Diseases of civilization. Non-communicable diseases. Main risk factors for non-communicable diseases What factors contribute to the emergence of major non-communicable diseases

• Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people every year, accounting for 71% of all deaths worldwide.
• Every year, 15 million people aged 30 to 69 die from NCDs; More than 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
• In the structure of mortality from NCDs, the largest share falls on cardiovascular diseases, from which 17.9 million people die every year. They are followed by cancer (9 million cases), respiratory diseases (3.9 million cases) and diabetes (1.6 million cases).
• These four disease groups account for 80% of all deaths from NCDs.
• Tobacco use, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse and unhealthy diets all increase the risk of dying from NCDs.
• Identification, screening and treatment of NCDs, as well as palliative care, are core components of the NCD response.

general information

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be long-lasting and result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors.

The main types of NCDs include cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attack and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

The burden of NCDs is disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries, which account for more than three quarters of NCD deaths worldwide (32 million).

Who is at risk for such diseases?

NCDs are common in all age groups, all regions and all countries. These diseases are often associated with older age groups, but evidence suggests that of all deaths attributed to NCDs, 17 million occur in the age group 30 to 69 years. However, more than 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Children, adults and older people are all vulnerable to risk factors that contribute to the development of NCDs, such as unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity, exposure to tobacco smoke or excessive use of alcohol.

Factors contributing to the development of these diseases include rapid and unorganized urbanization, globalization of unhealthy lifestyles and aging populations. The effects of an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity can manifest in individuals as high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood lipids and obesity.

Risk factors

Modifiable behavioral risk factors

Modifiable behaviors such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets and harmful use of alcohol increase the risk of developing NCDs.

• More than 7.2 million people die each year from the consequences of tobacco use (including from the consequences of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke), and this figure is projected to increase significantly in the coming years. (1)
• Every year, 4.1 million people die from the consequences of excessive salt/sodium consumption. (1)
• Of the 3.3 million deaths per year due to alcohol use, more than half are due to NCDs, including cancer. (2)
• 1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to insufficient levels of physical activity. (1)

Metabolic risk factors

Metabolic risk factors contribute to the development of four major metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs:

• high blood pressure
• overweight/obesity
• hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
• hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids)

The top metabolic risk factor for death from NCDs worldwide is high blood pressure (associated with 19% of all deaths worldwide) (1), followed by overweight, obesity and elevated blood glucose.

What are the socioeconomic consequences of NCDs?

NCDs threaten progress towards the 2030 Development Agenda, which sets a target of reducing premature deaths from NCDs by one third by 2030.

There is a strong link between poverty and NCDs. The rapid increase in NCD incidence is projected to hamper poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries, in particular by increasing household health costs. Vulnerable and disadvantaged populations get sick more often and die at a younger age than those in more advantaged social groups, mainly due to their higher exposure to unhealthy products such as tobacco or unhealthy diets. , and also due to limited access to health services.

In low-resource settings, medical costs associated with NCDs quickly deplete household resources. Every year, the exorbitant costs of NCDs, including the costs of often lengthy and expensive treatment and the impact of losing a breadwinner, push people into poverty and hinder development.

Prevention and control of NCDs

An important way to combat NCDs is through targeted efforts to reduce exposure to risk factors for the development of these diseases. There are low-cost solutions that governments and other stakeholders can use to reduce exposure to modifiable risk factors. Monitoring progress and trends in NCDs is important when developing policies and setting priorities.

Reducing the negative impact of NCDs on individuals and society requires a comprehensive approach that involves all sectors, including health, finance, transport, education, agriculture, planning and others, working in collaboration with each other to reduce risks, associated with NCDs, and promoting interventions to prevent and control these diseases.

Investment in better management of NCDs is critical. Management of NCDs includes identifying, screening and treating these diseases and providing access to palliative care for all those in need. Highly effective core interventions for NCDs can be delivered through primary health care to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. Evidence shows that, if implemented in a timely manner, such interventions are an excellent economic investment because they can reduce the need for more expensive treatments.

Countries with insufficient health coverage are unlikely to achieve universal coverage of essential NCD treatment and prevention interventions. Such interventions are critical to achieving the global target of a 25% relative reduction in the risk of premature mortality from NCDs by 2025 and the SDG target of reducing premature deaths from NCDs by one third by 2030.

