As soon as the human body is infected with the terrible immunodeficiency virus, completely irreversible consequences begin, which are almost impossible to cope with. Taking into account the fact that for some, HIV can remain in the body for years, not manifest itself at all, and only then the condition will sharply worsen, you should be attentive to your health, well-being, and skin condition as well.

Why and where do acne appear with HIV?

HIV acne on the body in the first stages may not cause any suspicion in a person at all, especially if he does not yet know that he is already a carrier of the virus. Since defense mechanisms are systematically destroyed and the level of resistance to external infections and bacteria gradually decreases, you can notice how rashes gradually appear on the body, even in places where there were none before.

Acne on the face due to HIV may at first seem like ordinary acne, but traditional home remedies for prevention and treatment will not give any result in this case. Gradually, isolated rashes on the face begin to become inflamed, and more and more often one can observe the formation of abscesses, which will later begin to unite. Such pronounced pink pimples with painful sensations are called acne, and while a person who is not infected with AIDS has a chance to get rid of the problem, then someone who is infected has practically no chance.

Acne on the head with HIV is also no exception. As a rule, rashes gradually appear throughout the body. If at first the ulcers and inflamed areas were only on the face, then after a while such lesions are already present on the head. In cases where a specialized examination has not been carried out before, then with such symptoms it is simply necessary to run to a specialist and undergo all tests. Acne due to HIV, photos of which are widely available on the Internet, clearly show what will happen if specialized drug treatment is not started immediately.

Lesions of the skin and mucous membranes are early symptoms of HIV infection. Any pathological changes in all systems of the body, as on the screen, are immediately reflected in the condition of the skin. Therefore, for a correct diagnosis, it is very important to take a close look at various skin diseases. HIV infection gives rise to a very wide range of skin diseases, which are conventionally divided into neoplastic, infectious and dermatoses of unknown origin. What all these groups have in common is that the diseases have atypical symptoms and are extremely difficult to treat. At the very beginning of infection, the patient must be correctly diagnosed HIV rash: it may be a sign of acute exanthema, similar at the same time to hemorrhagic allergic vasculitis, measles, pityriasis rosea, and syphilitic elements of the second period.

Acute exanthema is observed in HIV-infected people 2 to 8 weeks after infection. The main place of localization is the torso, although sometimes it is noted by the appearance of a number of elements on the skin of the neck and face. Skin rashes can be combined with lymphadenopathy, fever, diarrhea, and severe sweating. All the symptoms taken together resemble severe infectious mononucleosis or influenza. As immunodeficiency increases, the exanthema rash is complemented by a herpes rash, manifestations of molluscum contagiosum, etc. The acute inflammatory nature of this disease is complicated by the generalization of the rash over the skin of the entire body.

Along with exanthema, the most common disease affecting HIV-infected people is called Kaposi's sarcoma. A malignant neoplasm covers the skin with a rash in the form of spots or nodules of different colors: red, purple, brown. Sarcoma damages the oral cavity (mucous membrane of the gums, palate), and lymph nodes. Lesions may also appear on internal organs.

Shingles is also a common sign of AIDS infection. The rash is variable: mild limited forms are replaced by severe ulcerated manifestations with constant relapses.

Papular rash is another fairly common skin disease in AIDS patients. Papular rash with HIV is characterized by fluctuations in the number of elements: from several to hundreds. Small in size, reddish in color, skin rashes cover the head, neck, torso, and limbs.

Since AIDS is an incurable disease today, it is impossible to talk about it. But pharmacological agents of the latest generation help modern medicine to make it a little easier and prolong the lives of those deeply unhappy people who have contracted HIV infection.

is the first sign of infection. However, in most cases, such manifestations go unnoticed, which contributes to the further progression of the pathology. Therefore, if such a symptom occurs, you should make sure that such a terrible disease does not exist.

Few people know how a rash manifests itself during HIV infection in women and men; a photo will help you find out the answer to such a question, and you can find them yourself. Also, at the appointment, the dermatologist is able to show a photo of the primary symptoms of an HIV rash.

In most cases, a rash due to HIV (see photo) occurs in the following forms:

The above types of rashes on the body due to HIV infection are most often diagnosed in patients. Each of the ailments has its own clinical characteristics, and depending on them, the approach to treating these diseases differs.

What kind of rash occurs with HIV infection?

Depending on the location of the rashes on the body due to HIV, they are divided into two large groups: exanthemas and enanthems.

An exanthema is any rash on the skin caused by HIV (photo), localized only on the outside and provoked by exposure to the virus. Enanthema also denotes the presence of similar elements of dermatoses, however, they are located only on the mucous membranes and are caused by various negative factors. Enanthema often appears in the early stages of immunodeficiency, but it is worth understanding that such a disease can develop independently, regardless of the presence of the virus in the body.

In the photo, a rash on the skin during the acute stage of HIV is accompanied by a vivid clinical picture. In infected patients, any dermatoses are characterized by particularly aggressive development. However, they are difficult to treat and are accompanied by repeated relapses.

Where does a rash appear with HIV? Such questions often interest patients. A doctor can answer them; also, when this sign appears, it is important to conduct a differential diagnosis and find out the cause of such an ailment. How long the rash symptoms last during the acute stage of HIV depends on the type of pathology and the treatment measures taken. In most cases, the elements are located on the body, but can also affect the skin of the neck and face. Often the rash in HIV-infected people at an early stage, a photo of it is shown here, is accompanied by acute manifestations. These include:

• Increased sweat production.
• A disorder of the intestines, manifested in the form of diarrhea.
• Fever.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.

A profuse rash with HIV and the first symptoms mentioned above are not always considered as signs of an immunodeficiency state, since clinically they are similar to influenza and mononucleosis. But even with treatment, the elements begin to spread throughout the body, and the patient’s condition worsens. This should already be assessed as a possible infection with AIDS.

It is difficult to say for sure how long it takes for a skin rash to appear due to HIV infection, since each patient’s pathology occurs individually. In most cases, such manifestations are observed 14-56 days after the virus enters the body.

Skin rashes due to HIV infection on the body (photo) caused by fungal microflora

Mycotic lesions of the skin in immunodeficiency are among the most common. This group includes several diseases that progress rapidly. Skin rashes due to HIV are difficult to resolve even with treatment.

Fungal infections can be observed throughout the body; not only the torso is affected, but also the limbs, feet, hands, and scalp.

Skin rashes due to HIV infection (AIDS), photos of which can be shown by a specialist, may be signs of the following pathological conditions:

• Rubrophytia. In most cases it appears atypically. Red skin rash due to HIV (photo) often appears as flat papules. During a microscopic examination, it is possible to detect a huge number of pathogens. This pathology clinically resembles seborrheic dermatitis, exudative erythema, keratoderma affecting the palms and soles. It often causes the formation of paronychia and onychia.
• Candidiasis. The first sign of HIV in men is a rash, a photo of which you can find on your own. Often, immunodeficiency manifests itself this way in the stronger sex. A similar symptom is most often observed in young people; the elements are localized, as a rule, on the genitals, oral mucosa, near the anus, and can often be found on the nails and in the groin area. When the rash spreads over large areas, it can ulcerate, forming weeping surfaces and accompanied by pain. If candidiasis affects the esophagus, patients are bothered by pain when swallowing, difficulty eating, and a burning sensation in the sternum.
• Tinea versicolor. What are the rashes associated with HIV in this case? The pathology is accompanied by individual spots that do not merge; their diameter is no more than 0.5 cm, in some cases they can reach 2-3 cm. Over time, the elements turn into papules or plaques. This symptom can occur at any stage of AIDS.

What types of rashes occur with HIV that are viral in nature?

