient's appearance changes. There are often general complaints.

Urinary disorders

Decreased urine output

A decrease in the amount of urine output (oliguria) or a complete absence of urine output (anuria) may be due to acute renal failure as a result of acute.

The causes of acute urinary retention are often obstruction of the urinary tract (prostate adenoma, urolithiasis). Sometimes anuria can be caused by extrarenal fluid loss (fever, profuse sweating in hot weather).

A decrease in urination in a patient suffering from chronic kidney disease should alert one to the possibility of the disease progressing to end-stage chronic renal failure, especially if the onset of oliguria was preceded by a period of heavy urination and thirst.

Increased urine output

Increased blood pressure

Persistent high arterial hypertension, which does not cause pronounced sensations in patients and is difficult to respond to antihypertensive therapy, makes one suspect damage to the renal arteries. This assumption is confirmed by ultrasound examination of the renal vessels.

Kidneys are one of the main filters of the body. Blood plasma is filtered through them, turning first into primary and then into secondary urine, which carries away excess nitrogenous waste and mineral salts. Normally, the internal environment of the kidneys is sterile.

However, microflora often appears in the kidneys, causing inflammation. This is facilitated by developmental anomalies (expansion of the pyelocaliceal apparatus). Among the causes of renal pathologies are autoimmune processes, tumors, and structural abnormalities.

The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is represented by a vascular glomerulus surrounded by a capsule and a system of tubules. The glomerulus filters the blood, and partial reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chlorine ions occurs in the tubules.

Clinical classification of kidney diseases

Glomerulopathies are the predominant lesions of the glomeruli.

• Acquired: inflammatory (glomerulonephritis) and dystrophic (diabetic or hepatic glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis).
• Hereditary: hereditary amyloidosis, Alport syndrome (nephritis with blindness), lipoid nephrosis.

Tubulopathies are pathologies with predominant involvement of the tubules.

• Acquired obstructive: myeloma and gouty kidney.
• Acquired necrotic: necrotizing nephrosis.
• Hereditary ones develop against the background of deficiencies in various enzymatic systems: phosphate diabetes, Albright's syndrome, tubulopathy with nephrolithiasis.

Kidney stromal diseases– acquired inflammation such as pyelonephritis or tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Kidney abnormalities:

• polycystic disease,
• kidney underdevelopment,
• kidney prolapse.

Kidney tumors:

• renal cell carcinoma
• kidney adenoma
• transitional cell carcinoma
• pelvic cancer
• nephroblastoma (in children).
• metastases to the kidneys of pancreatic tumors, blood cancer.

Metabolic pathologies: urolithiasis disease.

Vascular accidents: renal artery thrombosis, renal infarction.

Symptoms of kidney disease

Pain

In case of kidney diseases, they are located in the lumbar region or side. For different pathologies, the intensity of pain will be different.

• Thus, the most unbearable acute pain comes from an attack of urolithiasis, when the urinary tract is blocked by a stone. In this case, the pain will be not only in the projection of the kidney, but also along the ureter on the anterior abdominal wall. There will also be a reflection of pain in the groin and genitals. Pain increases with movement and decreases with rest.
• Torsion of the renal pedicle with a wandering kidney also causes intense pain. When the kidney prolapses (nephroptosis), lower back pain occurs during physical activity or when lifting heavy objects.
• Inflammatory diseases, accompanied by swelling of the kidney tissue, give long-term aching, dull pain in the lower back, which is sometimes perceived as heaviness in the side. When tapping on the kidney area, the pain intensifies.
• Late stages of primary kidney tumors or metastatic lesions cause pain of varying intensity.

Urinary disorders (dysuria)

These are often the first symptoms of kidney disease, characteristic of most kidney pathologies. This may include increased frequency of urination (with pyelonephritis), pain (pyelonephritis, urolithiasis), frequent false urges (pyelonephritis), frequent urination at night (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis).

• Changes in the daily rhythm of urination (frequent nighttime and rare daytime urination), called nocturia (with glomerulonephritis), are also observed.
• Polyuria - when more urine is excreted than normal (2-3 liters), for example, when emerging from acute renal failure, into the polyuric stage of chronic renal failure.
• Oligouria is a decrease in the volume of urine in one portion or per day (with interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis).
• Anuria is acute urinary retention (with acute or chronic renal failure, blockage of the urinary tract with a stone, interstitial nephritis).