WHO response

WHO's role in governance and coordination

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes NCDs as one of the main barriers to sustainable development. As part of the Agenda, heads of state and government committed to taking decisive action at the national level to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one third through treatment and prevention by 2030 (SDG target 3.4). This goal follows on from the UN General Assembly High-Level Meetings on NCDs in 2011 and 2014, which reaffirmed WHO's leadership and coordination role in monitoring and facilitating global work on NCDs. The UN General Assembly will hold a third High-Level Meeting in 2018 to review progress and develop consensus on the way forward for the period 2018-2030.

To support countries in their work at the national level, WHO has developed the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020, which includes nine global goals that will have the greatest impact on global mortality rates from NCDs. These goals address the prevention and management of NCDs.

References

(1) GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 2016; 388(10053):1659-1724

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In the second third of the 20th century. In most economically developed countries, a change in the morbidity profile has been clearly identified due to a sharp increase in the number of non-communicable diseases. “The nature of disease is changing rapidly. It seems that the fight against old deadly diseases common during our childhood was so successful that nature took revenge by bringing up reserves trained to attack from completely new positions” (D. Stump).

In recent decades, people have increasingly begun to talk about the advent of the era of “diseases of civilization,” especially diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is no coincidence that they talk about the epidemic of these diseases, which have taken first place in the morbidity structure of the world population. It is no coincidence that these diseases are called “diseases of civilization” (more precisely, diseases of civilization). We are talking about the predominance of disorders associated with scientific and technological progress, disturbances in the ecological balance, and ultimately with intensive changes in the conditions and lifestyle of modern people in economically developed countries. It’s interesting that A.P. Chekhov spoke about this kind of illness. He begins his story “The Case of Mania Grandioga” as follows: “No one will doubt that civilization, in addition to its benefits, has brought terrible harm to humanity. Doctors especially insist on this, not without reason, seeing progress as the cause of nervous disorders, so often observed in the last decades.”

The group of so-called “diseases of civilization” includes diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, vascular lesions of the brain), malignant tumors, neuropsychiatric disorders, metabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, etc. ), injuries.

A special role belongs to diseases of the heart and blood vessels, which occupy a leading place in the structure of morbidity among the population of economically developed countries. It is no coincidence that the importance of these diseases has increased to the number 1 problem of modern medicine. The prevalence of these diseases and the damage they cause is such that they have become a major social problem.

Examples

According to published data, more than 25% of the population suffered from cardiovascular diseases in the USSR; These diseases were observed in approximately every fourth resident of the country. Hypertopic disease affects 5-6% of the population of economically developed countries. In the United States, there are 23 million people with high blood pressure.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the cause of high mortality in the population and in 1973 accounted for 88.4% of all causes of death. In the USSR in 1974, 1.5 times more people died from coronary heart disease alone than from all types of malignant tumors. Statistics show that the mortality rate of the urban population from heart and vascular diseases is increasing every decade. In the United States, mortality from heart disease was the fourth leading cause of death in the population, and by 1940 this figure had risen to first place. The proportion of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases increased to 36% by 1959, and in 1971 it was already more than 47%.

The “onslaught” of chronic non-infectious diseases has a strong “rear”, which can be considered the most characteristic demographic processes of the modern period, and above all the aging of the population in economically developed countries. The process of population aging most actively influences the structure of mortality and morbidity. At the same time, there is a tendency towards “rejuvenation” of chronic non-infectious diseases, especially heart and vascular diseases. Cases of myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke are increasingly occurring in young people. Over 15–20 years, morbidity and mortality rates in this age group have approximately doubled.

There is no doubt that diseases of the cardiovascular system existed in the distant past, but they were hidden from us by the flow of infectious diseases and were poorly diagnosed. A.I. Kuprin in his story “The Death of a Fighter” classically described the clinical picture of angina pectoris (angina pectoris). However, at present, high rates of heart and vascular diseases are explained not only by more advanced diagnostics, but also by their true increase in absolute terms.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system cause the most significant damage to people's health, labor resources and the economy of countries (temporary and permanent loss of ability to work, disability). Thus, in the GDR in 1971, the rate of disability due to diseases of the cardiovascular system amounted to 10-12 million lost working days per year for 340,000 people; approximately 43% of all cases of disability in men were caused by diseases of the heart and blood vessels. According to our scientists, 57% of men with diseases of the cardiovascular system become disabled at working (pre-retirement) age.

It should also be noted that there is great economic damage caused by diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Thus, foreign experts are trying to calculate the economic losses from these diseases. For example, US publications report that due to premature death from heart and vascular diseases in this country, labor losses per year amount to approximately 2 million lost years. Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 40% of all labor losses due to mortality in the United States. In 1973, the damage caused to this country due to heart and vascular diseases reached 40 billion dollars.