Skin pathologies of a viral nature in immunodeficiency are also quite common. They can be observed at any stage of disease progression. The following dermatological lesions are considered the most common:

• Lichen simplex. A doctor can show AIDS rashes of this nature during an appointment. They look like blisters that often burst, creating painful erosions that are resistant to healing. Such signs are observed in the anus, oral cavity, genitals, and can also affect the esophagus, bronchi, pharynx, and rarely the hands, legs, spinal cord, and armpits.
• Herpes zoster. Often becomes the first sign of an immunodeficiency state. Accompanied by blisters with exudate; when damaged, painful erosions are exposed. It is difficult to say how long a rash with HIV, which is herpetic in nature, lasts; sometimes it does not go into remission. Often accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes.
• Cytomegalovirus infection. It affects the skin extremely rarely. This sign is an unfavorable prognosis for AIDS.
• Molluscum contagiosum. Elements of this disease are localized on the face, neck, head, and can also affect the anus and genitals. They tend to merge and are accompanied by frequent relapses.

What does a pustular rash look like with AIDS (HIV infection) in women and men: photo

Pustular lesions in immunodeficiency are in most cases caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus. As a rule, patients are concerned about the following ailments:

• Impetigo. It has the appearance of multiple conflicts, which, when damaged, form yellow crusts. They are located mainly on the beard and neck.
• Folliculitis. Clinically, the elements are similar to acne. Does the HIV rash itch or not? As a rule, the pathology is accompanied by itching. In most cases, the upper chest, back, face are affected, and over time other parts of the body are affected.
• Pyoderma. Externally, it resembles condylomas. It is located in large folds of the skin, is difficult to treat, and is prone to constant relapses.

Manifestations of vascular dysfunction

What kind of skin rash occurs when infected with HIV (AIDS), a photo of which is shown here, if the blood vessels are damaged? In this case, telangiectasias, hemorrhages, and erythematous spots are observed. Localization can be very diverse, in most cases the torso is affected.

It is also common for patients to develop a maculopapular rash due to HIV; a photo of it is not difficult to find. It is located on the limbs, upper torso, head, face. The elements do not merge with each other, a similar rash with HIV itches.

Most people infected with the immunodeficiency virus suffer from seborrheic dermatitis. It can occur in localized and generalized form. This pathology is a common sign of AIDS. Accompanied by significant peeling of the affected areas.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Many patients infected with AIDS suffer from such a malignant disease as Kaposi's sarcoma. It can occur in visceral and dermal forms. The latter is accompanied by damage to the skin; with the former, internal organs are drawn into the pathological process. Often they occur in parallel, accompanied by both external and internal signs of the disease.

Kaposi's sarcoma is characterized by a malignant course, it progresses rapidly and is difficult to respond to therapeutic measures. The rash in this case has a bright red or brown color and is localized on the face, neck, genitals, and oral mucosa. It can become damaged, then patients complain of pain. Often with sarcoma, the lymph nodes become enlarged.

As a rule, the disease develops in young people in the last stages of immunodeficiency, when patients have no more than 1.5-2 years to live.

It is quite difficult to say specifically when a rash appears on the body due to HIV infection, the photo of which can be very diverse, because there are a number of dermatoses, and they can develop both in the initial and late stages of AIDS. If any problems of this nature arise, you should contact a medical facility for diagnosis and find out the true cause of the disease.

HIV is a viral disease that has a devastating effect on the immune system. As a result, the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections, and malignant neoplasms occurs.

After infection, the virus penetrates the living cells of the body, and they are rearranged at the genetic level. As a result, the body begins to independently produce and multiply viral cells, and the affected cells die. HIV multiplies due to immune cells, helpers.

A complete restructuring of the immune system occurs. It begins to actively produce the virus, without creating a protective barrier for pathogenic microorganisms.

Damage to the immune system occurs gradually. After infection, a person does not notice changes in the body. When there are more viral cells than immune cells, a person becomes very susceptible to other diseases. The immune system cannot cope with the pathogen; even the simplest infection is difficult to tolerate.

The progression of the disease is accompanied by the appearance of such signs as: high body temperature, increased sweating, diarrhea, sudden weight loss, thrush of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, frequent colds, skin rashes.

Does HIV rash appear immediately after infection?

One of the first signs of HIV infection is the appearance of skin rashes of various types. In some cases, it is not pronounced and remains unnoticed, which leads to the progression of the disease. When the first symptoms of the disease appear, you should immediately consult a specialist.

HIV infection is accompanied by the appearance of rashes such as:

1. Mycotic lesions. Occurs as a result of fungal infection. Leads to the development of dermatoses.
2. Pyodermatitis. Occurs as a result of exposure to streptococcus, staphylococcus. The elements of the rash are filled with purulent fluid.
3. Spotted rash. Occurs due to damage to the vascular system. Erythematous, hemorrhagic spots and telangiectasias appear on the body.
4. . Indicates a viral infection in the initial stages of the disease. Skin damage is accompanied by severe peeling.
5. Viral damage. The nature of the rash depends on the source of the damage.
6. Malignant neoplasms. It appears during the active development of the disease. Diseases such as hairy leukoplakia and Cauchy's sarcoma develop.
7. Papular rash is characterized by rashes; they can occur as separate elements or form lesions.

Why does a rash appear with HIV?

The first signs of HIV disease are rashes on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. As a result of the destruction of the immune system by HIV, the body becomes vulnerable to various infections that manifest themselves in the form of skin diseases. The condition of the skin acts as a kind of indicator, the condition of which indicates certain dysfunctions of organs and systems.

Skin diseases of various types occur with HIV. Their manifestations depend on the stage of the disease, the age of the patient, the causative agent: Cosh's sarcoma, candidiasis, warts.

8 days after infection, red spots may appear on the face, torso, genitals, and mucous membranes.

Skin diseases associated with HIV are accompanied by the development of specific symptoms:

• fever;
• weakness;
• diarrhea;
• body aches;
• pain in muscles, joints;
• high body temperature;
• increased sweating.

After infection, skin rashes are chronic. They are practically untreatable and can progress over several years. With further development of the disease, viral, microbial, fungal infections progress: and children, syphilitic, purulent rashes, mycotic lesions.

What does an HIV rash look like in the initial stage photo

HIV rashes are divided depending on the location of the body: exanthema, enanthema.

Exanthema is a skin rash that occurs as a result of a viral infection. The rash appears only on the surface of the skin. Exanthema occurs in the early stages of the disease. Elements of the rash can appear not only on the skin, but also affect the mucous membranes of the larynx and genitals. The first signs of infection appear after 14-56 days, depending on the individual characteristics of the organism.

HIV rash photo makes it possible to visually assess the stage of immunodeficiency. The rashes are difficult to treat, spread throughout the body, and can be on the neck and face. As the disease develops, the rash is accompanied by the appearance of specific symptoms:

• profuse sweating;
• gastrointestinal dysfunction;
• fever;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

First signs of HIV infections are similar to the flu. With further damage to the immune system, a characteristic rash spreads, which cannot be treated, and the patient’s condition worsens.

HIV rash photos in women

Symptoms of HIV in women are slightly different from the disease in men. At the initial stage of the disease the following is observed:

• high body temperature;
• cough;
• a sore throat;
• chills;
• headache;
• muscle and joint pain;
• swollen lymph nodes;
• pain during menstruation in the pelvic area;
• specific discharge from the genitals.

After 8-12 days, rashes appear on the skin, which occurs as a result of exposure to streptococcus and staphylococcus.

1. Impetigo. Appear in the form of conflicts. They are located in the neck and chin area. With mechanical damage, a yellow crust appears.
2. Folliculitis. The external signs resemble those of a teenager, which is accompanied by severe burning and itching. Formations appear in the chest, back, face, then spread throughout the body.
3. Pyoderma. Similar to condylomas. Appears in skin folds. Does not respond well to drug therapy. After treatment there is a high risk of relapse.

What an HIV rash looks like, photos in women can be seen in this article. All details are in the specialized literature, clinic, HIV centers or from a highly qualified specialist. We give a general idea.

Can HIV-infected people be identified by their rash?

One of the main signs of HIV infection in the body is the appearance of skin rashes, which are accompanied by severe itching. They appear 2-3 weeks after infection. In case of HIV infection, it will help determine their origin.

HIV rashes are characterized by the appearance of raised pimples and red spots. It can occur as a separate element or damage the surface of the entire body. At the initial stage of development of the disease, chest, back, neck, arms.