Changes in urine indicate problems in the kidneys

Cloudiness of urine visible to the eye is characteristic of inflammatory kidney diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis) due to the appearance of protein in the urine. Similar phenomena will be observed during the disintegration of renal tumors or the rupture of an abscess or carbuncle of the kidney. Such symptoms of kidney disease in women can be masked by gynecological problems.

• Urine the color of meat slop is characteristic of bleeding against the background of urolithiasis, in some forms of glomerulonephritis. Similar symptoms in men can be caused by urological pathologies, so differential diagnosis is required.
• Dark urine is a consequence of an increase in its concentration. It can become like this during inflammation.
• Urine that is too light may be due to a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to concentrate it. This occurs in chronic pyelonephritis, although this can also happen normally with a significant drinking load.

A rise in temperature accompanies infectious processes

Pyelonephritis will give a temperature of up to 38-39, and with apostematous nephritis (abscess or carbuncle of the kidney), the temperature can rise even higher.

Blood pressure surges

They are characteristic of glomerulonephritis, when damage to the glomerular vessels leads to spasm of the arteries. Also, with congenital anomalies of the renal vessels, increased blood pressure may be observed. The third case when arterial hypertension is observed is torsion of the vascular pedicle of the vagal kidney.

Nausea and vomiting

Reflex nausea and vomiting accompany pyelonephritis, surges in blood pressure, and chronic renal failure, in which poisoning with nitrogenous waste occurs.

Edema

This is a common manifestation of kidney diseases (see). They are divided into nephritic and nephrotic.

• Nephritic - the result of a rise in blood pressure, against the background of which the liquid part of the blood enters the intercellular space. They are located on the face, in the eyelid area and most often occur in the afternoon. Quite soft and easily removed with diuretics (see). They are typical for intersticial nephritis (for example, against the background of intolerance to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or the early stages of glomerulonephritis.
• Nephrotic edema is a consequence of an imbalance of protein fractions. They develop due to the difference in oncotic pressure after a night's sleep. Such swelling is located on the face. Later - on the legs and arms, lower back. In advanced cases, the lower back may swell. Anterior abdominal wall or continuous edema (anasarca) develops with accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, pericardial sac, and pleural cavity. These swellings are denser, take longer to develop and are more difficult to remove. They can be observed in glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure.

Skin changes

They are presented by pallor against the background of anemia (due to impaired production of erythropoietin by the kidneys) with glomerulonephritis. , dryness and “powderiness” develop against the background of chronic renal failure due to the accumulation of nitrogenous bases in the blood.

Renal syndromes

Numerous manifestations of kidney diseases are often combined into several syndromes, that is, complexes that are characteristic of different pathologies.

Nephritic syndrome

It is characteristic of infectious nephritis (usually post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, Berger's disease. Secondarily, this symptom complex develops against the background of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus nephritis). This syndrome can also be a consequence of radiation exposure or a reaction to vaccines.

• There is always blood in the urine (macrohematuria - when blood is visible to the eye - in about a third of all cases, or microhematuria, which is determined only by urine analysis), see.
• Edema is characteristic of eighty percent of patients. This is a nephritic type of edema. In the afternoon, the eyelids swell, and by night, swelling appears on the legs (see).
• Approximately 80% of patients have elevated blood pressure, which in advanced cases can be complicated by rhythm disturbances and pulmonary edema.
• Half of the patients experience a decrease in daily urine volume and thirst.
• More rare manifestations of the syndrome include: nausea, vomiting, appetite disorders, weakness, headaches, pain in the lower back or abdomen. Very rarely there is an increase in temperature.

Nephrotic syndrome

Characteristic of diseases with damage to the renal tubules (see tubulopathies).

• Edema is characteristic of 100% of cases of nephrotic syndrome. They are dense and are described in the section nephrotic edema.
• Protein excretion in urine exceeds 3.5 grams per day.
• A biochemical blood test determines a decrease in total protein due to albumin, an increase in lipids (cholesterol above 6.5 mmol per liter).
• There may be a decrease in urine production (oliguria) of up to 1 liter per day.
• Patients often have dry skin, dull hair, and pallor.
• A number of situations are manifested by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Acute renal failure syndrome

This is an acute violation of all renal functions, as a result of which water, electrolyte and nitrogen metabolism are disrupted. This condition develops against the background of interstitial nephritis, acute necrosis of the renal tubules, and thrombosis of the renal arteries. In some cases the process is reversible.