Diseases of civilization reflect modern views based on ideas about the unity of social and biological factors in the formation, development and existence of man. It is the living conditions of modern man that have begun to come into some conflict with the requirements (possibilities) of his biological nature. The biological nature of man is largely conservative and it would be unwise to forget about its capabilities.

The type of modern man is essentially no different from the type of Cro-Magnon man who lived 100 thousand years ago. During this period, many social structures changed, but the biological nature of man remained practically unchanged. Nature makes its demands. We forget about them, and she takes revenge on us with the diseases of civilization.

Diseases of civilization are directly or indirectly related to the development of the modern world community. Thus, the lifestyle and behavior of the population have been transformed or are being transformed due to urbanization, chemicalization and other artificial changes in the external environment, due to the intensification of production processes. In turn, these factors contribute to inadequate neuroemotional reactions, psychological and other stress, sudden changes in nutritional balance, information overload, and physical immobility. Thus, the diseases of civilization are not a fatal predetermination, but a consequence of the actions of the people themselves. Therefore, the prevention of these diseases is quite possible.

Diseases of civilization depend mainly on the influence of environmental factors. We are talking about the impact of a complex of factors, and above all, a combination of exogenous socio-economic factors and a changed lifestyle. The primary importance of socio-economic factors in the spread of a number of chronic diseases is evidenced by a sharp increase in the incidence of these diseases and mortality from them in a very short period of time, during which such intensive genetic transformations in humans are unthinkable. In just one generation, under the influence of rapid socio-economic, scientific, technical, political and other changes, the picture of morbidity in economically developed countries has changed and the profile of diseases has been transformed. Chronic diseases, primarily of the heart and blood vessels, have become the leading link in the structure of morbidity and mortality.

Nervous overload and physical underload, polluted air in big cities, poor nutrition, smoking and alcoholism in adults - all these costs of civilization hit the child’s still fragile body especially painfully. And the smaller the child, the more severe the consequences of such blows. Infants and unborn children are especially vulnerable. Nine months of intrauterine development largely determine the fate of the unborn child. During this first period of life, the human body is most susceptible to various damages.

Now many people on our planet have realized the danger of an irresponsible attitude towards the natural environment, the consequences of which are detrimental to human health, and therefore they are loudly talking about protection. This approach contributes to a deep understanding of the causes of many diseases and their timely prevention. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: “...don’t the causes of illness usually creep in and begin to act in the body before the patient becomes the object of medical attention? And knowledge of the causes, of course, is the most essential matter of medicine. Firstly, only by knowing the cause can one accurately rush against it, and secondly, and this is even more important, one can prevent it from taking action, from invading the body. Only by knowing all the causes of diseases, real medicine turns into the medicine of the future, i.e. into hygiene in the broad sense of the word."

The emergence and development of ideas about primary prevention is inextricably linked with the search for the causes of the occurrence and spread of diseases in the process of fundamental epidemiological, social-hygienic, theoretical, experimental and clinical-social research. These studies are aimed at establishing the true extent of the prevalence of non-infectious diseases, identifying primary deviations from the normal course of life processes, studying the triggers for the development of disease processes leading to the occurrence of various diseases, as well as establishing the connection of the body with the influence of various environmental factors.

Prevention should include a sum of activities aimed at studying the environment and changing it, systematically influencing the environment in order to eradicate conditions that contribute to the occurrence of diseases. Primary prevention measures should be both of a general health nature, helping to improve living conditions and strengthen the health of the population as a whole, and strictly targeted at preventing specific diseases, in particular eliminating risk factors. At the same time, the best results can be obtained with the comprehensive implementation of preventive measures that simultaneously ensure changes in working and living conditions, protect the body from external pathogenic influences while eliminating the risk of disease and increase resistance to these factors based on the mobilization of the body’s biological adaptive mechanisms.

This approach determines the need to regulate, for preventive purposes, many factors of everyday life and professional activity that shape the conditions and lifestyle of a person and relate to the environmental and industrial environment, living conditions, nutrition, spiritual and physical culture, etc.

Lisovsky V.A., Evseev S.P., Golofeevsky V.Yu., Mironenko A.N.

The concept of “major non-communicable diseases” is relatively new and reflects the changing picture of human morbidity during the development of civilization and innovations occurring in the sphere of human activity. Advances in medicine in the treatment of widespread infectious diseases and education of the population in measures to prevent them have reduced mortality. At the same time, the incidence and mortality of people from non-communicable diseases has increased.

