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Concomitant pathology of the genitourinary organs (such as infections such as cytomegalovirus, chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis), as well as hormonal disorders, also plays an important role. Therefore, to prevent relapses of dysplasia, it is necessary to cure all genital infections.

To prevent cross-infection, the woman’s sexual partner must also undergo diagnosis and treatment.

How does pregnancy proceed after treatment of cervical dysplasia with cauterization?

If cervical dysplasia is not treated, complications may occur during pregnancy. The most typical problems are miscarriage, dysfunction of the placenta, and fetal development abnormalities.

In medical institutions, the treatment of cervical dysplasia is mainly practiced using cauterization (physical or chemical methods). After which you may experience:

• Difficulties with conception - scar changes narrow the lumen of the cervical canal;
• The likelihood of rupture of the cervical canal during childbirth - after cauterization, the cervix becomes less elastic, and scars may remain on it.

That is why, if a woman plans to become pregnant in the near future, treatment with destructive methods is not carried out. Doctors recommend planning a pregnancy after this procedure no earlier than six months to a year later.

After cauterization for a month, all women are prohibited from:

• Have sex
• Use sanitary tampons
• Douche and take a bath
• Visit swimming pools, baths, saunas
• Engage in heavy physical labor, lift weights, engage in intense sports
• Take blood thinners (such as acetylsalicylic acid)

In addition to following these recommendations, it is necessary to undergo regular examinations with a gynecologist for early detection of signs of recurrence of dysplasia.

Is it possible to cure cervical dysplasia with folk remedies?

In most cases, cervical dysplasia requires surgical treatment. However, there are a number of folk remedies that can significantly alleviate the course of the disease. Before starting treatment with folk remedies, we recommend that you consult your gynecologist to exclude contraindications.

In the treatment of cervical dysplasia the following are used:

• Vaginal tampons with aloe. One aloe leaf ( not younger than three years of age) must be crushed and left in an enamel bowl for 10 - 20 minutes. After this, the tampon is moistened in the resulting juice and inserted into the vagina for 20 - 30 minutes. The procedure must be performed 2 times a day ( in the morning and in the evening) within 1 month. Aloe improves metabolic processes at the cellular level, activates the protective properties of tissues, increases resistance to damaging factors and accelerates wound healing.
• Healing collection based on calendula. To prepare the collection, you need to take 50 grams of calendula flowers, 40 grams each of rose hips, nettle leaves and yarrow. All of these ingredients need to be crushed and mixed, then prepare an infusion at the rate of 1 teaspoon of herbal mixture per 1 glass ( 200 ml) boiling water. Use for douching ( rinsing) vagina 3 times a day. It has an anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating and wound-healing effect, and also improves metabolic processes in tissues.
• Tampons with sea buckthorn oil. Sea buckthorn oil protects cells from damage by various aggressive factors, has a general strengthening effect, and also accelerates the healing and restoration processes of mucous membranes. The tampon is soaked in sea buckthorn oil, lightly squeezed out and inserted into the vagina at night. The duration of treatment is no more than 1 month.
• Decoction of eucalyptus leaves. It has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral effects. These effects are achieved thanks to the tannins, essential oils and a number of other components contained in eucalyptus leaves. To prepare a decoction, add 2 tablespoons of crushed eucalyptus leaves to 300 ml of hot water, bring to a boil and boil for 15 minutes. Cool to room temperature, strain thoroughly and add another 200 ml of boiled water. Use for vaginal douching 2 times a day ( in the morning and in the evening).
• Propolis ointment. Propolis activates metabolic processes in tissues and has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. To prepare the ointment, 20 grams of propolis are mixed with 400 g of melted butter and heated over low heat for 20 minutes. Tampons are soaked with the resulting mixture and inserted into the vagina for 15 to 20 minutes twice a day. Duration of treatment is 1 month.
• Green tea. It has been scientifically proven that green tea has a pronounced antioxidant effect, that is, it increases the resistance of body cells to harmful factors ( free radicals and others), thereby reducing the risk of developing malignant neoplasms. For cervical dysplasia, green tea infusion is used for vaginal douching. To prepare the infusion, pour 2–3 teaspoons of tea leaves into 1 glass ( 200 ml) boiling water and leave for 1 hour. Use warmed to body temperature 2 times a day.
• A decoction of bergenia roots. The rhizome of bergenia has an astringent and antimicrobial effect. To prepare a decoction, 100 grams of crushed bergenia root is poured with 500 milliliters of hot boiled water. Bring to a boil over low heat and simmer for 20 minutes, then cool and store in a cool, dark place. For douching, 1 tablespoon of decoction ( 15 ml) must be diluted in 1 glass ( 200 ml) warm boiled water.

It is important to remember that all described recipes and treatment methods must be agreed with your doctor.

Is cervical erosion different from dysplasia?

Cervical erosion and cervical dysplasia are two different pathological conditions that differ both in causes and mechanisms of occurrence, as well as in treatment methods.

Erosion is a pathological condition in which a certain area of ​​the mucous membrane of the cervix is ​​destroyed and the submucosal layer is exposed. Despite the seriousness of this disease, it rarely becomes malignant ( degenerates into a malignant tumor).

Dysplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by a violation of the cellular structure of the mucous membrane of the cervix. Without treatment, cervical dysplasia often progresses to cervical cancer.

Comparative characteristics of cervical erosion and dysplasia

Principle of the method
The cells of the human body contain a large amount of water, which actively absorbs high-frequency ( 3.8 – 4 Megahertz) radio wave radiation, turning into vapor. This causes coagulation ( protein folding and cell destruction) in tissues located directly in the affected area, while healthy tissues are not damaged.

The advantages of the method are:

• High accuracy. With the help of computer technology, it is possible to remove even the smallest foci of dysplasia.
• Minimal damage to healthy tissue. This method allows you to remove the area of ​​cervical dysplasia at the border with healthy tissues, practically without damaging them. The thermal burn during radio wave treatment is several times less than during electrocoagulation or laser removal of dysplasia.
• Possibility of outpatient treatment. For radio wave removal of cervical dysplasia, hospitalization is not required. After the procedure, the patient can go home, but follow-up visits to the gynecologist are required over several months.
• Painless. During the procedure, the nerve endings responsible for the formation and transmission of pain impulses are destroyed, so pain during and after the procedure is very insignificant.
• Cosmetic effect. After the procedure, rapid and complete tissue restoration occurs. Full recovery is observed after 3–4 weeks. Postoperative scars are not formed.

High-frequency radio wave treatment is absolutely contraindicated:

• If cancer is suspected. In this case, it is necessary to accurately confirm the diagnosis, since using this method to remove cancer can lead to serious complications ( in particular, to metastasis - the spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream throughout the body).
• In the presence of infectious diseases of the external genitalia, cervix, or uterus itself.
• During a fever. The use of this method is contraindicated for all diseases that occur with fever, headaches and muscle pain, heavy sweating and other symptoms.

The consequences of radio wave treatment for cervical dysplasia can be:

• Vaginal discharge. Marked within 1 week after the procedure. Vaginal discharge may be bloody or mucous in nature ( ichor), are not accompanied by pain and usually disappear within 2 to 3 days.
• Bleeding. If bleeding begins soon after the procedure, you should immediately consult a doctor.
• Infectious complications. They are extremely rare and usually develop due to poor personal hygiene.
• Temperature increase. There may be a slight increase in body temperature ( up to 37.5 – 38ºС). You should consult a doctor if the numbers are higher, or if the temperature does not return to normal within 2 days.

What can be the complications and consequences of cervical dysplasia?

In the absence of adequate and timely treatment, cervical dysplasia can lead to the development of a number of complications. In addition, the longer treatment is delayed, the larger the area of ​​dysplasia will be, and the more traumatic its removal will be, which can also lead to undesirable consequences.

Cervical cancer
It is the most dangerous complication of cervical dysplasia. Typically, the process of malignant degeneration of dysplasia into a tumor takes from 2 to 10 years, but sometimes faster development is possible ( within a few months). As in the case of dysplasia, the clinical manifestations of cervical cancer in the early stages of the disease are mild. Initially, the tumor affects only the mucous membrane, but as it progresses it spreads to the deeper layers of the organ and neighboring tissues ( on the body of the uterus, on the vagina). The main symptom is frequent bleeding from the vagina outside the menstrual cycle. As a result of metastasis ( spread of tumor cells throughout the body through the flow of lymph and blood) lymph nodes and distant organs are affected ( lungs, bones and others). In the later stages, the disease manifests itself as severe abdominal pain, increased body temperature, swelling of the lower extremities, and general exhaustion.

Undesirable consequences of treatment for cervical dysplasia may include:

• Bleeding. The greatest risk of bleeding is observed after surgical removal of cervical dysplasia, since in this case the wound surface is especially large. Bleeding can be triggered by sexual contact, the use of sanitary tampons, or careless medical manipulation. Other methods ( cauterization, radio wave treatment) are less likely to be complicated by bleeding.
• Scar formation and difficulties during childbirth. Scars of varying severity can form on the uterine mucosa after removal of dysplasia by any of the methods. Under normal conditions, during the first stage of labor, the muscle fibers of the uterus contract, resulting in the opening of the external os of the cervix. However, scar tissue does not have the same stretchability as muscle tissue. As a result, the resulting lumen of the cervical canal will be narrower than normal, which can create obstacles in the process of childbirth. This can also cause cervical rupture ( a newborn fetus) and the development of bleeding during childbirth.
• Relapse ( recurrence of the disease). A possible cause of relapse of cervical dysplasia is the human papilloma virus. Modern methods of treating the disease, such as cauterization ( laser or electricity), cryodestruction ( destruction by cold exposure) or surgery removes only the area of ​​dysplasia itself, but does not eliminate the cause of its occurrence. If the papilloma virus remains within healthy tissue, the disease may develop again over time. It is also possible that a woman will be re-infected with this virus ( during subsequent unprotected sexual intercourse). A less common cause of dysplasia is incomplete removal of damaged tissue during treatment.
• Infectious complications. The procedure for removing dysplasia by any method significantly reduces the local protective properties of the cervical mucosa, which can cause infectious complications. To prevent this, it is recommended to observe the rules of personal hygiene and refrain from unprotected sexual intercourse for 1 month after treatment.