Let's consider the clinic of acute interstitial nephritis. This pathology is a consequence of non-infectious inflammation of the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys. The main reasons are:

• taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, aspirin)
• poisoning with substitute alcohol
• taking antibiotics (penicillins, gentamicin, kanamycin, cephalosporins), sulfonamides
• immunosuppressants (azathioprine), allopurinol, warfarin.
• This disease can also develop against the background of acute infection with streptococcus, as a manifestation of systemic diseases (lupus, Sjögren's syndrome, transplant rejection)
• In cases of poisoning with vinegar, heavy metals, and aniline, interstitial nephritis also develops.

Manifestations of the disease occur 2-3 days after taking medications or infection. There is a decrease in the amount of urine, and then an acute cessation of its production and excretion. In this case, swelling is not typical. Patients have headaches and nausea. Weakness, dull pain in the lower back. Less commonly – fever, itchy skin and spotty rashes on the skin.

With the reverse development of the condition, excessive urination occurs (polyuria) and renal function is restored. In case of an unfavorable outcome, the kidneys become sclerotic and their function is not restored, turning into chronic renal failure.

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

This is the outcome of a long course of renal pathologies, in which the place of nephrons is gradually taken by connective tissue. As a result, the kidneys lose their functions and, as a result of severe chronic renal failure, the patient may die from poisoning by products of protein metabolism. This is how most chronic glomerulonephritis, renal amyloidosis, kidney tumors and nephronecrosis end against the background of thrombosis or ischemia of the renal tissue. Large ones, polycystic, also lead to kidney shutdown. Diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis of the renal arteries also lead to a similar syndrome.

Chronic renal failure is characterized by a gradual increase in the number and severity of manifestations. The more glomeruli have died, and the lower the glomerular filtration rate, the more severe the symptoms.

• The skin in the initial stages is pale due to anemia against the background of low production of erythropoietin by the kidneys. As urinary pigments are retained in the tissues, the skin acquires a yellowish tint and the urine becomes lighter. Then comes skin itching, dry skin and “uremic frost” or “powder” of urea crystals. Secondary pustular skin infections due to scratching and loss of local immunity are common.
• Phosphorus-calcium metabolism is also disrupted against the background of increased synthesis of hormones from the parthyroid glands, which break down more easily. Secondary gout may also develop due to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints and soft tissues.
• The nervous system is usually depressed. Patients are prone to depression, and some experience outbursts of anger or aggression. When damaged, the peripheral nervous system produces polyneuropathy (a sensation of goosebumps on the skin, disorders of sensory and motor activity of the limbs). Muscle twitching or muscle pain may occur.
• Persistent arterial hypertension appears, which is difficult to treat with medication. In some cases, patients suffer cerebral hemorrhages or heart attacks.
• Patients also experience heart rhythm disturbances, shortness of breath, and inflammation of the heart muscle. In the later stages, damage to the pericardial sac (pericarditis) with a peculiar (“funeral” pericardial friction noise) is characteristic.
• Irritation of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract by urea can cause inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. There are cases of pulmonary edema.
• Appetite decreases, ammonia-like breath appears. Nausea and vomiting and weight loss may develop. Ulcerations of the oral mucosa, esophagus and stomach are common.

In severe stages of chronic renal failure, patients who do not receive hemodialysis or without a kidney transplant die.

Kidney diseases in children

Symptoms of kidney disease in children are identical to those in adults, but may be more subtle, especially in early childhood (up to three years). In addition, children are characterized by some types of tumors that are not found in adults due to high mortality in childhood (nephroblastoma). In children, inflammatory renal pathologies occur more easily due to the lower tone of the urinary tract and underdevelopment of their walls, as well as the relatively wider calyces and renal pelvis.

Manifestations of certain kidney diseases

Acute pyelonephritis

It is characterized by a rise in temperature against the background of an acute infectious process (infection with staphylococcus, E. coli). Dull aching or pressing pain in the lower back, weakness, lethargy, nausea, and sometimes vomiting are typical. Pain appears at the end of urination or after it. Characterized by darkening of the urine and its turbidity. Episodes of nighttime urges are noted. Protein appears in a urine test; there may be red blood cells (see). Blood tests are characterized by accelerated ESR, leukocytosis, and a shift of the formula to the left.