TO major non-communicable diseases primarily include:

• diseases of the circulatory system (for example, coronary heart disease, characterized by disturbances in the functioning of the heart, and hypertension, a disease with a persistent increase in blood pressure);
• malignant formations (cancer).

When analyzing the causes of mortality in Russia, there is a clear trend towards an increase in mortality from non-communicable diseases, which account for more than 80% of cases, including diseases of the circulatory system - more than 53%, and malignant tumors - about 18%.

Remember!
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the main indicator of population health is life expectancy.

Statistics
Currently, the life expectancy of the Russian population is significantly lower than in developed countries of the world. Thus, according to data for 1994, the average life expectancy of the Russian population was 57.7 years for men and 71.3 years for women. According to long-term forecasts, it will remain close to this level. Thus, for men born in 2006, the average life expectancy will be 60.4 years, for women - 73.2 years. For comparison: the average life expectancy of the population of the USA and England is 75 years, Canada - 76 years, Sweden - 78 years, Japan - 79 years.

Everyone should know this

The main cause of non-communicable diseases is non-compliance with healthy lifestyle standards. Among the main reasons are:

• high level of load on the nervous system, stress;
• low physical activity;
• poor nutrition;
• smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs.

According to medical statistics, all these factors contribute to a reduction in human life expectancy.

Smoking reduces the life expectancy of a smoker by an average of 8 years, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages - by 10 years, poor nutrition (systematic overeating, abuse of fatty foods, insufficient intake of vitamins and microelements, etc.) - by 10 years, poor physical activity - by 6 -9 years, stressful situation - for 10 years. This adds up to 47 years. If we take into account that on average a person is given up to 100 years of life by nature, then those who grossly violate all the norms of a healthy lifestyle cannot count on a long prosperous life. In addition, they need to be prepared to spend a lot of effort on treating non-communicable diseases.

A person’s lifestyle is one of the main factors influencing the preservation and promotion of health, it accounts for 50% among other factors (heredity - 20%, environment - 20%, medical care - 10%). Unlike other factors, lifestyle depends only on a person’s behavior, which means that 50% of your health is in your hands, and personal behavior affects its condition. Therefore, mastering the norms of a healthy lifestyle and forming your own individual system is the most reliable way to prevent the occurrence of non-communicable diseases.

When creating a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to take into account a number of individual factors. This is primarily heredity, i.e., characteristics of physical development, certain inclinations, predisposition to certain diseases and other factors that were passed on to you from your parents. It is also necessary to take into account environmental factors (ecological, household, family, etc.), as well as a number of others that determine your ability to realize your plans and desires.

It should be noted that life requires each person to be able to adapt to a constantly changing environment and regulate their behavior in accordance with it. Every day presents us with new problems that need to be solved. All this is associated with certain emotional stress and the emergence of a state of tension. They appear in humans under the influence of strong external influences. The state of tension that arises as a response to external influences is called stress.

Each person has their own optimal level of stress. Within these limits, stress is mentally beneficial. It adds interest to life, helps you think faster and act more intensely, feel useful and valuable, with a certain meaning in life and specific goals to strive for. When stress exceeds the optimal level, it depletes the mental capabilities of the individual and disrupts human activity.

It has been noted that severe stress is one of the main causes of non-infectious diseases, as it disrupts the functioning of the body’s immune systems and leads to an increased risk of various diseases (stomach and duodenal ulcers, as well as diseases of the circulatory system). Thus, the ability to manage your emotions, resist the effects of severe stress, develop emotional stability and psychological balance in behavior in various life situations is the best prevention of the occurrence of non-communicable diseases.

Let us note that different people react to external irritation in different ways, but nevertheless, there are general directions for dealing with stress that ensure psychological balance, that is, the ability to contain stress at an optimal level.

Let's list some of them. The fight against stress begins with developing the belief that only you are responsible for your spiritual and physical well-being. Be optimistic, because the source of stress is not the events themselves, but your correct perception of them.

Exercise and play sports regularly. Physical exercise has a positive effect not only on the physical state, but also on the psyche. Constant physical activity promotes psychological balance and self-confidence. Physical exercise is one of the best ways to overcome severe stress.

Set yourself feasible tasks. Look at things realistically, don't expect too much from yourself. Understand the limits of your capabilities, do not take on an unbearable burden in life. Learn to say a firm “no” if you are unable to complete a task.

Learn to enjoy life, enjoy the work itself, how well you do it, and not just what it will give you.

Eat right. Get enough sleep. Sleep plays a very important role in coping with stress and maintaining health.