Is there a drug treatment for cervical dysplasia?

Drug treatment can be used for any degree of cervical dysplasia along with other therapeutic measures ( cauterization, surgery, etc.). The main directions of drug treatment are strengthening the body's defenses and fighting the viral infection that could cause the disease.

Drug treatment of cervical dysplasia

Group of drugs	Representatives	Mechanism of therapeutic action	Directions for use and doses
Immunostimulants	Isoprinosine	Stimulates the activity of immune cells ( lymphocytes, macrophages) against pathogenic viruses ( including in relation to the human papillomavirus), and also blocks the reproduction of the viral particles themselves.	Orally, 12–15 mg per 1 kilogram of body weight 3 times a day. Duration of treatment is 10 – 15 days.
	Reaferon(interferon alpha-2)	Increases the resistance of healthy cells to the effects of viral particles. It also has anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating and antitumor effects.	The dosage and regimen of use are selected by the attending physician in each specific case.
	Prodigiosan	Increases the body's nonspecific protective properties by activating immune system cells.	Intramuscularly at a dose of 25–30 micrograms once a week. The course of treatment is 3 – 6 weeks.
Vitamins	Folic acid(vitamin B9)	Folic acid deficiency can cause disruption of the maturation of cells in the mucous membrane of the cervix, which contributes to the development of dysplasia. Replenishment of folic acid reserves ( especially during pregnancy) significantly reduces the risk of disease.	If there is an established deficiency of folic acid in the body, the drug is prescribed orally at a dose of 5 mg 1 time per day. The duration of treatment is 1 month, after which they usually switch to a maintenance dose ( 150 – 300 micrograms per day).
	Retinol(vitamin A)	Vitamin A is directly involved in the processes of cell division of mucous membranes. Its deficiency in the body can contribute to the development of cervical dysplasia.	Orally, at a dose of 30–35 thousand IU ( International Units) 1 time per day.
	Vitamin E	Has an antioxidant effect ( slows down the formation of free radicals - substances that damage cell membranes). Prevents the transition of dysplasia to cervical cancer.	Orally, at a dose of 10 mg 1 time per day.
	Ascorbic acid(vitamin C)	Increases the body's resistance to viral and bacterial infections. Improves tissue restoration and is directly involved in many immune reactions.	Orally, after meals, 25–50 mg 2 times a day.
Microelements	Cephasel(selenium)	This trace element plays an important role in regeneration ( update and recovery) mucous membranes. Prevents the development of malignant neoplasms, including the degeneration of cervical dysplasia into cancer.	Take orally after meals. If selenium deficiency is established, 100 mcg of the drug is prescribed 3 times a day for 5 days, after which they switch to a maintenance dose ( 25 – 50 mcg 1 – 2 times a day).

Is it possible to have sex with cervical dysplasia?

Cervical dysplasia is not a contraindication for sex. At the same time, sexual contact with this disease ( including the period of time after treatment of dysplasia) can cause serious complications.

Cervical dysplasia is characterized by the appearance in the mucous membrane of the organ of atypical cells that are not usually found there. This pathology is a precancerous disease, that is, without appropriate treatment it can develop into cancer. Dysplasia does not occur overnight, but develops over a long period of time as a result of exposure to various factors. In other words, the appearance of this disease indicates a long and persistent pathological process in the body.

This fact is explained by the fact that under normal conditions a viral infection can be latent, that is, viral particles are present in the body’s cells, but due to the activity of the immune system they do not multiply and do not infect other cells. During pregnancy, there is a natural suppression of a woman's immune system. This happens so that the mother’s body does not perceive the developing fetus as “foreign” and begins to fight it. The negative effect of this process is the activation of a “dormant” infection. Viruses begin to actively multiply and infect new cells, causing mutations in their genetic apparatus. This condition is aggravated by the fact that during pregnancy there is a deficiency of folic acid in the female body, leading to disruption of regeneration processes ( recovery and update) mucous membranes.

After childbirth, the activity of the immune system and the reserves of folic acid in the woman’s body are restored, as a result of which the infection can again go into a “dormant” form, and dysplasia will disappear. It is worth noting that this phenomenon is observed quite rarely. More often, cervical dysplasia progresses and without appropriate treatment can develop into cancer.

Severe cervical dysplasia
It is characterized by the germination of atypical cells into the deep layers of the mucous membrane and the possible appearance of cancer cells. This condition requires immediate treatment ( surgical removal of cervical dysplasia), as it can turn into cancer.

Is it possible to give birth with cervical dysplasia?

Giving birth with cervical dysplasia is not prohibited. Difficulties may arise in severe forms of the disease, when the severity of the pathological process may pose a threat to the health of the mother and/or fetus.

With dysplasia, mutations occur in the cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix, as a result of which they change and become unlike the normal cells of this organ. These mutations are usually caused by infection ( herpes virus, human papillomavirus, chlamydial infection and others). The effect of dysplasia on the birth process is determined by the stage of the disease, as well as previous treatment.

Depending on the prevalence of the pathological process, there are:

• Mild degree of dysplasia. Characterized by damage to the surface layer of the mucous membrane. There is practically no danger to the pregnant woman and the fetus, since only in 10% of cases the disease progresses over the next 2 to 3 years. Such women need to be tested for the presence of human papillomavirus ( which is a common cause of this disease) and conduct a cytological examination ( that is, examine cells taken from the surface of the mucous membrane under a microscope). It is recommended to visit a gynecologist at least once a month and monitor the condition of the cervical mucosa. No specific treatment is required, and childbirth can occur through the vaginal birth canal.
• Moderate degree of dysplasia. As the disease progresses, the pathological process spreads to the deeper layers of the mucous membrane. The risk of malignant degeneration in this case is increased, and therefore the woman is recommended to undergo a cytological examination in each trimester of pregnancy. However, there is no immediate threat to the health and life of the mother and fetus, so if the results of the study do not reveal signs of dysplasia turning into cancer, the pregnancy can proceed normally and the woman can also give birth naturally.
• Severe degree of dysplasia. It is characterized by pronounced mutational changes in the cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix, damage to the deeper layers of the organ and a high risk of developing cancer. A cytological examination is required in each trimester of pregnancy, and if cancer is suspected, a biopsy is performed ( removal of part of the tissue in the dysplasia area and examination of its structure).

It is worth noting that during pregnancy a biopsy ( as well as removal of dysplasia by any of the methods) may be complicated by miscarriage or premature birth, and therefore all procedures should be performed only according to strict indications, in the operating room ( where emergency assistance can be provided to both mother and child). It is not recommended to give birth through the vaginal canal, as this can lead to a number of complications. If cancer is detected, then, depending on the duration of pregnancy, the question of its termination or artificial delivery is raised ( caesarean section) followed by surgical removal of the affected organ.

If a woman previously suffered from cervical dysplasia, and she received appropriate treatment ( cauterization, surgical removal and so on), there is a high probability of having a postoperative scar. If the scar is small, it will not affect the course of labor in any way. However, if it is large in size, this may disrupt the process of opening the external os of the cervix and the passage of the fetus through the birth canal, and therefore a caesarean section is considered.

Do I need to follow a diet if I have cervical dysplasia?

Proper nutrition not only helps to improve a woman’s general condition, but also slows down the progression of the disease and prevents the progression of dysplasia to cancer, and in some cases can lead to a complete recovery.

The functional state of the immune system plays an important role in the development of this disease. Infectious agents can remain in the female body for a long time, but thanks to strong immunity they will not be able to develop. For the normal functioning of the immune system, proper nutrition is necessary, as well as regular consumption of vitamins and microelements, which are not formed in the human body and come only from food. Their deficiency can lead to a decrease in immunity and activation of a “dormant” infection. At the same time, identifying and correcting a deficiency of a particular vitamin can contribute to a speedy recovery of the patient.

Vitamin/microelement	Role in the body	Foods rich in this vitamin/microelement
Folic acid	Folic acid plays an important role in the process of cell division in the body. Ensures normal renewal of mucous membranes and prevents the occurrence of genetic mutations in cells.	lettuce leaves; spinach; beans; orange; banana; strawberry; broccoli; White cabbage; buckwheat; wheat cereal; Walnut.
Vitamin A	Participates in regeneration ( recovery and healing) skin and mucous membranes. Activates the immune system and also reduces the risk of developing malignant tumors.	beef liver; butter; red pepper; wild garlic; seaweed; sour cream; cottage cheese; herring; milk.
Vitamin C	Participates in metabolic processes in the body. Increases the body's resistance to infections. Reduces the toxic effect of free radicals ( harmful substances formed in cells as a result of various pathological processes), thereby reducing the risk of cancer.	rose hip; black currant; sea ​​​​buckthorn; kiwi; green bell pepper; Brussels sprouts; broccoli; cauliflower; orange; sorrel; lemon; radish; quince.
Vitamin E	Reduces the toxic effect of free radicals on the body. Prevents the transition of cervical dysplasia to cancer.	wheat; barley; corn; oats; soybean oil; butter; peanut butter; parsley; almond; prunes; Walnut; buckwheat; lettuce leaves; green pea; salmon.
Beta carotene	Inhibits the formation of harmful free radicals in the body's cells, reducing the risk of dysplasia turning into cervical cancer. Stimulates the activity of the body's immune system as a whole.	carrot; pumpkin; sweet potato; apricot; peach; broccoli; lettuce leaves.
Selenium	increases the activity of the immune system; slows down the formation of free radicals; reduces the risk of developing cancer.	pork liver; chicken egg; celery; corn; beans; wheat; peanut; broccoli.