When a viral infection of the body occurs, the rash is accompanied by the appearance of symptoms such as:

• nausea, vomiting;
• formation of ulcers in the oral cavity;
• high body temperature;
• dysfunction of the digestive system;

– an allergic skin reaction, manifested in the form of clearly defined areas of erythema and swelling, usually affecting not only the upper layers of the skin, but also quite deep ones.

The disease is often accompanied by severe itching, burning, and sometimes pain.

It may appear chronic (> 6 weeks).

Urticaria can easily be confused with a number of other dermatological diseases that are similar in symptoms, so it is important to consult a doctor promptly so that the specialist makes the correct diagnosis and prescribes the correct course of treatment.

Let's consider the symptoms and methods of treating urticaria against the background of other diseases.

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For HIV

HIV infection is a disease caused by immune deficiency. It attacks the patient's immune system, which is the body's natural defense. If a person is infected with HIV, it is more difficult for the body to fight infections.

HIV-infected patients with low white blood cell counts have been reported serious allergic reactions, manifested on the skin in the form of a rash and hyperemia, while high concentrations of leukocytes indicate skin diseases associated with hypersensitivity.

Understanding the nature of the cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection can help determine the patient's immune status.

appears very sharply and suddenly:

1. Hives often occur at the site of injection (such as drugs).
2. Cold allergy is also associated with HIV infection and is sometimes one of the distinctive symptoms by which a specialist can determine that the patient is infected.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in many AIDS patients.
4. Psoriasis and reactive arthritis are also quite common among HIV patients. These diseases cause painful blisters or plaques to appear on the skin.
5. HIV-infected patients are very sensitive to sunlight; due to its exposure, they often develop sun allergies.

Therapy methods can only be prescribed by the attending physician. Urticaria is not the most pleasant disease associated with HIV; it only complicates the life of the infected patient.

The medications that the patient takes to maintain immunity are often interact negatively with antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids used in the fight against urticaria.

In this case, the specialist will most likely prescribe non-hormonal ointments(Fenistil-gel).

Also, HIV-infected patients with acute and severe forms of urticaria (blisters and plaques are inflamed) should be very careful, because often the inflammation and rash bleed.

This poses a risk for healthy people to become infected from an HIV-infected patient.

For the flu

Sometimes hives are the immune system's response to a recent infection, such as a cold or flu.

The disease sometimes occurs against the background of taking such drugs How:

• Tylenol;
• Aspirin;
• as well as many antipyretic compounds (Teraflu, Coldrex) if you are allergic to vitamin C.

Hives with flu not dangerous, symptoms usually subside within a few days (maximum week). If the rash is itchy, then you should use the non-hormonal drug Fenistil-gel, or take a Tavegil or Claritin tablet. In this case, you do not need to see a doctor.

For worms

In a study of 50 patients with chronic urticaria, blood samples (complete blood count) and eosinophil (a subtype of white blood cell) blood samples were taken to identify the allergen, as well as a stool sample. All patients had positive results for worms.

1. Itching in the anus (as well as hyperemia of the mucous membranes).
2. Dizziness.
3. Nausea and vomiting.
4. Slight increase in temperature.
5. Constipation or diarrhea.

If you have been tested positive for worms and have symptoms of hives, you should immediately consult an allergist.

When there are worms and urticaria, specialists prescribe to relieve symptoms, as well as anthelmintics(Helmintox, Nemozol, Pirkon). The course of treatment with anthelmintic drugs is about 14 days. And the symptoms of urticaria disappear on the second day.

Patients with giardiasis and urticaria developing against it experiencing the following symptoms:

• increased fatigue;
• nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite;
• diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, cramps;
• characteristic reddish rashes, the rash is often itchy, blisters are usually absent.

Episodes of urticaria are often correlated with the presence of Giardia lamblia in the stool.

Treatment Giardiasis completely relieves the symptoms of urticaria and includes:

1. Metronidazole is an antibiotic (may cause nausea).
2. Tinidazole is an analogue of metronidazole.
3. Nitazoxanide is a popular option for treating children and is available in liquid form.
4. Paromomycin - can be taken with caution during pregnancy.

For pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It is often accompanied by urticaria. It can manifest itself as an allergic reaction to drugs used to treat the disease, and can also become a symptom of jaundice. Jaundice is caused by a build-up of bilirubin in the blood and tissues of the body. The most obvious sign of jaundice is yellow skin and yellow whites of the eyes.

Under treatment urticaria with pancreatitis comprehensively. The main risk factor for developing pancreatitis is excessive alcohol consumption(which is also a common allergen) or the presence of gallstones.

Treatment of acute pancreatitis carried out in a hospital, and the goal is to relieve symptoms, the patient most often takes antibiotics, enzyme replacement (Mezim, Creon). Chronic pancreatitis is treated with antibiotics, pain medications, and changes in diet and vitamin supplements.

Symptoms of urticaria disappear with this therapy after a few weeks (up to a month).

Antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids are rarely prescribed by a doctor, since they interact negatively with drugs for the treatment of pancreatitis.

For candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection (common in women - thrush). Under normal conditions, the body can contain small amounts of this fungus, but there are times when it begins to multiply.

Most infections are caused by a type of fungus called Candida Albicans.

Typically, candidiasis is not a serious condition and responds well to treatment.

But ignoring symptoms and not seeking medical attention promptly can lead to potentially life-threatening problems, especially in those with weakened immune systems.

There are different types of candidiasis– intestinal, fecal, diffusion (in the intestines), perianal. It is intestinal candidiasis that is usually accompanied by urticaria. His symptoms include:

1. Chronic fatigue.
2. From the gastrointestinal tract: increased gas formation, bloating and cramps, rectal itching, constipation or diarrhea.
3. From the nervous system: depression, irritability, problems with concentration.
4. On the part of the immune system: the appearance of allergies and hypersensitivity to certain chemicals - a rash can occur in various parts of the body, but usually appears on the face, hands, or affects mucous membranes.

If you have candidiasis, it is important to seek medical help. The specialist will most likely will prescribe antifungal drugs(Flucostat, Fluconazole, Intraconazole, Diflucan), antifungal ointments(Clotrimazole, Pimafucin), as well as l medicines to restore intestinal flora(Linex, Bifidumbacterin, Baktisubtil).

While taking them, the symptoms of urticaria disappear within a few days. Taking antihistamines is not required.

For cholecystitis

May develop against the background of cholecystitis. This is an inflammation of the gallbladder. The most common symptom of acute cholecystitis is pain in the upper abdomen.

Other symptoms may include:

• shoulder blade pain;
• nausea, vomiting;
• fever.

All these symptoms usually occur after eating fatty foods.

Since this is an infectious disease, it can cause hives in patients with allergies. Exacerbation of cholecystitis is often the cause of acute urticaria or Quincke's edema.

In this case, you should immediately consult a doctor. The specialist will prescribe a balanced diet, painkillers (mainly antispasmodics - No-shpa, Spazmolgon), as well as choleretic drugs.

To eliminate local inflammation of urticaria, non-hormonal ointments are prescribed - Fenistil-gel.

responds well to treatment, and allergic symptoms disappear within a few days (up to a week).

For hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus is an infection that affects the liver. Chronic cases if left untreated can lead to liver failure.

Skin rashes can be a sign of hepatitis C and should not be ignored. Hives from hepatitis C can also be associated with liver damage or be a side effect of anti-hepatitis medications.

Against the background of hepatitis C, only acute form of the disease, but rarely it can develop into chronic.

Skin signs of acute viral hepatitis:

1. Acute urticaria is usually observed in patients with viral infections, including hepatitis A, B, C.
2. Hives are accompanied by fever, headache and joint pain.
3. The rash is usually red (sometimes burgundy) and blisters may appear.
4. If you develop hives due to hepatitis C, you should immediately consult an emergency doctor.

Exacerbation of hepatitis C usually lasts up to 6 weeks. Periodic episodes of urticaria may accompany the entire period of exacerbation. The rash develops within a few minutes and lasts for several hours, then subsides.

For acute hepatitis C, the best course of action to treat hives is taking antihistamines and the use of ointments and gels to relieve itching.