Attention!
The ability to manage your emotions and maintain psychological balance in any life situations will provide you with a good mood, high performance, respect from the people around you, and therefore spiritual, physical and social well-being, which will significantly reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases.

Questions

1. What diseases are the main non-communicable diseases?
2. What factors contribute to the emergence of major non-communicable diseases?
3. What role does a person’s lifestyle play in the prevention of major non-communicable diseases?
4. What is stress and what effect does it have on human health?
5. What measures in a person’s lifestyle help reduce severe stress to an optimal level?

Exercise

Analyze what factors cause you strong emotional stress in everyday life. Make changes to your daily lifestyle to reduce their impact on your condition and increase your confidence in your abilities.

Infectious diseases are the most common types of diseases. According to statistics, every person suffers from an infectious disease at least once a year. The reason for such prevalence of these diseases lies in their diversity, high contagiousness and resistance to external factors.

Classification of infectious diseases

A common classification of infectious diseases is based on the method of transmission: airborne, fecal-oral, household, vector-borne, contact, transplacental. Some of the infections may belong to different groups at the same time because they can be transmitted in different ways. Based on location, infectious diseases are divided into 4 groups:

1. Infectious intestinal diseases in which the pathogen lives and multiplies in the intestines. Diseases in this group include: salmonellosis, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, botulism.
2. Respiratory infections that affect the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. This is the most common group of infectious diseases, causing epidemic situations every year. This group includes: ARVI, various types of influenza, diphtheria, chickenpox, tonsillitis.
3. Skin infections transmitted by touch. These include: rabies, tetanus, anthrax, erysipelas.
4. Blood infections transmitted by insects and through medical procedures. The pathogen lives in the lymph and blood. Blood infections include: typhus, plague, hepatitis B, encephalitis.

Features of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases have common features. These features manifest themselves to varying degrees in different infectious diseases. For example, the contagiousness of chickenpox can reach 90%, and immunity is formed for life, while the contagiousness of ARVI is about 20% and forms short-term immunity. The following features are common to all infectious diseases:

1. Contagiousness, which can cause epidemic and pandemic situations.
2. The cyclical course of the disease: incubation period, the appearance of precursors of the disease, the acute period, decline of the disease, recovery.
3. Common symptoms include fever, general malaise, chills, and headache.
4. Formation of immune defense against the disease.

Causes of infectious diseases

The main cause of infectious diseases are pathogens: viruses, bacteria, prions and fungi, but not in all cases the entry of a harmful agent leads to the development of the disease. The following factors will be important:

• what is the infectiousness of pathogens of infectious diseases;
• how many agents entered the body;
• what is the toxicogenicity of the microbe;
• what is the general condition of the body and the state of the human immune system.

Periods of infectious disease

It takes some time from the time the pathogen enters the body until complete recovery. During this period, a person goes through the following periods of infectious disease:

1. Incubation period– the interval between the entry of a harmful agent into the body and the beginning of its active action. This period ranges from several hours to several years, but more often it is 2-3 days.
2. Pre-normal period characterized by the appearance of symptoms and a vague clinical picture.
3. Period of disease development, in which the symptoms of the disease intensify.
4. High period, in which the symptoms are most pronounced.
5. Extinction period– symptoms decrease, condition improves.
6. Exodus. Often this is recovery - the complete disappearance of signs of the disease. The outcome may be different: transition to a chronic form, death, relapse.

Spread of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are transmitted in the following ways:

1. Airborne– when sneezing, coughing, when particles of saliva with a microbe are inhaled by a healthy person. In this way, a massive spread of infectious disease among people occurs.
2. Fecal-oral– germs are transmitted through contaminated foods and dirty hands.
3. Subject– transmission of infection occurs through household items, dishes, towels, clothing, and bed linen.
4. Transmissible– the source of infection is an insect.
5. Contact– transmission of infection occurs through sexual contact and contaminated blood.
6. Transplacental– an infected mother transmits the infection to her child in utero.

Diagnosis of infectious diseases

Since the types of infectious diseases are diverse and numerous, to make a correct diagnosis, doctors have to use a complex of clinical and laboratory-instrumental research methods. At the initial stage of diagnosis, an important role is played by collecting anamnesis: history of previous diseases and this one, living and working conditions. After an examination, anamnesis and initial diagnosis, the doctor prescribes a laboratory test. Depending on the suspected diagnosis, this may include various blood tests, cell tests, and skin tests.