At the same time, women with cervical dysplasia should limit or completely eliminate from the diet a number of foods that can aggravate the course of the disease.

• Smoked and fried food– contains a large amount of carcinogens – substances that promote the development of malignant tumors in the body.
• Alcoholic drinks– reduce the protective properties of the body.
• Spicy seasonings.
• Genetically modified products.
• Sweets in large quantities.

Is photodynamic therapy effective for cervical dysplasia?

Photodynamic therapy has been successfully used for many years to treat cervical dysplasia and other gynecological diseases. This method is preferred for grade 1 or 2 disease, while grade 3 requires surgical intervention.

As the disease progresses, the number of atypical cells increases, they grow into the deeper layers of the mucous membrane, that is, grade 2 dysplasia develops. If the disease is not cured at this stage, atypical cells can affect all layers of the mucous membrane of the cervix ( What is typical for grade 3 dysplasia?). In addition, with grade 3 dysplasia, cellular mutations become more pronounced, as a result of which the cells can degenerate into cancer.

The principle of the photodynamic therapy method
At the beginning of the procedure, a gel containing a special substance – a photosensitizer – is applied to the dysplasia area. One of the properties of this substance is the ability to accumulate in pathologically altered cells ( in the zone of dysplasia), without penetrating into healthy cells of the mucous membrane. After 30–40 minutes, the dysplasia area is exposed to a special laser, under the influence of which the photosensitizer molecules are activated and the cells in which it is located are destroyed.

Since a small part of the photosensitizer can penetrate the systemic bloodstream, after the procedure it is recommended to limit exposure to the sun, watching TV, working at the computer, and so on.

The main advantages of the method are:

• high sensitivity ( healthy tissues are practically not damaged);
• painlessness;
• no bleeding;
• rapid wound healing process;
• absence of postoperative scars;
• maintaining the anatomical integrity of the cervical mucosa.

Photodynamic therapy is contraindicated:

• If you suspect cervical cancer - the procedure may promote metastasis ( spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream throughout the body).
• For grade 3 cervical dysplasia - in this case, there is a high probability of cervical cancer that has not been diagnosed.
• With increased sensitivity to photosensitizers - Allergic reactions may develop, including anaphylactic shock and death of the woman.
• During pregnancy - the drug can penetrate the placental barrier and damage the fetus.
• During breastfeeding - the drug may be excreted in breast milk.
• In case of renal and/or liver failure - These organs neutralize and remove the photosensitizer from the body.

Is it possible to sunbathe if you have cervical dysplasia?

Sunbathing with cervical dysplasia is not recommended, as this can provoke the progression of the disease and the development of cervical cancer.

The immune system plays an important role in the development of dysplasia, providing protection to the body from foreign infections, as well as preventing the development of malignant tumors. It has been scientifically proven that with normal functioning of the immune system, the human papilloma virus can remain in the cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix for a long time without manifesting itself. At the same time, when the immune system is weakened ( during pregnancy or with various chronic diseases) a “dormant” infection may be activated, as a result of which the virus will begin to actively multiply.

Ultraviolet rays also have a damaging effect on the genetic apparatus of skin cells and mucous membranes. To protect against their aggressive action, the pigment melanin is formed in the skin, which causes the color of the skin to change when tanning. However, a certain portion of ultraviolet rays still penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin ( especially in the first days of tanning, when melanin has not yet formed in sufficient quantities). This leads to the occurrence of many genetic mutations, meaning potentially a large number of cancer cells are formed. Normally, they are immediately detected by the body's immune system and destroyed, but with frequent and prolonged exposure to sunlight, the number of mutations that arise is so large that the immune system may not cope with its function, resulting in an increased likelihood of developing cancer.

If we consider that cervical dysplasia usually develops against the background of already reduced immunity, it becomes clear why, with this disease, one should limit the exposure of the body to direct sunlight as much as possible, and also refuse to visit the solarium.

Is IVF possible for cervical dysplasia?

Performing an IVF procedure ( in vitro fertilization) is not allowed in the presence of cervical dysplasia. This is due to the possibility of complications that may appear during pregnancy or after childbirth and pose a danger to both mother and child.

Dysplasia is characterized by damage to the genetic apparatus of the cells of the mucous membrane of the cervix. As a result of mutations that occur, atypical, abnormal cells appear in this area. Gradually multiplying, they affect an increasingly larger area of ​​the mucous membrane, and in the absence of appropriate treatment, they can degenerate into cancer cells.

Although the presence of dysplasia itself has virtually no effect on the IVF procedure, subsequent pregnancy can significantly complicate the course of the disease. That is why, before IVF, a woman must undergo a number of examinations and cure existing chronic diseases, including cervical dysplasia.

Herpes is a virus that manifests itself in the form of small blisters with a cloudy filling on the skin and mucous membrane. According to statistics, a third of the world's population are carriers of a dangerous infection, but are unaware of it. The insidious virus manifests itself when the body’s defenses are significantly reduced.

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Routes of infection

With weakened immunity, the herpes virus begins to become more active and appears most often on the skin of the lips and genitals.

How can you become infected with herpes:

• contact route: infection occurs through the use of household items (shaking hands, sharing utensils, towels, toys, etc.);
• airborne droplets (sneezing, coughing);
• directly through the mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals (during kissing, sexual intercourse).

When the herpes virus gets on the skin or mucous membrane, it easily penetrates the blood and lymph. As it travels through the bloodstream to the nerve endings, it is integrated into the genetic code of the nerve cells. The immediate response of the immune system to foreign invasion is the formation of antibodies that block the virus, but do not destroy it. That is why, when the immune system is weakened, it begins to act actively.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is one of the types of the virus. The localization of lesions in genital herpes is the male and female genital organs.

Infection occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse. In newborns, infection can occur as it passes through the birth canal.

Symptoms are expressed by malaise, fever, swelling and redness at the site of the lesion with the further formation of small blisters with exudate. When an involuntary opening occurs, the contents leak out, affecting healthy tissue. If the disease is severe, ulcers form in place of the blisters.

It is this type of herpes that affects the reproductive function of men and women.

Herpes as a cause of infertility

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According to statistics, 91% of the adult population has the herpes virus in their bodies. The situation is complicated by the fact that the disease is asymptomatic. A provoking factor in the aggressiveness of the virus is a significant decrease in immunity.

It is possible to detect carriage through laboratory tests. It has been proven that the herpes virus prevents not only classical pregnancy, but also artificial insemination.

Preventive measures:

1. Strengthening the immune system. If you have good immunity, herpes is not active.
2. Timely treatment for inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary system.
3. Treat herpes with antiviral drugs as prescribed by a doctor.
4. Avoid hypothermia - this can lead to a decrease in the body’s immune forces.

Herpes and infertility in men

Clinical studies have proven that the presence of herpes in men directly affects the quality of sperm. When infected with herpes in men, their activity and quantitative composition are significantly reduced. This significantly affects the ability to conceive a child.

Sperm become almost immobile, unable to fertilize an egg. If fertilization does occur, the fetus may have developmental abnormalities, which may lead to unforeseen consequences in the future.

When starting treatment for herpes, more than 75 days must pass for the quality of sperm to be completely renewed.

Herpes and female infertility

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If a woman has the herpes virus in her body, the percentage of chances of getting pregnant decreases several times. This fact directly affects the ability of a fertilized egg to attach to the uterine mucosa, so that the fetus can continue to grow and develop normally. Herpes prevents the egg from attaching to the wall of the uterus, making it almost impossible to get pregnant. It acts similarly on embryos during in vitro fertilization.

A woman infected with the virus puts her child at risk both in utero and during childbirth.
When the virus is active during pregnancy, the fetus becomes infected through the placenta, which leads to pathological infection of the placenta and subsequent fetal death.

If the infection occurred during a long period of pregnancy, then it is strongly recommended to deliver by caesarean section.

Treatment of herpes

1. To successfully treat herpes, you need to contact an experienced specialist for a correct diagnosis and competent treatment.
2. Use of an antiviral drug as prescribed by a doctor.
3. General strengthening of the body: taking vitamins, general hardening.
4. Take precautions to avoid infection with an insidious virus.
5. Self-medication is unacceptable; illiterate actions can lead to disastrous consequences.

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Just 20 years ago, no one took herpes seriously. Eruptions that appear on the lips or elsewhere were largely considered a cosmetic defect and a temporary inconvenience. However, the attitude towards herpes as youthful acne is a thing of the past - it turned out that it is not a harmless infection at all. And every year science discovers more and more new properties of this virus. It must be said that the face of an old acquaintance is becoming more and more unpleasant. What is the threat of a seemingly harmless infection?