Chronic pyelonephritis

It has a long-term course with episodes of exacerbations such as acute nephritis and remissions, when changes can only appear in urine tests and excretory urography. Hypertensive and anemic variants of chronic pyelonephritis are known (see).

Kidney tuberculosis

It does not have any clear specific manifestations. In the early stages, the patient may feel unwell, with a temperature of up to 37.5. As the disease develops, dull aching pain in the lower back on the affected side, visible blood in the urine, and urination disorders occur. If the kidney begins to fall apart, the pain can be severe, resembling. Gross hematuria is typical only for 15-20% of patients; the same number of patients suffer from high blood pressure in the later stages of the disease.

In urine analysis, protein, leukocytes, and red blood cells appear. Bacteriological examination of urine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes decisive in diagnosis. X-ray signs of lung damage and exposure to tuberculosis are also taken into account. Immunospecific blood reactions (PCR) are informative in approximately 90% of patients. Tuberculosis is not visible on ultrasound.

Diffuse chronic glomerulonephritis

• This is an autoimmune pathology in which immune complexes attack the glomeruli of the kidney.
• The hypertensive variant is characterized by a persistent increase in lower (diastolic) pressure.
• With the nephrotic variant, edema syndrome is observed in combination with a large loss of protein in the urine and a decrease in blood proteins.
• The combined form produces nephrotic syndrome and persistent arterial hypertension.
• Berger's disease (hematuria) includes blood in the urine, increased blood pressure, and swelling.
• The urinary or latent form manifests itself only in changes in tests (microhematuria and traces of protein in the urine).
• With a long course of glomerulonephritis, the clinic of chronic renal failure is added to the main manifestations.

Kidney cancer

It can flow hidden for a long time and is often only a laboratory find (see). When the ESR accelerates in blood tests, and there are red blood cells and protein in the urine. In the later stages, dull pain in the lower back appears, which becomes sharp and pronounced as the kidney tissue disintegrates. Anemia, signs of intoxication (weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss) and low-grade fever (up to 37.9) may appear. Very large tumors can press on the inferior vena cava, causing swelling of the legs or liver.

Basic methods for diagnosing kidney diseases

If kidney disease is suspected, the following list of examinations is usually prescribed:

• Clinical blood test.
• Biochemical blood test (total protein, protein electrophoresis, lipid spectrum or cholesterol, creatinine, urea, prothrombin index, electrolytes, C-reactive protein, circulating immune complexes)
• General urine analysis. If necessary, according to Nechiporenko (more accurate urinary sediment in 1 ml of urine), Zimnitsky test (clarification of the concentration function of the kidneys).
• For men, a three-glass urine sample. For women - examination by a gynecologist.
• Calculation of glomerular filtration rate based on creatinine clearance (24-hour urine analysis).
• Excretory urography with contrast agents (excretory and concentration functions are determined).
• (neoplastic growths, stones, expansion of the pyelocaliceal system, interstitial edema, necrosis, developmental abnormalities, prolapse of the kidneys).
• Plain radiography in two positions (for nephroptosis).
• Less commonly, kidney scintigraphy or tomography (usually to clarify the location of the tumor).

Thus, the manifestations of renal pathologies are diverse and not always specific. Therefore, at the first doubt about the health of your kidneys, it is advisable to consult a general practitioner or urologist and undergo at least a simple examination. Timely diagnosis and treatment can not only get rid of the disease, but also improve the quality of life in the future and prolong life itself.

Human kidneys is an organ that provides selection process. Consequently, if there are the slightest changes in the process of their functioning, we can talk about a developing disease.

Any kidney disease in children and adults during development manifests itself with pronounced symptoms. The most common symptoms of kidney disease are change in the amount of urine excreted, as well as her colors, composition. A person constantly feels pain in the lumbar region. All these ailments manifest themselves under the influence of pathogens, as well as toxic substances. Sometimes the reason is also allergic reactions . Treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases is carried out only after the doctor clearly determines the cause of the disease. Depending on how serious the symptoms and course of the disease are, the prognosis is determined. Often, provided that a person receives adequate help on time and also follows a diet for kidney disease, the disease is completely cured. But in some cases it may develop renal failure . Therefore, at the slightest suspicion of the development of pathology, the patient should definitely visit a doctor.