Infectious diseases - list

• lower respiratory tract infections;
• intestinal diseases;
• ARVI;
• tuberculosis;
• Hepatitis B;
• candidiasis;
• toxoplasmosis;
• salmonellosis.

Human bacterial diseases - list

Bacterial diseases are transmitted through infected animals, sick people, contaminated foods, objects and water. They are divided into three types:

1. Intestinal infections. Particularly common in summer. Caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. Intestinal diseases include: typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, food poisoning, dysentery, escherichiosis, campylobacteriosis.
2. Respiratory tract infections. They are localized in the respiratory system and can be complications of viral infections: FLU and ARVI. Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract include the following: tonsillitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia.
3. Infections of the external integument caused by streptococci and staphylococci. The disease can occur due to harmful bacteria coming into contact with the skin from the outside or due to an imbalance in the skin bacteria. Infections in this group include: impetigo, carbuncles, boils, and erysipelas.

Viral diseases - list

Human viral diseases are highly contagious and widespread. The source of the disease is a virus transmitted from a sick person or animal. Infectious disease agents spread rapidly and can affect people over a vast area, leading to epidemic and pandemic situations. They manifest themselves fully in the autumn-spring period, which is associated with weather conditions and weakened human bodies. The top ten common infections include:

• ARVI;
• rabies;
• chickenpox;
• viral hepatitis;
• herpes simplex;
• Infectious mononucleosis;
• rubella;

fungal diseases

Fungal infectious skin diseases are transmitted through direct contact and through contaminated objects and clothing. Most fungal infections have similar symptoms, so laboratory diagnosis of skin scraping is required to confirm the diagnosis. Common fungal infections include:

• candidiasis;
• keratomycosis: lichen and trichosporia;
• dermatomycosis: mycosis, favus;
• : furunculosis, ulcers;
• exanthema: papilloma and herpes.

Protozoal diseases

Prion diseases

Among prion diseases, some diseases are infectious. Prions, proteins with an altered structure, enter the body along with contaminated food, through dirty hands, unsterile medical instruments, and contaminated water in reservoirs. Prion infectious diseases in humans are severe infections that are practically untreatable. These include: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, fatal familial insomnia, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome. Prion diseases affect the nervous system and brain, leading to dementia.

The most dangerous infections

The most dangerous infectious diseases are diseases in which the chance of recovery is only a fraction of a percent. The five most dangerous infections include:

1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or spongiform encephalopathy. This rare prion disease is transmitted from animals to humans, leading to brain damage and death.
2. HIV. The immunodeficiency virus is not fatal until it has progressed to the next stage - .
3. Rabies. Cure from the disease is possible with vaccination before symptoms appear. The appearance of symptoms indicates imminent death.
4. Hemorrhagic fever. This includes a group of tropical infections, some of which are difficult to diagnose and cannot be treated.
5. Plague. This disease, which once devastated entire countries, is now rare and can be treated with antibiotics. Only some forms of plague are fatal.

Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention of infectious diseases consists of the following components:

1. Increasing the body's defenses. The stronger a person’s immunity, the less often he will get sick and the faster he will recover. To do this, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right, play sports, get plenty of rest, and try to be optimistic. Hardening has a good effect on increasing immunity.
2. Vaccination. During epidemics, targeted vaccination against a specific rampant disease gives a positive result. Vaccinations against certain infections (measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus) are included in the mandatory vaccination schedule.
3. Contact protection. It is important to avoid infected people, use personal protective equipment during epidemics, and wash your hands frequently.

Lesson summary “Non-communicable diseases typical for the Moscow region”

(based on the regional program “Prevention and control of diseases of a social nature for the period 2008-2011)

Target:

To familiarize students with the main non-communicable diseases, the causes of their occurrence, and their impact on human health.

Questions studied

Major non-communicable diseases and their impact on human health.

The main causes of non-communicable diseases.

General measures for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.

DURING THE CLASSES

Organizing time.

Presentation of educational material

The main non-communicable diseases include:

1. arterial hypertension (leads to heart attack, stroke).

It is generally accepted that normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. These numbers are easy to decipher. Systolic pressure is always indicated first; it shows the pressure at the moment of contraction of the ventricles of the heart - that is, when they eject the next portion of blood. In this case, it is equal to 120. Systolic pressure is always higher than the second digit - the value of diastolic pressure, which indicates the blood pressure when the ventricles are relaxed. In our example, diastolic pressure is 80. Measuring blood pressure in millimeters of mercury is a tribute to tradition.