A silent killer

The human herpes virus from the Herpesviridae family turned out to be not as simple and harmless as previously thought. In fairness, it must be said that there are more than a hundred types of herpes virus, but only eight of them cause problems in humans. Given that the virus is easily transmitted and the susceptibility to it is enormous, it is not surprising that, according to the latest data, almost 90% of the adult population of the world are its carrier. The insidiousness of the virus lies in the fact that it does not manifest itself immediately and is capable of causing the most unpredictable and unexpected consequences and complications. And it is not always easy to associate serious diseases with herpes infection. On our website we often analyze the nature of diseases - we will figure out why herpes is dangerous.

The most common types are human herpes simplex virus type 1 and genital herpes virus type 2. Virus type 7 causes the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome, which many people have been treating unsuccessfully for years, visiting a gastroenterologist, psychotherapist, or cardiologist. Type 8 virus is the most dangerous; it provokes the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and other malignant tumors. But it is extremely rare.

The mechanism of action of herpes is not fully understood. However, it has already been found that the virus does not circulate in the blood, as many people think. Only antibodies to it are found in the blood. Once infected, the virus enters the blood and lymphatic system. Having reached the ganglion nerve nodes, the virus chooses them as its habitat. After apparent recovery and disappearance of signs of infection, it remains in an inactive form in the nerve ganglia, turning them into a permanent source of infection. In its latent latent form, herpes remains in the body forever, becoming more active at every opportunity. According to the static theory, the virus is dormant in the nodes; according to the dynamic theory, it constantly moves through the nerve nodes and mucous membranes, but in such insignificant quantities that it does not cause visible manifestations.

As soon as something triggers the virus, it begins to actively multiply in cells - lymphocytes and infect the body. This explains why it can affect many systems and organs under the most unfavorable conditions. Are you bored and have dark thoughts creeping into your head? Take your mind off your problems! Moreover, charming Ufim girls are ready to help with this. You have never seen sex like this, you can be sure! Sweet independent girls will become worthy interlocutors and sexual partners!

The insidiousness of the virus lies in the fact that it disrupts the genetic mechanism of control of immune reactions, which leads to the development of immunodeficiencies and damage to various body systems. Of course, in terms of its consequences this is not, but nevertheless, the long-term consequences of infection with herpes are also not pleasant. It is already known that viral DNA invades many nerve cells. But how external stimuli such as exposure to the sun or hypothermia awakens it is not yet clear.

Herpes can be completely asymptomatic, in a hidden form; in a chronic form, when herpes rashes occur from time to time, as well as in the form of a slow viral infection, which develops over years and ends in the development of severe diseases that are not externally related to herpes. And such diseases can lead to death. This is why scientists no longer consider the herpes virus to be a harmless infection.

When the time is right, the virus and the body’s cells live in a state of balance. Until something pulls the trigger.

Declaration of war

While the virus is sleeping, a person may be completely unaware that he is its carrier.

Often, herpes may not appear throughout your life. Although the slow circulation of viruses in minute quantities can cause conditions that no one would think to associate with the disease. These are, first of all, a tendency to colds, weakness, fatigue, poor performance, which is often attributed to laziness, and a tendency to ENT diseases and respiratory diseases. In this case, they talk about a weak throat and lungs. Frequently enlarged lymph nodes may indicate the presence of a chronic source of infection.

The trigger for exacerbation of the process and the release of the virus can be anything. Most often this is stress, hypothermia, climate change, exposure to sunlight, especially sudden - when traveling to the southern regions to a seaside resort in winter; hormonal changes in the body or surges of hormones - the period of menstruation and pregnancy; other infections. Even physical and mental trauma, as well as alcohol, can trigger an attack of herpes infection.

How can you get infected?

It is very easy. Human herpes simplex virus is transmitted by airborne droplets and direct contact. Very often, infection occurs due to sharing the same things with an infected person - a comb, cup, towel become a source of infection. During the active phase, the virus is transmitted by kissing. The genital virus is transmitted sexually.

An expectant mother can transmit the herpes virus in utero if she is an active carrier. But most often a child is infected at the time of birth.

Signs of herpes

Almost everyone knows the signs of herpes simplex - this is the appearance of a large number of small blisters on the skin or mucous membranes, accompanied by itching and pain. The bubbles burst and become covered with a yellowish crust. Then the affected area heals. However, the disease did not disappear at all - it simply hid once again, continuing to destroy the body.

There are, of course, general signs of herpes, such as weakness, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headache, frequent urination, and muscle pain.

However, they do not always occur and are so common that they can hardly be taken into account when diagnosing.

The rash most often appears in the lip area, and with genital herpes - on the genitals. But sometimes the rashes affect the mouth, throat, and tonsils.

Herpes and the nervous system

Quite recently, scientists discovered a very sad fact. Research has shown that the herpes virus is to blame for the development of Alzheimer's disease. It has been found that 70% of people suffering from this disease have the herpes simplex virus. And in 90% of patients, the DNA of the virus is part of the amyloid plaques that form in the brain during this disease.

Scientists believe that the herpes virus, once it enters the body, can live in it for many years, causing a hidden long-term infection and damaging the brain and nerve cells all this time. When the immune system is weakened for various reasons, herpes comes out and actively damages nerve cells, releasing the protein from which amyloid plaques are formed. They are considered probable.

Also, with herpes, other damage to the nervous system may occur, such as viral encephalitis or meningitis. In the United States, in 10–20% of cases, herpes was the cause of viral encephalitis. Most often, the disease affected people aged 30–50 years, that is, here too we can talk about a slow infection. In children and young people, primary herpes can also cause encephalitis. In this case, infection occurs through the nasal mucosa.

Herpetic encephalitis is very difficult to distinguish from other types of encephalitis. It is assumed when herpes DNA is isolated. The use of antiviral agents can cure the disease, while antibacterial agents have no effect. That is why it is so important to correctly diagnose the disease and identify the presence of the human herpes simplex virus. Therefore, in the United States, they prefer to start treatment with acyclovir before the test results arrive, so as not to miss time.

Some patients with serous meningitis also have the herpes simplex virus. Few people know that primary genital herpes is often accompanied by hermetic meningitis, lasting from 2 to 7 days. But, as a rule, it goes away on its own.

The herpes virus may be responsible for damage to nerve endings. In this case, they talk about autonomic neuropathy, when a person feels unmotivated weakness in the legs, buttocks, and difficulty urinating. It is very rare, but it happens that herpes leads to disruption of muscle function and dystrophy, causing myelitis and paralysis of the legs.

Herpes and eyes

Cases where herpes was found to be responsible for eye diseases are not so rare. Every year there are 400 thousand cases of ophthalmic herpes diagnosed. Few people know, but the herpes virus is very often the cause of blindness caused by keratitis, keratouveitis.

Therefore, if there are past or present cases of herpetic rashes on the lips and other places, it is necessary to pay attention to the eyes. And if there is an inflammatory eye disease such as keratitis, then most likely it is of a herpetic nature. This may be indicated by the failure of conventional treatment, exacerbation in autumn and spring, pain in the trigeminal nerve, and decreased sensitivity of the cornea.

In the United States, herpes is a common cause of corneal opacity, conjunctivitis, and corneal ulceration. Very rarely, the herpes simplex virus can cause retinal necrosis.

Herpes and internal organs

After all of the above, it is not surprising that traces of this virus can be found almost everywhere. Doctors are already beginning to come to the conclusion that many diseases of the digestive system are triggered by life in the body of this harmful virus.

It can be responsible for the development of esophagitis, which causes pain when swallowing and chest pain, hepatitis, and pneumonia. True, these complications of herpes infection develop only in the case of a very poor state of immunity, with immunodeficiencies associated with HIV. The same can be said about lesions of the adrenal glands, glomerulonephritis, lesions of the bone marrow and pancreas.

It can be responsible for the development of esophagitis, which causes pain when swallowing and chest pain, hepatitis, and pneumonia. True, these complications of herpes infection develop only in the case of a very poor state of immunity, with immunodeficiencies associated with HIV. The same can be said about lesions of the adrenal glands, glomerulonephritis, lesions of the bone marrow and pancreas. Such complications occur only in those who have virtually no immunity.

Chickenpox and shingles can also be caused by herpes. After herpetic shingles, it is not uncommon to experience neurological pain in the body. Even stomatitis can be caused by herpes.

Genital herpes

This disease does not pose a mortal danger. But you can’t call her pleasant either. In addition to the presence of rashes, persistent itching, discharge and troubles with a partner, this disease can have more tragic consequences if you leave everything to chance.

The genital virus weakens the immune system, which opens the door to other infections. Very often, it is the genital virus that is responsible for chronic miscarriage, infertility, vague pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, cervical erosion in women and prostatitis, urethritis and vesiculitis in men.

Can herpes be cured?

Unfortunately, it is not possible to get rid of the virus. At least at this stage of medical development. Once it enters the body, it resides there for the rest of its life. But you can make him behave quietly and not pass through the internal organs and systems like an army of conquerors. To do this, it is important to strengthen the immune system in every possible way.

Cellular immunity is especially important for the fight against herpes, because T-lymphocytes play a large role in resisting generalized (covering many organs) herpes. It is necessary not with immunomodulators, but with the simplest but most effective methods: the use of vitamins, antioxidants, plenty of fruits and vegetables, a proper daily routine, and an active lifestyle.

To prevent complications, it is necessary to begin antiviral treatment at the first signs of activation of the virus - do not wait for the rash and blisters to disappear on their own, but actively treat them with the help of special medications.

Supporting the immune system and an active lifestyle will give the desired and correct effect - the virus will not create an orgy in the body and may never even manifest itself again.

What are the symptoms of genital herpes? Is it possible to get herpes from someone who has no signs of the disease? What problems can herpes cause? You will find the answers in this article.