Chronic rashes are more difficult to treat due to the ongoing nature of the disease. The specialist will also advise To you:

• limit sun exposure;
• take a warm bath;
• Use body moisturizers and avoid laundry soap.

It is best to consult a doctor as soon as you notice any unusual skin changes.

For eczema

Eczema is a term for a group of conditions that cause irritation or inflammation of the skin. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis. Unlike hives, the itching of eczema is not caused by the release of histamine. Eczema is more likely a consequence of urticaria than a concomitant disease.

Treatment can only be prescribed by a specialist (allergist, dermatologist). But, if the allergy-causing agent cannot be eliminated or identified, then steps to relieve an allergic reaction:

1. Apply non-steroidal creams (Hydrocortisone) to the affected areas along with anti-itch lotions (eg Calamine).
2. Benadryl in tablet form.
3. Corticosteroids.
4. Immunosuppressants are drugs that suppress the immune system (cyclosporine, azathioprine, methotrexate).
5. Immunomodulators (Elidel).

Eczema difficult to treat. It is especially unpleasant for teenagers due to its external manifestations.

This can lead to depression. In this case, you need to contact a psychotherapist for professional help.

Urticaria itself is not a serious condition. But often it can be accompanied by severe forms of other diseases.

To know exactly what measures need to be taken and what medications to use, consult your doctor. But remember that in most cases, the causes of hives are irritants, its symptoms are harmless, and are almost always temporary.

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As was said above that hives– the disease is not infectious, but allergic; it is impossible to catch it from a sick person. The main factors that influence its appearance are:

• Food;
• Cosmetical tools;
• Insect bites;
• Household chemicals;
• Certain medications;
• Synthetic things.

In addition to external factors, the appearance of this disease is influenced by the work of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous system.
Also for HIV infection, patients develop a rash on the skin, which is the first sign of the disease. The reasons for its appearance can be a variety of factors: taking narcotic drugs, medications. The skin of infected people is very sensitive to ultraviolet rays, which provokes sun allergies.

How does an allergy manifest in HIV infection?

The first signs of urticaria in a patient with HIV infection appear 3-5 weeks after infection.

The rashes are localized throughout the body, less often they can be found on the face and neck. As the infection begins to progress, the symptoms of an allergic reaction also intensify. The inflammatory process worsens, and the small rash turns into a single sheet of rash throughout the body of the sick person.
If we talk about cold urticaria or solar urticaria, then they manifest themselves in the form of: redness on the skin, small rashes and blisters.
When drug addicts are infected with HIV, rashes appear at injection sites.
Appearance hives due to HIV infection is a very dangerous phenomenon, since the localization sites itch, the patient scratches them. Blood may seep out from scratches, which greatly increases the likelihood of infection from such a person.

Treatment of rash in infected patients

It is impossible to cure an infected person from skin rashes, since they occur against the background of an underlying disease. In such cases, the doctor prescribes medications to relieve allergy symptoms.
In most cases they use:

1. antihistamines;
2. anti-inflammatory drugs;
3. sorbents;
4. in rare cases, antibiotics and hormonal drugs;
5. homeopathic remedies.

It is also recommended that infected patients use special non-hormonal agents as drug therapy. Since they additionally support the immune system with other drugs that are not compatible with some types of antihistamines.
Only a doctor can prescribe medications, based on the severity of the disease and the patient’s health condition.

"Video Symptoms of HIV"

It appears on the body already in the early stages of the disease. It is worth noting that damage to the dermis plays a special role in the symptom complex of the immunodeficiency virus. First of all, it is by these signs that the disease can be diagnosed. Therapists or dermatologists begin to sound the alarm when a patient with symptoms characteristic of AIDS comes for an appointment. In later stages, rashes, neoplasms and ulcers on the body do not always require special clinical studies. For example, Kaposi's sarcoma does not require a biopsy or scrapings, since an experienced specialist can diagnose it visually. Skin with HIV in this case has characteristic signs. The same can be said about most fungal infections. Let's consider the clinical manifestations of HIV skin diseases. Photos of some of them are provided for visual demonstration.

Fungal skin lesions in HIV infection

These manifestations occur in almost half of those infected with the immunodeficiency virus. The most common of them are candidiasis and mycoses. In the first case, not only the skin of HIV-infected people suffers, but also the mucous membranes of the mouth and genitals. If the infection is in the acute phase, then this disease may be accompanied by vaginitis and vulvitis, which do not respond to the classical treatment regimen. Fungi of the genus Candida can in this case spread to the inguinal folds. The symptoms of candidiasis are always pronounced. Visually, small rashes are visible on the damaged areas, covered with plaque, the shade of which varies from white to yellow. If not treated properly, this disease progresses rapidly. In place of harmless rashes that do not cause much discomfort at the initial stage, erosions and ulcers appear, which are accompanied by acute pain, itching and excessive burning. It is worth noting that such a manifestation of HIV on the body, a photo of it is presented on the page, is not typical for people without the immunodeficiency virus.

Mycoses are no less common skin diseases associated with HIV. The mycelium of this fungus affects not only the dermis. It quickly spreads to the nail plates, literally eating away at them and the skin underneath them. Some disseminated forms of this fungal infection can also spread to the hairy parts of the body, for example, the head. Mycosis lichen cuts off the hair from the affected surface, leaving ulcers and erosive lesions in its place. This manifestation of HIV on the skin is characterized by a severe course.

Mycotic lesions of the dermis can be deep. In this case, the patient becomes a victim of chromomycosis or streptococci. The presence of these concomitant diseases indicates a severe course of the immunodeficiency virus and its rapid progression. Such skin manifestations of AIDS require strict monitoring by the attending physician and constant maintenance therapy.

Bacterial manifestations of HIV on the skin

The most common bacterial skin lesion associated with HIV is staphylococcus. This disease is extremely rare in healthy adults. That is why, when diagnosing staphylococcus, a specialist has a good reason to refer the patient for additional examination to identify the immunodeficiency virus. Concern in this matter should also be caused by the fact that antibiotics and other antifungal drugs are not very effective and, despite their long-term use, the disease continues to increase in speed.

In addition to this symptom and skin manifestations of HIV infection (see photo), streptococcus can also be observed in patients with the immunodeficiency virus. Diseases with a similar symptomatic picture in advanced or untreatable cases often lead to abscesses. They are characterized by such signs of HIV and manifestations of AIDS on the skin as boils, cellulitis, ulcers, and so on. Small neoplasms often appear singly on one or another part of the body. The initial stage of the disease quickly turns into acute, which is characterized by large foci of rashes. Skin itching during HIV infection in this case is a secondary symptom. It can develop from staphylococcus. Most often, patients complain of aching or nagging pain in the affected area, lumbago. New growths on the skin with bacterial manifestations are always accompanied by purulent processes, which, if not properly cared for, can lead to infection of tissues and blood.

One of the most dangerous bacterial skin diseases associated with HIV is syphilis. It is also severe in people without immunodeficiency syndrome, but in this particular case it can cause progression of the disease. The nature and course of this process in people not infected with AIDS is usually milder. Skin lesions caused by HIV infection spread quickly. Syphilis in this case affects areas of the body such as the face, feet, and palms. Ulcers resulting from the disease do not heal for a long time. They are difficult to treat. Medicines that help to successfully suppress the signs and manifestations of syphilis are often powerless in infected patients. Syphilis and its symptoms on the skin (see photo) in HIV patients can appear at the initial stage, actively progressing as it becomes acute. Treatment in this case should be carried out under the strict supervision of specialists. Moreover, in addition to potent antibacterial drugs, patients are prescribed to take medications that support the immune system affected by the virus. A photo of skin with HIV infection clearly demonstrates the severity of syphilis. Extensive lesions, as well as the resistance of this bacterial disease to drugs, can be a serious signal that the patient should be tested for AIDS.