Risk factors:

increase in systolic pressure

increase in blood cholesterol

smoking

Prevention:

First, it should be measured from time to time. At a young age, monitoring blood pressure once a year is enough (if it is normal). If you find that your blood pressure is too low or high and persists for no apparent reason, consult a doctor. Vascular and heart diseases are easy to prevent at an early stage, but not in advanced forms, so don’t waste time.

Secondly, try to reduce the number of factors that contribute to increased blood pressure. Namely, stop smoking (or better yet, don’t start), don’t drink alcohol and psychoactive substances, keep yourself in shape, focusing on aerobic exercise (obesity is another “helper” of hypertension), and limit your consumption of table salt (ideally not you need to add salt to your food in general).

Thirdly, do not forget about proper and nutritious nutrition. According to medical recommendations, to maintain normal blood pressure, you need to eat more vegetables, low-fat dairy products (soy milk is also excellent), foods rich in fiber, and all kinds of grains and cereals. What you definitely need to beware of is food rich in cholesterol and carbohydrates (a typical example is fast food).

2. Diabetes mellitus - is an endocrine disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood sugar levels due to absolute or relative deficiency - pancreatic hormone. The disease leads to disruption of all types of metabolism, vascular damage, , as well as other organs and systems.

Classification

There are:

Insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1 diabetes mellitus) develops mainly in And ;

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2 diabetes) usually develops in people years of age who are overweight. This is the most common type of disease (occurs in 80-85% of cases);

Secondary (or symptomatic) diabetes mellitus;

Pregnancy diabetes.

Diabetes due to malnutrition

Attype 1 diabetes mellitus there is an absolute deficiency of insulin due to dysfunction .

Attype 2 diabetes mellitus notedrelative insulin deficiency. At the same time, pancreatic cells produce enough insulin (sometimes even an increased amount). However, on the surface of cells, the number of structures that ensure its contact with the cell and help glucose from the blood enter the cell is blocked or reduced. The lack of glucose in the cells is a signal for even more insulin production, but this has no effect, and over time, insulin production decreases significantly.

Causes

Main reasontype 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune process caused by a malfunction of the immune system, in which the body produces against pancreatic cells, destroying them. The main factor provoking the occurrence of type 1 diabetes is ( , , , (mumps), etc.) against the background of a genetic predisposition to this disease.

Regular intake of dietary supplements containing , increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes...

The main factors provoking the developmenttype 2 diabetes mellitus : and hereditary predisposition:

Obesity. In the presence of obesity I degree. The risk of developing diabetes mellitus increases by 2 times, with stage II. - 5 times, at stage III. - more than 10 times. The development of the disease is more associated with the abdominal form of obesity - when fat is distributed in the abdominal area.

Hereditary predisposition. If you have diabetes mellitus or immediate relatives, the risk of developing the disease increases 2-6 times.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes develops gradually and is characterized by moderate severity of symptoms.

The reasons for the so-calledsecondary diabetes can be:

pancreatic diseases ( , tumor, resection, etc.);

diseases of hormonal nature

impact or chemicals;

Symptoms of diabetes:

thirst (patients may drink3-5 l or more liquid per day);

frequent urination (both day and night);

dry mouth;

general and muscle weakness;

increased appetite;

itching of the skin (especially in the genital area in women);

drowsiness;

increased fatigue;

poorly healing ;

sudden weight loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Diagnosis and treatment

Patients with diabetes must be registered with a doctor. .

Fordiagnostics diabetes mellitus, the following study is performed.

for glucose: on an empty stomach, the glucose content in capillary blood (blood from a finger) is determined.

Cancers

Causes:

Physical nature - radiation, electromagnetic radiation

Chemical nature - benzopyrene (vehicles, gasoline evaporation, forest fires, garbage burning, tobacco smoking)

Biological nature - viral hepatitis B, HIV infection

Psycho-emotional stress (decreased immunity)

The latent period for cancer development is 10 years.

Prevention:

1. Quit smoking to prevent cancer

In the United States, lung cancer kills more men and women than any other tumor, with 28% of deaths (or 160,000 people) per year attributed to this type of cancer. And in most cases, the tumor occurs due to smoking. However, tobacco abuse is associated not only with lung damage, but also with a dozen other types of cancer. That is why many doctors advise starting cancer prevention with quitting smoking. And if you haven’t started smoking yet, then don’t ever start. Interestingly, you can reduce your risk of cancer by simply reducing the number of cigarettes you smoke per day. A study recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that quitting 10 cigarettes a day reduces the risk of developing lung cancer by as much as 27%!