Genital herpes is a common and highly contagious infection, most often transmitted through sexual contact.

Typically, genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2 is detected in 50-70% of women with genital herpes). The first type (HSV-1) primarily affects the skin and mucous membrane of the lips, eyes, nose, etc. However, it is possible that genital herpes may develop when exposed to HSV-1 or as a result of a mixed infection of HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Treatment for genital herpes includes medications to help speed wound healing and prevent outbreaks.

Herpes simplex virus: herpes types 1 and 2

Herpes simplex viruses - more commonly known as cold sores - are divided into two types: herpes type 1 (HSV-1, or herpes of the lips) and herpes type 2 (HSV-2, or genital herpes). Most often, herpes type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes called cold sores, lip blisters). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital herpes are caused by the herpes virus type 2. With HSV-2, an infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum. Although sores can occur in other places with HSV-2, these sores are usually found below the waist.

Symptoms of genital herpes may be mistaken for other diseases, or there may be no symptoms at all. How do you know if you have herpes?

Could I have gotten herpes?

Even if you have never kissed or had sexual intercourse, it is possible that you are a carrier of the herpes virus.

Cold sores, usually caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), manifest as "cold" or fever blisters on the lips. It is transmitted through kissing, through household contacts, and through airborne droplets.

Genital herpes is most often caused by the second type of herpes virus (HSV-2), it is less common and is transmitted through sexual and oral-genital contact, or through the use of personal hygiene products of an infected person. About one in five adults has genital herpes. But up to 90% of those infected do not know they are infected. You can become one of them.

What are the signs that I might have “caught” genital herpes?

It is often difficult to tell whether you have herpes. The most common symptoms of genital herpes are: the skin and mucous membranes turn red, small fluid-filled blisters form, which burst, forming a painful wound, and become covered with a crust that heals within a few days. Symptoms of herpes may be accompanied by itching. Areas affected by herpes include the penis, scrotum, vagina, vulva, urethra, anus, inner thighs and buttocks.

Ulcers may appear 6-56 days after the first infection. Flu-like symptoms, including fever and swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, may also follow the initial infection.

Symptoms appear and disappear without any pattern. One person may have outbreaks once a year, and perhaps once every few weeks. Before an outbreak, a person may notice itching, tingling or burning in the affected area, and there may be sharp pain in the pelvis or down the leg.

During the first outbreak of herpes, the damage is usually more extensive than subsequently. In subsequent outbreaks, the ulcers tend to be less painful and the illness lasts for a shorter period of time.

But many people do not develop ulcers; some people only develop a rash or small bumps on the skin that can be mistaken for pimples. Still others experience various symptoms, such as painful urination, and some women experience fluid from the vagina. . Some herpes are asymptomatic, while others may develop symptoms that could easily be mistaken for a burn, pimples, insect bites, common itching, hemorrhoids, ingrown hairs, or thrush (candida fungal infection).

After infection with genital herpes, the symptoms go away, but can recur from time to time when the immune system is weakened, for example, or due to hormonal imbalances in the body. Fortunately, the first outbreaks of herpes are usually more severe than subsequent ones. And some people may have only 1-2 relapses in their entire life.

Herpes outbreaks are described as pain in or around the genitals or burning, pain or difficulty urinating. Some people experience discharge from the vagina or penis.

Cold sores usually cause a tingling and burning sensation shortly before the blisters break. The blisters themselves can be painful.

Is there a test for genital herpes?

Yes. The doctor may take a sample from the area where you suspect herpes and examine it under a microscope.

You can also determine whether you are a carrier of herpes through a blood test based on the presence of antibodies to the virus that your immune system produced when you were infected.

HSV-2 almost always affects the genitals, so if antibodies to HSV-2 are found in your blood, you likely have genital herpes.

A blood test that shows antibodies to HSV-1 means you may have been infected with genital herpes or herpes labialis. This is because cold sores, usually caused by HSV-1, can spread to the genitals during oral sex.

If I don't have herpes, how can I avoid getting infected in the future?

The only reliable way to avoid contracting genital herpes is to abstain from sexual intercourse or only have sex with people who are not also infected with the herpes virus. A latex condom only offers some protection if it covers the infected area. Remember, you can get genital herpes by performing oral sex (blowjob, cunnilingus, anilingus) from a person with herpes lips. Additionally, you can get herpes lips from your genitals after having oral sex with someone who has genital herpes.

If you know that your sexual partner has had or has genital herpes, you can reduce the risk of getting it through sexual contact (vaginal, anal or oral sex) only when he or she is currently asymptomatic. However, genital herpes can be contagious even when there are no visible symptoms, so you should always use a latex barrier such as condoms.

Causes of genital herpes

The main reservoir of herpetic infection in men is the genitourinary tract, in women - the cervical canal. Primary infection with herpes virus type 1, as a rule, occurs by airborne droplets and reaches 50% of the population by the age of 6-7 years. Secondary infection (superinfection) of the genitals with the herpes virus usually occurs as a result of sexual or orogenital contact. The highest age-specific incidence rate was recorded in the age group of 20-29 years, with the average age of the disease in men being 27 years and in women being 23 years. Risk factors for herpetic infection include promiscuity in sexual relations, a large number of sexual partners, and a low social standard of living. Every second patient with genital herpes is lonely. Adolescents who begin early sexual activity are at increased risk of contracting genital herpes.

Infection with the herpes simplex virus does not always cause a clinically significant disease; carriage and a latent (hidden) course of the process occur.

A characteristic feature of a genital viral infection is the duration of residence of this pathogen in the body (maybe throughout life) and the tendency to relapse. This feature is associated with the long existence of the virus in the mucous membranes, and most importantly, with its persistence in the nerve ganglia. During the inter-relapse period of genital herpes, the virus is located in the sensitive ganglia of the lumbar and sacral parts of the sympathetic chain.

The latter forms are especially important, since patients, not knowing that they have a viral disease, become a source of infection for sexual partners.

The herpes simplex virus can be transmitted through kissing or by sharing things such as a toothbrush or cutlery (if the herpes is on the lips), during sex (genital herpes), during oral-genital contact, herpes of the lips can turn into genital herpes in the partner and vice versa. It is important to know that both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be contagious, even if there are no sores or other symptoms.

What Causes Herpes Outbreaks?

For many people with the herpes virus, herpes outbreaks may be triggered by the following:

• General diseases
• Fatigue
• Physical or emotional stress
• Loss of immunity, such as due to a cold, AIDS, or medications such as chemotherapy or steroids
• Trauma, including during sexual activity
• Menstruation

Symptoms of genital herpes

Genital herpes is a lifelong persistent infection. There are four different types of clinical manifestations of the disease:

1. The primary episode of primary genital infection is if the patient has never had contact with patients suffering from type 1 herpes virus, that is, there are no antibodies to HSV-1 in the blood.
2. Primary episode of secondary genital infection (superinfection) - in the presence of HSV-1 titer in the blood, but there have been no previous episodes of genital herpes in the anamnesis.
3. Recurrent infection.
4. Asymptomatic herpes.

According to the characteristics of the clinical picture, genital herpes is divided into typical, atypical and asymptomatic infection (or virus carriage).

Primary infection is accompanied by an increased amount of virus replicating in the female genital tract (more than 10 million viral particles per 0.2 ml of inoculum). The primary episode of genital infection is characterized by prolonged viral excretion, which can persist for up to 3 weeks.

It is clinically difficult to differentiate a primary infection from an initial episode of a secondary infection, which becomes especially important when rashes occur during pregnancy. If the mother is a carrier of the primary infection, in 50% of cases the fetus may become infected.

In the case of a secondary episode of infection or relapse, the same figure is 8%. According to the University of Washington, a reliable criterion for diagnosing primary genital herpes is the presence of at least three of the following symptoms:

• at least two extragenital symptoms, including fever, myalgia, headache, nausea;
• multiple bilateral genital rashes with severe local pain and hyperemia for more than 10 days;
• persistence of genital lesions for more than 16 days;
• extragenital herpetic rashes (on the fingers, buttocks, in the oropharynx).

During a relapse of the disease, the virus is released for 2-5 days in lower concentrations (100-1000 viral particles per 0.2 inoculum).

Primary episode of herpes infection and its symptoms

Diseases caused by HSV-2 are often asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. However, more often the clinical picture is pronounced, and signs of the disease usually appear after an incubation period of 3-7 days. Local manifestations occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix, often in the urethra and perineum. There are reports of herpes simplex virus being isolated from the contents of the uterus, fallopian tubes and bladder. The most typical location is the lower parts of the reproductive system (vulva, vagina and cervix).

A characteristic sign of the herpes simplex virus is the appearance of individual or multiple vesicles against the background of hyperemic, edematous mucous membrane of the affected area. The size of the vesicles is 2-3 mm, a group of them occupies from 0.5 to 2.5 cm of the affected surface. This stage of the disease is short-lived (2-3 days), the vesicles subsequently open, and irregularly shaped ulcers form on their basis. The ulcers become covered with a yellowish coating and heal within 2-4 weeks. without scarring. In place of the vesicles, large long-term ulcers can form, often covered with purulent plaque, due to the addition of a secondary infection. The rash of vesicles and the formation of ulcers are accompanied by complaints of itching, pain, burning, the occurrence of which is associated with changes in nerve receptors and conductors of pain sensitivity. Patients often complain of heaviness in the lower abdomen, as well as dysuric phenomena. With pronounced manifestations of the disease, complaints of malaise, headache, irritability, and sleep disturbance arise; Low-grade fever and enlargement of regional lymph nodes are sometimes observed.