Damage to the skin and mucous membranes makes it possible for the first time to suspect AIDS in many patients. At the same time, the course of dermatological diseases in HIV-infected patients has a number of features: they manifest themselves atypically, have a severe course, and are difficult to treat. The following diseases are of greatest diagnostic importance: Kaposi's sarcoma, candidiasis, lichen simplex and herpes zoster, lichen versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, “hairy” leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, molluscum contagiosum. The severe course of these dermatoses, their generalization in the presence of general symptoms (fever, weakness, diarrhea, weight loss, etc.) are poor prognostic symptoms and indicate the development of clinical manifestations of AIDS.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is the most characteristic dermatological manifestation of HIV infection. The disease begins at a young age with the appearance of pale pink spots and papules that slowly increase in size, becoming purple or brown in color. Point hemorrhages appear along the periphery of the main focus. In the initial stage of the disease, skin manifestations resemble hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, dermatofibroma, and ecchymosis. In the later stages of the disease, skin manifestations become more characteristic, infiltration and ulceration of the lesions increase. The lesions can be localized on any part of the skin, but their location on the head, torso, or along the ribs is suspicious for AIDS.

In HIV-infected patients, the mucous membranes of the mouth, genitals and conjunctiva are affected.

Herpetic rashes in HIV-infected people can occur on any part of the skin and mucous membranes, most often on the lips, genitals, legs and in the perianal area, especially in homosexual men. The rash quickly turns into large, painful, long-lasting ulcers with irregular, scalloped edges. With an atypical course, the clinical signs of herpes may resemble chickenpox or impetigo.

In HIV-infected patients, in addition to damage to the skin and mucous membranes, herpetic proctitis occurs, which sometimes takes the form of painful edematous erythema in the perianal area.

Pityriasis versicolor in HIV-infected persons has its own characteristics: the process is widespread, the clinical picture resembles other dermatoses (pityriasis rosea, seborrheic dermatitis); Infiltration and lichenification of the skin are noted.

Candidiasis of the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vulva and vagina is often found in HIV-infected patients, and candidiasis of the mouth and pharynx is the first manifestation of AIDS.

The unexpected occurrence of mucosal candidiasis in young people who have not taken corticosteroids, cytostatics or antibiotics for a long time is a reason to screen them for HIV infection. There are 4 clinical forms of candidiasis of the mouth and pharynx: thrush (pseudomembranous candidiasis), hyperplastic candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia), atrophic candidiasis and jamming (candidal cheilitis). HIV-infected patients often experience combined damage to the skin and mucous membranes; the disease is very severe, painful ulcers and candidal abscesses of the brain, liver and other organs form. Recommended traditional treatment regimens for candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes for patients with HIV infection are ineffective.

In patients with HIV infection, genital warts are often encountered, and as immunosuppression increases, they become multiple, affecting large areas of the skin and mucous membranes. The therapy provided is ineffective.

Mycotic diseases;

Changes in blood vessels;

Pyodermatitis;

Seborrheic dermatitis;

Viral lesions;

Papular rashes and others.

Mycotic lesions

Diseases of this type in HIV-infected people are most often represented by rubrophytosis and candidiasis. Pathologies such as lichen versicolor or inguinal epidermophytosis are also possible. For all these diseases, the characteristic development features of HIV are rapid spread, the formation of large lesions localized on the skin of the entire body and affecting the face and scalp, hands and feet. All of them are characterized by resistance to the treatment measures taken, a severe course, and the constant occurrence of relapses.

Candidiasis. This disease most often affects the oral cavity and is common in adults infected with HIV. In other cases it is extremely rare. Its characteristic features are as follows:

• the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, genitals and peri-anal area are predominantly affected;
• more often observed in young men;
• the rapid development of the disease leads to the appearance of extensive painful foci, often eroded and ulcerated areas.

Rubrophytosis in HIV infection often manifests itself unusually. The clinical picture of this disease may resemble seborrheic dermatitis, erythema multiforme exudative, keratoderma affecting the soles and palms. In addition, it can be in the form of numerous rashes with elements in the form of flat papules. Microscopic examination reveals a high content of mycelium.

Lichen versicolor is represented by individual elements of the rash, the diameter of which reaches 5 cm, in the form of spots that later turn into plaques and papules.

Viral lesions

These types of diseases are often observed in people with HIV.

Herpes simplex in HIV is usually localized on the genitals and adjacent areas and in the oral cavity. They are characterized by an abundance of various elements, constant relapses of the disease, often without remissions, with the appearance of ulcers, erosions and severe pain. When analyzing the imprint of the affected surface, Tzanck cells are revealed. Frequent exacerbations of herpes lead to the formation of non-healing erosions on the oral mucosa. Ulcerations can result from lesions of the genital organs and anal area, the latter being common in homosexuals.

Non-specific localization of HIV rash may also be observed. The use of the drug "Acyclovir" quickly leads to resistance to it.

Herpes zoster. This disease can be the first early, and sometimes the only, manifestation of HIV infection. Particular clinical certainty indicating a connection between herpes zoster and HIV infection is acquired in the presence of persistent lymphadenopathy. Disseminated pathology is often observed. If there are relapses of herpes zoster, we can talk about the last stage of the disease.

Cytomegalovirus. This pathology in HIV infection often causes various damage to tissues and organs. Visible surfaces, such as skin and mucous membranes, are extremely rarely involved, and the presence of lesions on them is considered a sign of an unfavorable prognosis for the course of the disease.

Molluscum contagiosum in HIV most often has an unusual localization - on the face of adults, and is characterized by regular relapses, as well as rapid dissemination.

Hairy leukoplakia. The appearance of signs of this disease is a poor prognostic symptom.

Genital warts and vulgar warts in such cases are characterized by frequent relapses and rapid growth.

Pyodermatitis

These diseases, which occur in the presence of HIV infection, can manifest themselves in a variety of ways. The most common follicles are those that are similar in appearance to acne or acne. Various forms of impetigo or streptococcal ecthyma may appear. Characteristic manifestations of HIV are considered to be pyococcal diseases with a chronic course: diffuse, vegetative and chancriform pyoderma.

Rash with vascular dysfunction

Rashes on the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by disruption of the normal functioning of blood vessels, manifest themselves in the form of a hemorrhagic rash, numerous telangietasia, densely covering the chest, or erythematous spots.

Seborrheic dermatitis

This disease affects more than half of people with HIV in the early stages. Gradually, with the suppression of the immune system, a transition of the disease into a progressive form is observed. Clinically, the appearance of the rash can vary greatly; both strictly limited elements and generalized lesions are possible. The course of the pathology usually progresses and the rash spreads to locations uncharacteristic for this type of dermatitis: the skin of the abdomen, sides, perineum, and limbs.

Papular rash

A distinctive feature of such a rash due to HIV is its small size, lack of change in skin color or slight reddish tint, smoothed surface, hemispherical shape, compacted consistency. Rashes are observed in the form of separate elements without the tendency to merge. Localization: neck, upper body, limbs, head. The rash can be represented by both single and multi-hundred elements. Most often it is accompanied by severe itching.

Distinctive features of the course of dermatoses in HIV

It is possible to highlight the characteristic features of the course of diseases affecting the skin in the presence of HIV:

• drug resistance;
• increasing progression;
• severe course;
• accompanied by lymphadenopathy;
• unusual localizations and other clinical manifestations.

Kaposi's sarcoma

One of the characteristic diseases indicating the presence of HIV infection is Kaposi's sarcoma. In practice, there are two types of this pathology: dermal and visceral.

Kaposi's sarcoma, which appears in HIV, is characterized by the following clinical features:

• young people are affected;
• the elements of the rash are bright in color;
• unusual localization;
• rapid dissemination;
• Progressive course, in a short time the disease affects the lymph nodes and many internal organs.

This development of Kaposi's sarcoma occurs in about a year and a half. Based on the totality of signs, it is easy to distinguish the form of the disease characteristic of HIV infection from the classical type of pathology.

When HIV enters the terminal stage, or with AIDS itself, there is a complication of previously noted infections, as well as multiple neoplasms, manifested in various forms and types.

HIV rash: Photo

3. Photo of HIV rash on the face

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus caused by a retrovirus.

This condition is characterized by suppression of immune defense, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develops, as a rule, these are the first symptoms of HIV infection.

There are the following stages of HIV infection:

• incubation period;
  • acute;
  • without symptoms;
  • lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes);
  • damage to the skin and mucous membrane (secondary symptoms);
  • damage to internal organs;
  • terminal stage.