However, you should not naively believe that smoking is not harmful to your health, even if you do not smoke yourself. About 3,000 cases of lung cancer each year are associated with secondhand smoke. It has been scientifically proven that inhaling tobacco smoke increases the risk of other malignant tumors. Imagine that you are in a closed nightclub or bar. There are 100 people smoking around you, and this means that you smoke too, even if you don’t have a cigarette in your hands. If you leave a party and your clothes smell of tobacco smoke, it means that you inhaled a sufficient amount of this poison during the evening.

2. Lose excess weight

Obesity and being overweight are known to have negative effects on the heart. But did you know that it is also a significant risk factor for cancer? Obesity is associated with about 14% of cancer deaths and more than 3% of new cases of malignant tumors annually.

That's why the American Institute of Cancer Research advises trying to maintain a normal weight for as long as possible. In November 2007, the organization released a report examining the impact of nutrition, food and physical activity on development and. According to this white paper, obesity is associated with a wide variety of cancers, including, pancreas, gallbladder, mammary gland, endometrium and kidneys.

3. More movement

The same expert report also found that a variety of forms of physical activity help prevent the development of many types of cancer. Numerous studies show that just 30 minutes of moderate exercise every day can reduce the risk of cancer by 30-50%. If you have been able to lose weight to an acceptable weight, increase your physical activity and include fruits and vegetables in your diet, then this is equivalent to quitting smoking. Many people simply do not realize the importance of such changes because they consider these moments trivial.

4. Fill your plate with plant-based foods.

Many foods have a preventive effect on cancer. For example, tomatoes, watermelon and other vegetables that contain lycopene have been shown to reduce the risk of prostate cancer in men.

However, if you set out to reduce the likelihood of various malignant tumors, then be prepared to eat plant foods, especially non-starchy vegetables and fruits. Many diets, such as Mediterranean and vegetarian, are based on this principle. It is believed that this type of diet best protects against cancer.

AICR has proposed a "New American Plate" plan that calls for 2/3 of each meal's plate to consist of vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains (breads and cereals). The rest of the plate can be filled with fish, lean meats and low-fat dairy products (such as cheese or cottage cheese).

5. Avoid alcohol

The impact of alcoholic beverages on health is a kind of double-edged sword. There is ample evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate consumption of alcohol, especially red wine, on cardiovascular health. However, on the other hand, alcohol abuse increases the risk of developing cancer. Moreover, the effect is dose-dependent: the more you drink, the higher the risk of developing a malignant tumor, especially of the oral cavity, larynx, esophagus and stomach. When combined with smoking, the risk increases significantly.

What to do? The report from AICR and the American Cancer Society recommends limiting alcohol consumption: women should have no more than one drink per day, and men no more than two drinks. In this case, one dose of alcohol corresponds to 0.5 liters of beer, half a glass of wine (100 ml), a glass of vodka or 30-40 g of whiskey or other strong drink.

6. Get rid of stress

There is no evidence that stress directly affects cancer risk. However, psychological stress can lead to unhealthy habits. After all, there is nothing better than making up for stress with an extra piece of cake, which leads to overeating, a glass of beer or a cigarette. If you become accustomed to coping with stress in this way, your risk of developing cancer increases.

7. Don’t neglect the examination

Many screening methods, such as mammography for breast cancer or prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer, do not themselves prevent cancer. They only identify them at the earliest stages, when treatment is most effective.

Other tests, such as a cervical smear or colonoscopy, can detect precancerous changes. If left unattended, cervical cancer or colon cancer will eventually develop.

To decide which test is right for you, talk to your doctor. Discuss risk factors, family history of cancer, and symptoms that concern you.

8. Get to the roots of your family

Doctors advise their patients to study the history of diseases in the family as carefully as possible. This is how the risk of developing certain diseases that occur in different generations among family members is determined. For example, the next time your family gets together, try to talk as much as possible about family illnesses with everyone present. Of course, this is not a very pleasant topic of conversation at the holiday table, but the information collected will ultimately be useful to everyone.

There are special charts or tables that can be downloaded to a personal computer and used to compile a family history.

Mental illnesses.

Causes of diseases:

Reduction of normal births, deviations during pregnancy

Inadequate socio-economic situation in the country.

Oncological diseases

Arterial hypertension

Schizophrenia may be hidden under the symptoms of neurosis in children.

Prevention of neuroses:

To strengthen the nervous system, the use of physiotherapeutic methods and sanatorium-resort treatment may be indicated. It is important to normalize the work and rest regime. A patient with neurosis should, if possible, avoid both physical and psycho-emotional stress.