The healing of ulcers is usually accompanied by the disappearance of general and local symptoms of the disease. However, due to the persistence of the virus, many women experience relapses of the disease.

Atypical forms of herpes and their symptoms

Atypical forms of genital herpetic infection are characterized by an erased, abortive course of the process and damage not only to the skin and mucous membranes of the external genitalia, but also to the uterus and appendages. Most often, atypical forms occur with chronic recurrent herpes, but are possible with primary lesions. Atypical forms are found in 30–60% of cases.

It is known that a number of chronic diseases of the genital organs are diseases of unknown etiology, since generally accepted examination methods do not make it possible to identify the causative agent; the treatment is ineffective. In these cases, an atypical form of genital herpes should be suspected. If with typical forms of genital herpes there are always characteristic rashes, then with an atypical form only erythematous spots, mild swelling, microvesicles can be identified, and most often patients complain of persistent itching, burning, profuse, untreatable leucorrhoea.

Depending on the location, there are three stages of the herpetic process:

• Stage I - herpes infection of the external genitalia;
• Stage II - damage to the vagina, cervix, urethra;
• Stage III - damage to the uterus, appendages, and bladder.

Cases of acute urinary retention (Elsberg syndrome) in patients with severe genital herpes have been described. Most patients experience neuropsychic manifestations: drowsiness, irritability, headache, depressed mood. The first signs of involvement of nervous tissue in the pathological process appear several days or hours before herpetic eruptions and are expressed in the form of itching, burning, soreness, and parasthesia. Itching, burning, and pain are observed along the peripheral nerves (femoral, sciatic, peroneal and tibial) or in the places innervated by them.

Various factors contribute to the occurrence of relapses: hypothermia, sexual intercourse, stressful situations, overwork, and the occurrence of other diseases. For example, relapses of genital herpes often occur against the background of influenza and other respiratory pathological processes. Symptoms of genital herpes during relapses may be less pronounced compared to the primary disease. However, the consequences of relapses are often unfavorable. If the cervix, endometrium and fallopian tubes are damaged, infertility may occur. Pregnancy often ends in spontaneous miscarriage, which is associated with infection of the ovum (herpes simplex virus, mixed infection). In case of severe herpetic infection, damage to the fetus can occur without transmission of the virus to the fetus, but due to general disorders in the pregnant woman’s body (fever, intoxication, etc.).

Pregnant women suffering from an atypical form of genital herpes infection must be tested twice from the cervical canal for the presence of herpes simplex virus antigen during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy.

If a herpes virus is detected, it is advisable to routinely perform a cesarean section in order to prevent infection of the fetus during passage through the genital tract. In case of premature or early discharge of amniotic fluid (anhydrous period of more than 4 hours), the operation is not advisable.

The frequency of asymptomatic virus carriage is 5-7%.

Symptoms of genital herpes in newborns

Localized form of herpetic infection - vesicles, erythema, petechiae of the skin and oral mucosa; keratoconjunctivitis and chorioretinitis; encephalitis.

Generalized infection - signs of herpes appear at 1-2 weeks of life. They include symptoms of a localized form in combination with anorexia (weight loss), vomiting, lethargy, fever, jaundice, respiratory distress, bleeding, shock. The development of bleeding and vascular collapse can be sudden and fatal.

Diagnosis of genital herpes

Recognition of genital herpes is facilitated by anamnesis, complaints and objective examination data. The diagnosis is facilitated in the early stages of the disease in the presence of vesicles and erosions (groups thereof) not complicated by secondary infection, formed soon after the destruction of the walls of the vesicles. For long-term ulcers covered with pus-like plaque, differential diagnosis between herpes and syphilis is necessary. In this case, the following signs are taken into account: with herpes, the ulcers fester less than syphilitic ones, their bottom is soft, with syphilis it is dense. The edges of a herpetic ulcer are undermined, micropolycyclic, and a syphilitic ulcer is round or oval. There are no subjective sensations with syphilitic lesions, but with herpes they manifest themselves (itching, burning, pain). If syphilis is suspected, special laboratory tests and consultations with a dermatovenerologist are carried out.

Diagnosis of genital herpes infection is based on the detection of the herpes simplex virus or its antibodies in the patient’s blood serum. Serological studies can assist in diagnosis only if it is possible to identify specific IgM and IgG to HSV: IgM appear 2 weeks after infection and are detected up to 2 months; IgG is produced from the 14th day and remains in the body throughout life; during periods of exacerbation they increase many times, during periods of remission they return to the baseline level. The detection of antibodies is not considered an accurate diagnostic criterion because they may be the result of a previous extragenital herpetic infection.

The preferred method is to detect the herpes simplex virus in the discharge from affected organs. Material is taken from the vagina and cervix by superficial scraping, from the uterine cavity by aspiration, and from the urethra by a smear.

If there are indications for laparoscopy due to disease of the fallopian tubes, then material is taken to identify the pathogen, including the herpes simplex virus.

For express diagnostics, fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase methods are used.

They use the method of growing the virus (from scrapings, smears) in tissue culture and then studying its properties. An electron microscopic method for recognizing HSV is used.

The herpes virus is associated with a risk of cervical cancer, especially if you are also infected with a highly oncogenic type of HPV.

Treatment of genital herpes

Although there is no cure for herpes, treatment can relieve symptoms. Medicines can reduce pain and may shorten the healing time of the wound. They may also reduce the overall number of herpes outbreaks. Warm baths can relieve pain associated with genital ulcers.

Treatment of genital herpes is a difficult task due to the lack of drugs that have a direct, specific effect on the virus. Treatment is also difficult due to the possibility of reinfection.

The course of genital herpes is usually characterized by frequent relapses and constant persistence of the virus in the body. It should be emphasized that none of the known antiviral drugs is capable of eliminating the virus from the body and, thus, significantly influencing the latent course of the disease. Therefore, treatment of genital herpes is carried out comprehensively and is aimed at blocking the reproduction of the virus while simultaneously stimulating factors of specific and nonspecific resistance of the body.

When treating genital herpes, five goals should be distinguished:

1. Reduce the severity or reduce the duration of symptoms such as itching, pain, fever and lymphadenopathy.
2. Reduce the time for complete healing of lesions.
3. Reduce the duration and severity of virus shedding in affected areas.
4. Reduce the frequency and severity of relapses.
5. Eliminate infection to prevent relapse.

The latter goal can only be achieved if chemotherapy treatment is started within 24 hours after the initial infection, which would prevent the virus from entering a latent state.

All currently known drugs characterized by high antiherpetic activity can be divided into three main groups:

1. Inhibitors of viral nucleic acid replication:
   - nucleoside analogues, similar in structure to intermediate products of DNA biosynthesis;
   - pyrophosphate analogues.
2. Interferon and compounds with interferon-inducing activity.
3. Connections with other mechanisms of antiviral action.

Of the nucleoside analogues, the most important for clinical practice is Zovirax (acyclovir, Virolex) - this is a drug with a complex mechanism of action based on differences in the metabolism of infected and uninfected cells. Its mechanism of action is to inhibit viral DNA polymerase.

During an exacerbation of herpes, Zovirax is used 200 mg 5 times a day for 5 days, which helps reduce the period of rashes and accelerate the healing period of erosions. Continuous administration of the drug 200 mg 4 times a day for 1-3 years allows to achieve stable remission of the disease for the period of taking the drug.

Pyrophosphate analogues are foscarnet and its derivatives (Triapten ointment 3%).

Foscarnet inhibits the activity of viral DNA polymerase at concentrations that do not interfere with the functioning of cellular DNA polymerase.

Treatment with foscarnet should begin when the first symptoms of a herpes infection (burning, pain, parasthesia) appear. With timely use, foscarnet completely suppresses the reproduction of the virus and prevents the formation of herpetic vesicles.

Treatment results improve when antiviral therapy is combined with interferon, especially highly active (1 ml once every 3 days, for a course of 5-8 injections), leukinferon.

Leukinferon is a preparation of human interferon and other cytokines. The dry preparation is an amorphous white powder. Easily soluble in water. The ampoule contains 10,000 IU of the antiviral activity of human interferon-alpha. Leukinferon has antiviral and immunomodulatory activity, and also causes activation of cellular reactions of anti-infective and anti-tumor immunity. The drug accelerates the processes of proliferation and differentiation of immunoregular subpopulations of lymphocytes, activates cytolytic and phagocytic reactions in the body, and prevents the development of immunosuppression. When administered intramuscularly, the immunobiological effects persist for several days.

Treatment is carried out in the form of intramuscular injections of 10,000 IU, the first 5 injections every other day and another 3-5 injections with an interval of 3-4 days; per course up to 10 ampoules.

In case of long-term inflammatory process, the administration of human immunoglobulin with antiherpesviral activity is indicated.

It is possible to use the drug "Viferon". Treatment consists of rectal administration of suppositories containing 500 IU of interferon. Use during pregnancy allows you to achieve not only an increase in interferon status, but also elimination of the pathogen.

To prevent infection of the fetus during childbirth, pregnant women with acute herpetic lesions of the genital organs undergo a cesarean section.

An active primary urogenital infection that occurs during pregnancy is not an indication for its termination, since infection through the placenta is rare.

Treatment and prevention of genital herpes

1. relapse (acute stage of infection);
2. stage of resolution (subsidence) of relapse;
3. remission (inter-relapse period).

The treatment system includes the use of etiotropic and immunocorrective drugs.