In most cases, HIV is detected already during secondary manifestations, when the symptoms are already clearly visible.

In the initial stages, the first symptoms of HIV are almost not pronounced and go away quite quickly. The immunodeficiency virus at the initial stage manifests itself equally in both men and women.

Symptoms

HIV infection has main symptoms : psychological and physical. If we take the psychological ones, then they include depression, which often appears against the background of the disease. Sleep disturbances and frequent anxiety may also be observed. Physical manifestations include: bowel disorders, nausea, vomiting. Additionally, fever, skin rashes and gynecological diseases may occur.

Incubation period

After infection, the virus does not make itself known in any way for some time. This period is the incubation period. It can last from 4 months to 5 years, sometimes more. It should be noted that the tests will not yet show any abnormalities and outwardly the person looks completely healthy. However, he is already a carrier. After the incubation period, the acute stage begins.

Acute period

At this stage of the disease, you can observe symptoms reminiscent of infectious mononucleosis, in principle, this is what it is early symptoms of HIV. The temperature may suddenly rise,lymph nodes in HIVincrease in size, sore throat begins. At the same time, the patient may feel constant weakness and headaches. The liver and spleen may enlarge, which is accompanied by aching pain.

After some time, a pink rash can be detected on the skin. A complete blood count often shows an elevated level of white blood cells. This is a milder course of the infection and is observed in approximately 25-30% of patients. In other cases, the disease occurs in a more acute form. This is expressed by frequent nausea and vomiting, inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and general malaise.

Asymptomatic stage

Passes without pronounced symptoms. But, antibodies to HIV are already present in the blood. In cases where the immune system is slightly affected, this stage can last quite a long time. Only within 5-6 years can some symptoms be detected.

Lymphadenopathy

This disease is very often one of the main signs of HIV infection. It is characterized by inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially in the neck. You can observe an enlargement of the lymph node from 2 to 6 cm. Such symptoms last up to 3-4 months, after which the patient’s body weight actively decreases.

Secondary manifestations

Most often, the secondary stage is accompanied by pneumonia. A cough, fever appears, and shortness of breath may occur when walking. During this period, the throat with HIV may be inflamed. Medicines for HIV infection - antibiotics and antivirals - are ineffective.

The second manifestation may be a tumor of the lymphatic vessels. Small burgundy tumors can be seen on the head or parts of the body.

Women are more likely to experience candidiasis, genital herpes and tuberculosis. There may be a decrease in memory and mental activity.

The first signs in women

During the incubation period, signs of infection with the immunodeficiency virus in men and women can appear in different organs and systems. However, the first sign of the disease will be a persistent increase in temperature, often up to 38 degrees. This increase in temperature appears for no reason and lasts about 10 days. Cough, migraine, worsening sleep and malaise gradually develop. You may notice the appearance of a rash. HIV spots can have different shades, from pink to dark red. These symptoms of HIV can be seen in the photo below.

Women often experience severe weight loss, which in some cases even leads to anorexia. At the same time, eating often ends with nausea and vomiting.

Due to the fact that HIV infection affects the immune system, women often experience diseases of the genitourinary system. Also, infected young women often complain of very painful menstruation and significant enlargement of the lymph nodes in the groin area. Naturally, such manifestations often do not relate to this infection, but can only be a sign of hypothermia or inflammation of the ovaries. But, if such symptoms are observed for a long time, then it is necessary to undergo an examination and conduct tests in order to exclude the disease.

Many experts believe that the first manifestation of HIV disease is enlarged lymph nodes. However, this phenomenon can be observed quite rarely in women.

There is an opinion that infection in the female body does not develop as quickly as in the male body. Although, there is no medical evidence for this.

Children who are infected in utero have an earlier onset of the disease, often in the first 12 months. And some children do not have clinical manifestations until they are 6-7 years old and even 15-16.

Newborns

Women with this disease often give birth to babies born prematurely or with developmental delays during pregnancy. Just like in adults, one of the first signs of the disease in children is enlargement of the lymph nodes, up to about 1 cm. Sometimes the lymph nodes in children with HIV are enlarged by more than 1 cm, see below in the photo. On palpation, the nodes do not hurt and have a normal color.

With an ultrasound, you will notice that the child’s spleen and liver are enlarged. This symptom is observed frequently and is considered an early manifestation of infection. The disease provokes poor physical development. Such children experience decreased growth, frequent viral diseases such as acute respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and sometimes an unstable psycho-emotional state.

Skin diseases can often be observed in children. The cause of which is a fungal or bacterial infection. Manifests itself in the form of scabies, vasculitis and a macular rash.

In newborns, cardiovascular failure is often diagnosed due to the negative impact of infection on nerve cells and intestinal diseases. Later, central nervous system lesions occur (occur in approximately 60% of children).

It should be noted that children with HIV infection are most often susceptible to acute respiratory diseases, which, in turn, are severe and require long-term treatment.

In more rare cases, tumors may be found in children at the third stage of the disease.

Signs in men

The fact that the first signs of infection do not appear immediately was described above. Therefore, let's immediately move on to the description:

• 7-12 days after infection, the first symptom can be seen - a rash that can cover the entire body. The first symptoms of HIV in men are in the form of a rash, see below in the photo.
• the patient feels enlarged lymph nodes in the groin and neck;
• After a while, fatigue and loss of appetite, drowsiness and reluctance to work appear.

However, every symptom listed should not be taken as a fact of HIV infection. To confirm concerns, it is necessary to undergo certain tests. Also, do not forget about precautionary measures to avoid such fears.

Facts about the infection

The ways of contracting the infection are as follows:

• intimate relationship without appropriate protection;
• after a blood transfusion;
• intrauterine, from mother to child.

Statistics show that approximately 85% of infections occur after heterosexual intercourse. In second place is drug use (intravenously).

Unfortunately, the percentage of women infected is increasing every year. Now in the world more than 20% of women are diagnosed with HIV.

But there is also a positive trend - the manifestation of the disease among children has decreased significantly. First of all, this is due to the timely access of women to clinics before planning conception.

Considering that there is no single symptom that would be responsible for the manifestation of HIV infection, it is impossible to make a diagnosis based on the patient’s complaints.

Such a diagnosis is necessary due to the fact that the public views HIV disease as a disease that has no cure and leads to rapid death.

Today, there is only one method that allows the presence of infection to be determined as qualitatively as possible - this is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using this analysis, it is possible to determine the presence of antibodies to the disease. The material for analysis is blood, taken from a vein.

During pregnancy, such an analysis is mandatory.

It should be noted that the analysis must be done some time after the suspected infection. This is due to the fact that antibodies can form approximately 4-12 weeks after infection. Therefore, conducting analysis in the early stages has no effectiveness.

If you suspect infection, but the test does not determine the presence of antibodies, it is recommended to take the test again after 5-7 weeks. In the case where a positive result is obtained, it is also recommended to retake it to be checked using more sensitive methods. This method includes PCR. With its help, it is possible to determine the DNA of the virus. The analysis itself is a very accurate study and allows you to determine the virus in the body, even if antibodies have not been developed.

After the tests are done and the stage is determined, it is possible to begin treatment of the disease. Therapeutic treatment is carried out under clinical supervision, and HIV medications are selected based on the specifics of the virus.

Of course, taking an HIV test is not compulsory and is not carried out without the consent of the patient. However, a timely diagnosis increases the chances of a positive result of therapy. If the result is negative, then the person has nothing to worry about.

If a virus is detected, a person’s life changes radically. He needs to tell his relatives about the disease to avoid infecting them. In addition, the disease affects a person’s psycho-emotional state, planning for children and, in general, his attitude towards life. An individual treatment program is selected for patients with HIV, depending on the type of virus and the course of the disease: antiretroviral drugs, protease inhibitors, immunocorrective and immunoreplacement therapy.

More than 90% of people living with HIV suffer from skin rashes. takes the form of any skin disease and causes symptoms unusual for skin diseases. Skin irritation is the first sign of infection and appears in the first month after infection. Therapy for rashes is aimed at reducing the intensity and suppressing unpleasant sensations.