Causes of kidney diseases

When we talk about kidney diseases, we mean a fairly large group of pathologies, the development of which gradually damages the kidney tissue. The causes of such diseases can be a variety of influences. A number of diseases develop as a result of the impact of infection on the human body, and this can be either bacterial , so viral defeat. Impaired urine flow negatively affects kidney function. Formations such as tumors and cysts can provoke impaired kidney function. In addition, the causes of kidney disease can be metabolic disorders, autoimmune damage to the body, congenital developmental anomalies, and a decrease in the functional activity of the parenchyma. The normal functioning of the kidneys is also affected by the stones that sometimes form in them.

Symptoms of kidney disease

All symptoms of kidney disease are divided into are common And characteristic . General symptoms are difficult to attribute specifically to kidney pathologies. If a person believes that his kidneys hurt, then this and other signs need to be paid special attention. If your kidneys hurt, symptoms may indicate other diseases. Information about the nature of all disturbing signs, as well as a detailed description of how the kidneys hurt, must be submitted to the doctor.

Typically, kidney disease manifests itself with some common symptoms. When the disease first develops, the patient feels a slight chill and a certain degree of general discomfort, which makes him feel overwhelmed. But the problem is often that such signs are characteristic of the onset of a cold, and severe pain in the kidneys does not appear immediately. Sometimes at this stage of the disease it is enough to take the simplest measures to prevent further progress of the disease: warm your feet, take a hot drink.

But if a person ignores the first signs of the disease, then the symptoms continue to grow further. The patient begins to feel feverish and his temperature rises. Gradually the lower back and back begin to hurt. Depending on which kidney is affected - the right or left - you may experience pain in a certain area of ​​the lower back. Less commonly, lower back pain occurs on both sides. In addition, common symptoms include increased blood pressure.

When thinking about what to do in such a situation, the patient should realize that at this stage of the development of the disease, treatment should be prescribed by a doctor.

Typical symptoms include swelling , occurring both on the face, in the eye area, and throughout the body. The latter phenomenon is more typical for obese people. Also, edema in women with kidney problems often appears with. In this case, it is important for a woman to clearly know why swelling occurs and what to do if it does not go away for a long time.

Kidney disease also causes problems with urination. With the development of a certain disease, you may experience pain or burning during urination (very frequent urination), oliguria (very infrequent urination). Sometimes it is absent altogether.

Another characteristic symptom is that it is cloudy and the shade changes significantly. It often contains blood particles.

If you have any of the symptoms of kidney disease described above, you should immediately contact a specialist who will help establish the cause of the disease and diagnosis. Self-medication, especially with the use of medications, can lead to serious deterioration of the condition.

Hereditary and chronic kidney diseases

It happens that symptoms of kidney disease in children appear almost after birth. In this case, one should suspect the presence hereditary diseases. In this case, throughout a person’s life, it is important to avoid relapses of the disease, which is facilitated by the correct approach to prevention. An active lifestyle and consuming enough vitamins are important. But with the development of a severe form of any of the diseases, there is a need for periodic prescription of medications.

Chronic kidney diseases in children and adults appear as a consequence of an incorrect approach to treating the acute form of the disease. If a person does not seek help after experiencing symptoms of kidney disease, they will develop a chronic form of the disease over time. To ensure that any kidney disease, or urinary tract infection have not become chronic; first of all, adequate and correct treatment is required immediately after the first signs of kidney disease appear.

Let's take a closer look at the most common diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Glomerulonephritis

This is a disease that is inflammatory and autoimmune in nature. When the kidney glomeruli and tubules are damaged. The disease can develop independently, as well as accompany other ailments. The most common cause of this kidney disease is streptococcal infection , in more rare cases it develops against the background, malaria . Also, the cause of the disease is sometimes hypothermia and the influence of toxic substances.

Highlight spicy , subacute And chronic glomerulonephritis. In the acute form, the patient is bothered by pain in the kidneys, swelling in the eye area on the face, as well as swelling of the limbs, seizures arterial hypertension , changes in the state of urine are observed, the temperature rises, pain in the lower back, in the right or left part, increases. As a rule, this disease manifests itself in a person several weeks after suffering an infectious disease.

In the chronic form, which develops in most cases as a consequence of acute glomerulonephritis, the symptoms are similar to those of the acute form of the disease. Doctors highlight hypertensive , nephrotic , mixed And latent forms of the disease.

It takes a long time to treat this disease, sometimes therapy lasts several years. The patient is prescribed a diet, antihypertensive and diuretic drugs, as well as long-term treatment with corticosteroids. If necessary, other treatment methods are practiced.