Treatment methods:

Relapse of the disease:

• alpizarin 0.1 g 5 times a day for 5 days or Zovirax (acyclovir, virolex) 200 mg. 5 times a day for 5 days, after which the drug is taken 4 times a day for 2-3 weeks;
• ascorbic acid 1 g 2 times a day for 15 days;
• specific antiherpetic immunoglobulin 3 ml IM 1 time every 3-7 days, for a course of treatment 5 injections, or anti-measles gamma globulin - 3 ml. IM 1 time every 3 days - 4 injections;
• Tactivin 1.0 subcutaneously 2 times a week, 10 injections per course of treatment.

Local treatment: ointment "Gossypol" 3%, or "Mega-syn" 3%, or "Bonafton" 3%, or "Alpizarin" 3% (vaginal treatment 4-5 times a day); lotions with DNase 2-3 times a day.

Subsidence of relapse:

• vitamins B1, B6 every other day, 1 ml., 15 injections;
• calcium chloride 10%, 1 tablespoon 3 times a day - 3 weeks. or calcium gluconate 0.5 g 3 times a day - 10-15 days;
• autohemotherapy from 2 to 10 and from 10 to 2 ml.;
• tazepam 1 tablet 2 times a day - 3 weeks, tavegil 1 tablet 2 times a day - 3 weeks;
• Eleutherococcus 20 drops in the morning and Dibazol half a tablet 2 times a day - 3 weeks.

Local treatment: ointments "Megasin", "Gossypol", "Bo-Nafton", "Alpizarin".

Remission - vaccine therapy with herpes vaccine (relapse for at least 2 months) is carried out only after a course of restorative and symptomatic treatment. The vaccine is administered intradermally on the flexor surface of the forearm, 0.3 ml. Once every 3 days, a total of 5 injections, then a break of 2 weeks and another 5 injections of 0.3 ml. Once every 7 days. If herpetic rashes appear, increase the intervals between injections by 2 times. After 6 months - repeat course. A total of 4-6 courses.

This treatment system assumes that in each specific case the choice of treatment complex is determined by the clinical form and stage of genital herpes, the presence of concomitant diseases, the immunological state of the body, previous treatment and its effectiveness.

Genital herpes and pregnancy

Pregnant women with genital herpes should be careful to avoid passing the virus to their baby, but not be overly concerned about it.

A mother can infect her baby during childbirth, often fatally. But if a woman becomes infected with genital herpes before becoming pregnant, or if she is infected early in pregnancy, the chance that her baby will be infected is very low—less than 1%. Women with genital herpes are carefully monitored for herpes symptoms before giving birth. If there are signs that a herpes outbreak is occurring during labor, a caesarean section is necessary.

The risk of infection of the child is high (30% to 50%) when a woman becomes infected late in pregnancy. This is because the mother's immune system has not produced protective antibodies against the virus. Women with a recurrent herpes infection have antibodies against the virus, which help protect the baby. If you are pregnant and you think you may have been recently infected, tell your doctor.

Women who are not infected with genital herpes should be careful about sex during the third trimester of pregnancy. Unless you know your partner does not have the herpes virus, you should avoid sex altogether during the third trimester. If your partner has herpes labialis, avoid sex during this time.

Some doctors believe that all pregnant women should be tested for herpes, especially if their sexual partner is infected. Check with your doctor if you or your partner need to be tested.

Only a doctor can judge the advisability of taking antiviral and other drugs for herpes during pregnancy. The decision is made in each case individually.

During pregnancy, HSV-2 may be one of the causes of recurrent miscarriage and the development of fetal deformity. Perinatal losses due to neonatal herpes are 50-70%, with 70% of infected children born to mothers with asymptomatic genital herpes.

Ignoring the fact of the possible presence of HSV-2, especially in premature birth, and fetal weight retention syndrome contributes to the fact that newborns do not receive timely antiviral therapy, and therefore they develop meningoencephalitis, damage to parenchymal organs, lungs (pneumonitis), etc.

Congenital genital herpes is observed in 1 child per 30 thousand alive, but the mortality rate in this group is 70%; the surviving children suffer severe neurological consequences. The virus is 4 times more common in premature babies than in those born at term. As a consequence of late intrauterine infection, the following anomalies occur in children: microcephaly, chorioretinitis, retinal dysplasia, microphthalmia, lens opacification, heart defects, hepatosplenomegaly, viral pneumonia. In the United States, between 400 and 1,000 babies are born each year with neonatal herpes.

In most cases, infection of the fetus occurs immediately before birth, through the ascending route after rupture of the membranes (critical period 4-6 hours) or during childbirth when passing through an infected birth canal. Infection of the fetus before 20 weeks of gestation leads to spontaneous abortion or fetal developmental anomalies in 34%, in periods from 20 to 32 weeks - to premature birth or antenatal death of the fetus in 30-40% of cases, after 32 weeks - to the birth of a sick child. Typically, the entry points for infection are the skin, eyes, oral mucosa, and respiratory tract. Once infection has occurred, the virus can spread by contact or hematogenous routes. Routes of transmission of genital herpes

Genital herpes is transmitted sexually, and the source of infection can be not only patients with clinically pronounced symptoms, but also carriers of the herpes simplex virus.

In addition to sexual transmission, it is possible to become infected with herpes through orogenital contact.

Autoinoculation can be observed in cases where the patient himself transfers the virus from the source of infection to uninfected parts of the body, for example, from the face to the genitals.

A vertical route of transmission of infection is possible in the case of transplacental infection of the fetus.

Household transmission of infection is extremely rare and is completely excluded if the secretion containing the virus dries out.

Diagnosis of genital herpes in pregnant women

• isolation of the genome or the virus itself from the cervical canal and by examining scrapings of the base of the vesicles;
• serological studies; can assist in diagnosis only if it is possible to identify specific IgM and IgG to HSV;
• lumbar puncture; should be performed in all cases where there is a suspicion of herpetic encephalitis or a generalized infection;
• computed tomography, NMR;
• brain biopsy.

Treatment of genital herpes in pregnant women

The advantage of complex treatment of herpetic lesions has been proven.

The main chemotherapy is acyclovir (Zovirax) or valacyclovir (Valtrex). The mechanism of action of the drugs is as follows: upon entering the cell, acyclovir is activated by viral thymidine kinase and has a specific inhibitory effect on viral replication. It should be noted that valacyclovir has higher bioavailability than acyclovir.

For episodic therapy against the background of recurrent infection or primary infection, the drugs are prescribed in a daily dose of 1000 mg. The duration of treatment is 5 days.

In order to prevent relapses - 100 mg. per day for 4-6 months.

Chemotherapy is possible starting from the first trimester of pregnancy. In parallel, immunocorrection is carried out with interferon preparations or its inducers, and vitamin therapy.

Just as for the treatment of cytomegaly, plasmapheresis and ELBI have found their place in the treatment of herpetic infection.

Several years ago, my husband infected me with genital herpes. The initial episode was very acute and was treated by a gynecologist. Then there were relapses almost once a month, but now they have become less and less frequent - once every 3-4 months, very weakly expressed, in the form of a barely noticeable single tubercle on the labia, there are no blisters. I immediately take Acyclovir, and everything goes away in 2-3 days. There was no sex for 4 years, because... I was terribly afraid of getting infected. Now I have a man, he doesn’t know anything, telling him means losing. Now I’ve been taking Valtrex for 3 months + taking Cecloferon injections (10 every other day). Doctors say that I can live calmly without protection, that I am contagious only during an exacerbation. But I heard about asymptomatic shedding of the virus. Can I get infected during a period of stable remission?

No you can not.

I have been living with my husband for 2 years, the other day I found out that he has genital herpes, the first manifestations were 5 years ago. I have no symptoms yet. How can I avoid or prevent my disease?

Do not have sex during a flare-up of genital herpes or use a condom.

Interferon infusions are not at all necessary unless a viral infection is (presumably) the main cause of the threatened miscarriage. You can use immunomodulatory drugs in suppositories that are approved for use during pregnancy.

I was diagnosed with genital herpes, the doctor advised me to treat it either with Gepon or Immunal injections. Which remedy is more effective for treating genital herpes?

You can use any of these drugs - their effectiveness is similar.

Is herpes dangerous for future offspring?

Herpes is a chronic infection that only appears when the immune system is weakened. This infection is transmitted sexually. It does not pose any particular danger to future offspring. Read more about this in the publications.

I am 18 years old, I have been taking birth control pills for 3 months, I have a regular sexual partner. A small accumulation of white swellings appeared locally on the labia, they get wet, but do not fester. What could this be, how to deal with it and which doctor should I go to?

The picture you describe suggests that you may have a herpes infection. To clarify this issue, it is advisable for you to contact a gynecologist or dermatovenerologist. A comprehensive study should be carried out: take a smear from the site of accumulation of “little white swellings”, and also examine the blood for the presence of antibodies to herpetic infection and determine their titer. You can get all the necessary consultations and examinations at our medical center.

I'm 26 weeks pregnant. Before pregnancy I was tested for herpes. The infectious disease specialist diagnosed her with genital herpes, active form. Is there a possibility of a mistake? If an infection is definitely present, what is the risk for the child? Is it possible to avoid a caesarean section after treatment and will it be possible to breastfeed the baby?

To clarify the diagnosis, retake a blood test for antibodies to the herpes virus. As a rule, exacerbation of herpes does not harm the baby. A cesarean section is indicated only if there are herpetic rashes at the time of delivery or within 1 month before delivery. There are no contraindications for breastfeeding.