With HIV infection, a rash appears on the body within a month

Causes of rash due to HIV infection

The cause of rashes is a weakening of the immune system and barrier functions of the skin, as a result of which viruses and bacteria do not meet resistance and cause skin diseases.

At what stage does the rash appear?

The first rashes appear within a week after infection, but can appear even after a month - this depends on the initial immunity and the presence of chronic diseases. In women, HIV may not make itself felt for up to a year.

First, small areas of skin irritation and bruises appear that do not attract attention. As the disease progresses, the manifestations intensify.

Where do the rashes appear?

Most often with the HIV virus, lyses (skin lesions) are localized on the face, neck, abdomen, chest, arms and groin area. These are the places where the rash appears first. Less commonly, rashes occur on the back, thighs, legs, and forearms.

HIV is also characterized by the spread of rashes over the entire surface of the body, including the scalp and mucous membranes.

What does a rash look like in people with HIV?

The characteristics of the rash depend on the skin disease that caused it. The only thing that all types of rashes with HIV infection have in common is more pronounced redness and itching, difficulty in treatment, and frequent relapses. In the photo below you can see in more detail the nature of the rashes in various diseases.

Skin diseases in HIV-infected people are more severe than in uninfected people, and are accompanied by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, intestinal upset, body and throat pain, and sweating.

It is expressed in the appearance of red plaques, which become crusty over time. Inflammations appear first on the face, then spread to the scalp, the inside of the knees and elbows.

Seborrheic dermatitis - inflammation in the form of plaques on the head

Plaques characteristic of seborrheic dermatitis form at an early stage of the disease in half of those infected.

Bubbles, white plaque and ulcers of various sizes, also covered with white plaque, appear on the oral mucosa.

Ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth are called stomatitis

Stomatitis in an HIV-infected person, which occurs against the background, is accompanied by fever and sore throat. Rashes in the mouth are one of the first external signs of HIV infection.

Allergy

In patients with immunodeficiency, allergic urticaria is noted, which is accompanied by the appearance of red spots and a rash similar to an insect bite.

Inflammation in the groin

Irritation is first localized on the hands, feet and groin area, then quickly spreads throughout the body.

Rashes occur when the body becomes infected with an infection. Exanthema appears as a colorless or bright red papular rash. The location of the rash depends on the pathogen, but most often appears in the torso and groin area.

Exanthema appears as a bright red rash all over the body or near the groin

In HIV-infected people, exanthema is caused by herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Coxsackie virus, enteroviruses, hepatitis C virus, molluscum contagiosum, and human papillomavirus.

It appears as red plaques with clear boundaries, covered with gray scales.

Psoriasis - red plaques with clearly defined boundaries

The severity of skin lesions depends on the degree of impairment of the immune system.

Scabies

Scabies affects up to 30% of HIV-infected people. The disease is characterized by intense itching, worsening at night.

White or red S-shaped itch burrows appear on the hands, between the fingers, on the mammary glands, under the armpits, and in the groin.

The rash occurs against the background of inflammation of the hair follicles and takes the form of burgundy pimples and pustules, reminiscent of a teenage rash.

Rash due to inflammation of the hair follicles

With secondary syphilis, a pink or red maculopapular rash appears on the patient’s body, which spreads throughout the body.

A blotchy rash all over the body due to syphilis

Secondary syphilis occurs 3-4 months after infection with Treponema pallidum.

Which doctor should I contact for a skin rash?

To treat skin rashes, consult a dermatovenerologist or venereologist if the rash appears on the genitals.

If you suspect HIV, contact an infectious disease specialist.

Diagnosis of rashes on the body

With HIV and AIDS, it is difficult to visually determine the type of rash - the nature of skin inflammation in infected people is different.

To establish an accurate diagnosis, mandatory blood donation for biochemistry, as well as clinical analysis

To determine the type of rash and its cause, the following diagnostic measures are carried out:

1. Clinical analysis of blood and urine.
2. Blood test for sexually transmitted viruses.
3. Skin scraping. The method is used to detect intradermal mites and fungi that cause skin diseases.
4. Blood tests for antibodies to allergens and allergy skin tests.
5. Hormonal studies.
6. Biopsy of skin lesions. They detect the presence of cancer cells, which is important for diagnosing Kaposi's sarcoma.

Treatment of rash due to human immunodeficiency virus

Treatment of skin irritations is difficult, since many drugs for the treatment of rashes interact with antiretroviral drugs prescribed for HIV.

In case of immunodeficiency, it is impossible to completely cure a skin rash; therapy is aimed at reducing symptoms and increasing the period of remission.

Terbinafine - ointment for fungus

To treat the rash use:

Ofloxacin - a drug for HIV

The choice and combination of drugs depends on the state of the patient’s immune system, the severity of the irritation and the cause of the rash.

For papular rashes and psoriasis, phototherapy with UV rays is used. For HIV infection, rays with a length of 311 nm are most effective.

Only those rashes that arose against the background of allergies are completely cured.

Do not neglect the treatment of skin diseases with HIV - without proper therapy, the number of rashes increases, and they take on a character in which it will be impossible to reduce the intensity of irritation.

At the first symptoms of a rash, consult a doctor - this is the only way to protect yourself from a progressive infection.

Prehospital diagnosis of HIV is difficult; few sick people pay attention to the first signs of the disease, and often the initial manifestations of HIV are confused with influenza or mononucleosis. Inattention to symptoms and delayed access to a medical facility makes the treatment of HIV and accompanying diseases ineffective, which can lead to the rapid death of the patient.

26. SKIN SIGNS OF HIV INFECTION AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

26. SKIN SIGNS OF HIV INFECTION AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the family of retroviruses and has a tropism for CD4 lymphocytes (T-helper cells), which leads to their death and decreased immunity.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the last stage of HIV infection, in which suppression of the immune system leads to the development of recurrent infectious diseases and malignant tumors.

Epidemiology. According to the World Health Organization, as of December 2005, there were 40.3 million people infected with HIV worldwide, of which 4.9 million were diagnosed in 2005. In the same year, 3.1 million patients died, of which 570,000 were children up to 15 years. Our country ranks among the first in the world in terms of the growth rate of newly registered cases of HIV infection. The official number of people living with HIV in Russia is 360,000, but the real number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Russian Federation is several times higher.

Etiology and pathogenesis. HIV belongs to the group of retroviruses and has a special tropism for T-helper cells that have CD4 receptors. Two types of virus have been identified: HIV-1 (widespread throughout the world, as well as in our country) and HIV-2, isolated mainly from patients in West Africa.

The modes of transmission of HIV are sexual, through blood, vertical. The main route is sexual through heterosexual and homosexual contacts.

Transmission through blood is possible when using shared syringes (among drug addicts), during transfusion of blood or its preparations, during transplantation of organs and tissues from HIV-infected people. There are known cases of infection of patients with hemophilia when they are given drugs (factor VIII and factor IX) from the blood of HIV carriers, as well as when a cadaveric cornea is transplanted from a patient. In the vertical route, infection occurs in utero or during childbirth, as well as through breast milk. Other routes of transmission (airborne, blood-sucking insects) have not been registered.

Main risk groups for HIV/AIDS:

Users of injecting drugs;

Commercial sex workers of both sexes, including homosexuals;

Prisoners in prisons;

Migrants and displaced persons, as well as homeless and neglected children.

Stages of HIV infection.

1. From the moment of infection to the appearance of seropositivity. Infection is not accompanied by any clinical manifestations.

After an incubation period of 1 to 6 weeks, short-term rises in temperature, muscle and joint pain, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, and asthenia may be observed. Skin manifestations are observed only in 10-50% of HIV-infected people in the form of macular or maculopapular rashes, mainly on the torso. They are usually not accompanied by itching and resolve spontaneously within 6-8 days. Aphthous rashes in the oral cavity, pharyngitis, and ulcers on the genitals are noted. There are more than 500 CD4 lymphocytes per 1 mm3.

2. Asymptomatic stage in carriers of HIV infection. After the acute reaction to the introduction of the virus subsides, an asymptomatic stage begins, sometimes lasting for years. HIV-infected people retain their ability to work and appear to be in full health, but they are more likely to experience common infections, including skin infections. A decrease in the CD4 count to 400 per 1 mm 3 indicates rapid progression of the disease.