Pyelonephritis

This is an inflammatory kidney disease, in which the pathological process also involves the calyx, renal pelvis, and renal parenchyma. Due to its anatomical structure, it most often affects women. The inflammatory process can be caused either by microorganisms that are constantly present in the human body, or by microflora that enters from the outside. The causative agents of the disease are often Proteus , staphylococcus , streptococcus , . Sometimes the disease manifests itself as a result of the action of several different pathogens at once. But pyelonephritis occurs if a person has a disruption in the outflow of urine from the kidney, and there are also disturbances in the blood flow and lymph circulation, and against this background the pathogen enters the body.

Doctors define three forms of pyelonephritis - spicy , chronic , recurrent . The acute form of the disease develops as a result of decreased blood pressure, hypothermia, and also after the use of certain instrumental research methods. The chronic form often results from acute inflammation of the kidney and lack of proper treatment.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of ultrasound examination of the kidneys, x-rays and other diagnostic methods. In the course of therapy, initially a broad spectrum of action is used, and later, after studying the results of a study on sensitivity to antibacterial drugs, treatment is carried out with targeted antibiotics. General restorative treatment methods are also practiced.

Nephroptosis

Urolithiasis disease

The formation of stones in the bladder occurs due to metabolic disorders in the body, as well as when the functions of the endocrine glands are impaired. One of the factors influencing the process of stone formation is stagnation of urine in the urinary tract. In addition, the hereditary factor plays an important role in this case. The stones have a heterogeneous composition - they can be phosphates, urates, oxalates.

Patients with kidney stones often suffer from renal colic, which causes severe pain. In this case, you cannot self-medicate. The main principles of treatment are the removal of stones, as well as the treatment of inflammation associated with kidney stones.

Features of the treatment of other kidney diseases

There are also a number of other kidney diseases that require an adequate approach to treatment. But in all cases, kidney treatment must be carried out in a timely manner, since there is a possibility of complications such as kidney cancer, etc. Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to practice exclusively kidney treatment with folk remedies or herbs at home.

For any disease, consulting a doctor is important. For example, if a person is diagnosed with a single diagnosis, then in this case it is sufficient to conduct an annual study. Treatment of a kidney cyst is required if complications or polycystic disease occur. In this case, the person is predominantly prescribed laparoscopic surgery.

Sand in the kidneys as a sign of urolithiasis occurs due to metabolic disorders. In this case, in parallel with taking medications, treatment with traditional methods is practiced. However, like the treatment of kidney stones, it must be carried out under the supervision of a physician.

Drug treatment of kidney diseases is practiced for most ailments. However, if a person is diagnosed with hydronephrosis, inflammation, kidney prolapse or other ailments, then antibiotics and medications belonging to other groups are selected exclusively individually. It is also important to take into account the fact that the treatment of such diseases during pregnancy should be as gentle as possible. Women prone to kidney disease are advised to adhere to a diet during pregnancy, consuming as little spicy foods and salt as possible.

Urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection has a bacterial nature. In the process of its development, infection of the urinary system occurs. In most cases, the disease occurs due to ingestion of coli . Once in the urine, bacteria multiply and cause a urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection in children and adults manifests itself with a number of characteristic symptoms. First of all, this is cloudy urine and the appearance of an unpleasant odor. There may be blood in the urine. A person feels a very frequent need to urinate, and in the process feels pain and severe discomfort. Symptoms of the disease can also include general malaise, abdominal and pelvic pain. When the upper urinary tract is infected, a person may suffer from nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. In this case, it is important to provide treatment not for the symptoms, but for the disease itself.

Women are more likely to suffer from urinary tract infections because their urethra is shorter than that of the stronger sex. In addition, it is closer to the anus, so the risk of infection increases.

The infection more often affects women who are sexually active, as well as women during menopause. In addition, the infection affects people with kidney disease and some chronic illnesses that weaken the body's defenses.

The types of urinary tract infections are (bladder infection), (urethral infection).

To diagnose urinary tract infections, it is necessary to conduct a urine test, cytoscopy, and some other research methods.

The choice of treatment method directly depends on what kind of infection - upper or lower urinary tract - was diagnosed in the patient.

If the patient has a lower urinary tract infection, treatment can be carried out at home. In severe cases of upper tract infection, the patient is hospitalized. During the treatment process, antibiotics, analgesics, and other drugs and methods are used as recommended by a doctor. Relapses of the disease are often observed as complications of the disease.