I have been suffering from genital herpes for 3 years. At first, doctors could not make a diagnosis and treated me for everything except herpes. After the diagnosis was established, I constantly take acyclovir and Panavir once a year. 3 months passed after using Panavir, and I got herpes again. Please advise which drug can be used in my case, since acyclovir is of no use. And what can you say about amiksin?

Amiksin is a good drug, but it has no effect on the herpes virus. But it increases immunity, which in itself is very good in your situation.

I have cervical erosion; a biopsy revealed the herpes virus. The doctor prescribed treatment with Viferon for three months, but it did not produce any results; now she prescribed cycloferon injections and acyclovir tablets. If it doesn’t help, then you will need to do cauterization with a laser. Is there any way to do without cauterization? Is it even possible to expel the virus from the cervix? I read that laser cauterization is widely used in nulliparous women, and in other sources - that scars still remain, which can cause ruptures during childbirth.

Herpetic infection is lifelong and cannot be gotten rid of. And nulliparous women can cauterize the cervix with a laser.

I have never had genital herpes, but type 1 herpes on the face (red lips) pops up periodically. And now, 27 weeks pregnant, it has appeared on the upper lip. I took a blood test for herpes types 1 and 2 at week 19, they said it was “old” - everything was fine, no therapy was required. I am very worried, is the “fever” dangerous for my baby?

According to modern ideas, from the point of view of intrauterine infection, the variant of herpes that you have may also pose a danger. It is advisable for you to consult an infectious disease specialist to assess the degree of activity of the process, since it is alarming that it periodically pops up for you. How often? How many times during pregnancy? When? What was the antibody titer and what class? What is the antibody titer and what class is it currently? These are all questions for an infectious disease specialist.

I am 18 years old, I recently received treatment for genital herpes, because I was told that herpes remains in the body all my life and can make itself felt when the immune system is weakened. Am I a constant source of infection for my sexual partners if I sleep without protection? And can an infection in the body cause herpes to also appear on the lips?

Herpes viruses that cause rashes on the face and genitals are of different types, and they practically cannot live “out of place.” You are the source of infection during an exacerbation (rash).

I recently contracted genital herpes; the infection, as I was told, will accompany me for the rest of my life. I have never had herpes on my lips in my life; could the infection then contribute to the appearance of herpes not only on the genitals? Can I have unprotected sex with my boyfriend, or am I a constant carrier of infection?

You can infect your sexual partners if you have sex during an exacerbation of a herpes infection (redness, blisters, etc.). Unfortunately, with genital herpes, its manifestations can be not only on the labia, but also “hidden” in the vagina and on the cervix.

I am 39 years old, I was getting ready to get married, my future husband and I were previously examined and found to have genital herpes. How do you feel about this? Use condoms or other protective equipment at all times, because... the doctor warned me that I could also become infected at any moment. How dangerous is this infection?

The manifestation of genital herpes depends on the state of the immune system. Outside of an exacerbation, your husband is not contagious. And during an exacerbation, having sex is extremely problematic (and it’s just painful). If you are terrified of infection, you will have to use a condom until the end of time.

Blistering wounds appeared on my penis. The doctor said that it was herpes, although it had never been on the penis before, it was on the skin (on the back, chest and formed a ring around the body). Why did it appear there, although my wife has nothing, not even on her lips? Can it be completely cured, and if so, how? I took 80 acyclovir tablets in 7 days, but nothing has gone away on the skin of my penis. How soon can I have sex? Can this be passed on to my spouse?

You have genital herpes, which is transmitted sexually. You could have been infected a long time ago, but this infection only appeared now, against the backdrop of decreased immunity. Unfortunately, it is impossible to get rid of herpes; you can only try to prevent it from getting worse. You will be able to have sex when the rash disappears.

I'm 23 weeks pregnant with my first pregnancy. At 13-14 weeks and now there are relapses of genital herpes. The PCR smear is negative, but the blood by ELISA shows herpes by both IgM and IgG. Before pregnancy, my husband and I were checked for all infections. An ELISA test revealed antibodies to HSV (IgG) in his blood, and I have the same thing, only with antibodies to citamegalovir and toxoplasmosis. How can I treat herpes now, taking into account the already two relapses during pregnancy. Also, an ultrasound scan at 21 weeks revealed an isolated choroid plexus cyst of 0.3 mm. With a second ultrasound 12 days later, the cyst became 0.4 cm. What should we do in this situation? What could have caused the appearance of the cyst and what to do next? The child is very active, I even worry about his excessive mobility at this stage. Could this be due to a cyst? An ultrasound revealed the 1st degree of aging of the placenta (already at the 23rd week). Injections (riboxin and cocarboxylase) and tablets (chophytol and methionine) did not give any effect on the placenta. What to do? I am 31 years old, I really want to carry and give birth to a healthy and happy baby.

Specific treatment with antiherpetic drugs is not carried out during pregnancy. To increase the body's defenses, it is possible, as prescribed by the attending physician, to conduct courses of intravenous drip administration of normal human immunoglobulin. It is possible that the presence of a cyst is associated with a viral infection. However, this is only an assumption and it is impossible to comment on the situation with a choroid plexus cyst in absentia on the Internet. The situation with the placenta is probably associated with fetoplacental insufficiency, which can also be caused by infection. The drugs you listed are usually ineffective in this situation. A completely different treatment is required. You need a face-to-face consultation with a qualified obstetrician-gynecologist, who is likely to be found in your city. You just need to look hard.

I am asking you for help due to the lack of a qualified dermatologist in our small Northern town. I will try to describe the symptoms. About ten months ago, an ulcer appeared on the head of the penis, outwardly resembling a shapeless “blot”, 3-4 mm in size. I didn't attach much importance to this, because... I have had several spots of pceriasis on my body for many years. So I thought that it was he who appeared at this place. I temporarily “get rid” of pceriasis with a cream (Celestoderm-B). This time I applied it to the head of the penis. The ulcer seemed to disappear, but after some time two ulcers appeared. Then after a certain period of time everything disappeared. Recently, the number of ulcers has increased and occupied almost the entire upper part of the head of the penis. I went to the doctor. He directed me to blood from his finger. The blood test turned out to be good. Then the doctor diagnosed: Balanitis. He prescribed Exoderm ointment for me and said there was nothing wrong. I used all the ointment, there was no improvement, and no further examination by the doctor. As I already wrote, these are shapeless, “blot-like” spots, not bright red. Along the edges (border) of each “blot” there is a swollen white coating. When the head of the penis is opened, these ulcers become bright pink almost before our eyes. With prolonged drying (the head of the penis is exposed for several hours), these ulcers join together and look like a burn. And if you dry this “burn” in this way for 24 hours, it becomes covered with a white crust, which peels off and causes itching. When the head is closed, these ulcers return to their original appearance. At the “crown” of the head of the penis, there are small pimples (vesicles). There is also itching of the anus, visually I did not notice any redness there. There is no proctologist in our city. White pimples have also been present in the mouth (on the cheeks) for a long time. Well, one last thing. I recently completed a secondary course of treatment for chlamydia. This is my “bouquet”.

Judging by your description, you have recurrent genital herpes complicated by candidiasis, but a final diagnosis requires an in-person consultation with a dermatologist. Only after this will it be possible to prescribe adequate treatment.

Antibodies to the herpes virus were found in my blood; I had rashes on the genitals with a frequency of one rash per month. I was tested to detect the herpes virus and CMV using the PCR method, but no viruses were detected by this method. Tell me what to do next and what tests need to be taken?

You need a consultation with an immunologist to clarify the state of the body’s immune system.

While planning a pregnancy, I visited a gynecologist. I took tests (PCR method), ureaplasma and herpes type 2 were detected. Treatment was prescribed: cycloferon, dietary supplement rudvitol, terzhinan, metronidazole, with the onset of menstruation - zitrolide, flucostat, then Viferon-2, tampons with tea tree oil. Is it necessary to donate blood for the presence of antibodies to these infections and viruses, or does the PCR method just show that they are currently in an active state and treatment is necessary? Is acyclovir an obligatory component in the complex treatment of herpes or is it replaced by one of the drugs prescribed to me?

Before treating these infections, it would be better to take a culture for ureaplasma to determine the titer and sensitivity to various antibiotics, and to determine the activity of herpes, a blood test for antibodies. In case of exacerbation of herpes infection, acyclovir (Zovirax) is practically the only drug that suppresses the reproduction of this virus.

A week ago, my eyes (upper eyelids) became swollen and red; I thought it was a reaction to expired cosmetics, but I still made an appointment to see a doctor. On the day of the doctor’s visit, the eyes returned to their normal state, but a light red flaky crust formed around the eyes, which itched terribly. The doctor prescribed Miconazolnitraat/Hydrocortison Dumex ointment. The next morning I noticed a lump on my right labia similar to the initial stage of herpes. Could I have transferred the infection from my eyes to my labia by scratching at night? Should I make an appointment with the doctor again?

Most infections are not transmitted this way. You need to consult a dermatologist.

My wife's test results showed the presence of herpes. She was prescribed a course of treatment. Is this course of treatment suitable for me? We are talking about drugs (10-day course) Immunomax IM, Valtrex, Klion D, unfortunately only for her. Can we have sex during treatment?

This treatment should be effective for you too. Naturally, you do not need to use Klion D.

I periodically experience vaginal itching, once every 3 months or once every six months. I have had a regular partner for 5 years, this has never happened before, I am healthy, no infections or diseases, maybe we have some kind of incompatibility?

On the days when itching appears, you need to see a gynecologist and take smears for vaginal flora. It is possible that this is how an exacerbation of genital herpes, allergies, etc. manifests itself.