3. Stage of clinical manifestations of AIDS. The interval between HIV infection and the development of AIDS is on average 8 years (range 1 to 18 years).

Along with general symptoms, skin manifestations are the most demonstrative and can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers of HIV infection.

CD4 lymphocytes in patients at this stage are less than 400 per 1 mm 3.

General clinical manifestations of AIDS: loss of body weight more than 10% of the original; diarrhea lasting more than 1 month; recurrent upper respiratory tract infections; pulmonary tuberculosis; unusual course of common infections; opportunistic infections: pneumocystis pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, encephalitis of various etiologies, salmonella septicemia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, infection caused by cytomegalovirus.

Clinical manifestations of HIV infection on the skin

Fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes

Candidiasis mucous membrane of the oral cavity or pharynx, caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, occurs in 40% of HIV-infected people. White plaques on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, tongue and larynx can merge into lesions with clear boundaries. The erythematous form of candidiasis indicates an aggressive course of the disease. Persistent vulvovaginitis is often diagnosed, manifested by a grayish-white crumbly coating, itching and burning. Onychia, paronychia and candidiasis of large folds are observed somewhat less frequently.

With severe immunodeficiency, candidiasis of the trachea, bronchi and lungs develops, which is included in the list of opportunistic infections.

Mycoses in HIV-infected people they are widespread, severe, difficult to treat and often recur. There are disseminated forms of mycoses, including pityriasis versicolor, as well as lesions of the scalp in adults, which is rarely observed in individuals with normal immune status. The diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and the presence of mycelium during microscopic examination, as well as on the identification of the pathogen culture obtained by sowing.

Deep mycoses(cryptococcosis, sporotrichosis, chromomycosis, etc.) outside their endemic areas are opportunistic infections and indicate the rapid progression of AIDS.

Viral infections

Clinical manifestations of herpes simplex occur in 5-20% of HIV-infected people, since immunodeficiency contributes to the activation of the virus, and seropositivity for the herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) is determined in 40-95% of infected individuals. Lesions may take

usually a large area and ends in necrosis. Features of clinical manifestations, torpidity of the course, as well as relapses of the disease allow one to suspect AIDS.

Herpes zoster can serve as a marker of HIV infection, as it occurs in 70-90% of patients and is manifested by bullous and vesicular rashes (Fig. 102). Localization of lesions in the head and neck area indicates an aggressive course of HIV infection. The most severe complications are keratitis and blindness due to herpetic eruptions in the eye area. Against the background of immunodeficiency, relapses of herpes zoster (in the same or another dermatome) and its chronic course are observed.

Verrucous leukoplakia has plaque and warty varieties. For the latter, the etiological factor of which is considered to be the Epstein-Barr virus, the appearance of lumpy or warty formations of milky white or white color with jagged edges on the oral mucosa is typical. 80% of patients with signs of warty leukoplakia (“hairy tongue”) developed AIDS 7-31 months after diagnosis.

Chicken pox caused by the same virus varicella zoster, same as herpes zoster. Vesicular rashes immediately after their occurrence resemble drops of water on the skin. Navel-shaped depressions appear in the center of the vesicles, and the vesicles themselves turn into pustules and then into crusts within 8-12 hours. After they fall off after 1-3 weeks, pinkish, slightly sunken, rounded depressions, sometimes atrophic scars, remain. The first elements appear on the face and scalp, then the process gradually spreads to the trunk and limbs. The rash is most abundant between the shoulder blades, on the lateral surfaces of the body, in the popliteal and ulnar fossae. The mucous membranes are often affected: palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea. Possible rashes on the conjunctiva and vaginal mucosa. Subjectively, patients note

Rice. 102.Herpes zoster in an HIV-infected person

severe itching. The appearance of the disease in an adult, especially at risk, requires a serological examination.

genital warts, Caused by the human papillomavirus (usually types 6 and 11), they are soft, warty lesions. Merging into larger lesions, they resemble cauliflower or cockscomb. Most often they are localized on the inner layer of the foreskin in men (Fig. 103) or at the entrance to the vagina in women. As immunodeficiency increases, condylomas grow greatly and can form very large conglomerates.

Herpes virus type 6 is found in 90% of HIV-infected people with the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome or sudden exanthema in the form of spotty and papular rashes that do not have specific signs and are usually diagnosed as toxic-codermia.

Molluscum contagiosum, the etiological factor of which are 2 types of poxviruses, manifests itself in the form of dense, often shiny hemispherical nodules the color of normal skin, ranging in size from 1 mm to 1 cm, with an umbilical depression in the center. HIV-infected people have many hundreds of elements, they reach large sizes and often affect the face.

Simple (vulgar) warts are caused by the human papillomavirus. Localized benign hyperplasia of the epidermis in the form of papules or keratinizing plaques with a rough, uneven surface does not present difficulties in diagnosis. The prevalence and severity of manifestations depends on the degree of immunodeficiency.

Kaposi's sarcoma, included in the group of mesenchymal tumors of vascular tissue, is a pathognomonic clinical manifestation of HIV infection. Classic skin signs of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma, as well as sporadic ones, are spots, nodules, plaques and tumor-like formations. Spotted elements can occupy a significant area, exceeding that in patients with sporadic Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemispherical nodules and nodes of dense or elastic consistency with a diameter from several millimeters to 1-2 cm or more are localized in the dermis and involve the hypodermis. Fresh elements are red-purple or red-violet, the color of old ones is closer to red-brown (Fig. 104).

Kaposi's sarcoma due to immunodeficiency is most often located on the upper half of the body. The rashes tend to form plaques, often affecting the mucous membranes, tip of the nose and internal

early organs. Rashes on the oral mucosa are observed in about a third of patients, most often on the soft palate, sometimes on the tongue or gums.

The life expectancy of patients at this stage depends on the degree of immunodeficiency and the activity of associated opportunistic infections.

Bacterial infections

Staphylococcal and streptococcal skin lesions in the form of folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, phlegmon, impetigo, abscesses occur most often with HIV infection. The torpidity of the course and the low effectiveness of antibiotic treatment should be alarming and serve as the basis for serological testing for HIV.

Syphilis in HIV-infected patients it is accompanied by more frequent and severe lesions of the palms and soles, including syphilitic keratoderma, papulopustular rashes in the secondary period, hyperpigmentation of the skin of the palms and axillary areas. Developing immunodeficiency contributes to the rapid appearance of symptoms of neurosyphilis as a result of damage to the central nervous system by pallidum, despite adequate treatment.

Any ulcerative lesion of the genital organs (syphilis, herpes, chancroid) becomes a risk factor, and the patient must undergo a comprehensive serological examination, in particular for HIV.

Scabies often accompanies immunodeficiency, taking atypical forms with a large number of hyperkeratotic rashes on the body, in large

Rice. 103. Condylomas acuminata

Rice. 104. Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-infected person

folds, on the knees and elbows, as well as on the neck. Cases of Norwegian scabies have been reported in HIV-infected patients. Other dermatoses

Seborrheic dermatitis in HIV-infected people it is localized both in typical areas (scalp, nasolabial and postauricular folds, chest, interscapular area), and on the nose, cheeks, and chin. HIV-infected people experience psoriasiform rashes. The prevalence and severity of the process depend on the degree of immunodeficiency.

Staphylococcal infections in the form of folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, phlegmons, long-existing and difficult to treat, may indicate reduced immunity.

Thus, dermatological manifestations of immunodeficiency make it possible not only to suspect it and confirm the clinical diagnosis through serological examination, but also to predict the course of AIDS. Leukoplakia of the tongue, candidiasis of the oral cavity and pharynx, chronic course of herpes zoster or its localization in the head, Kaposi's sarcoma serve as a poor prognosis for the course of the disease.

Diagnosis of HIV infection

HIV testing should be offered to all patients with suspicious clinical signs and to those at risk.

Diagnosis of HIV infection is usually carried out in specialized institutions using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of blood serum for antibodies to HIV-1. A positive result of a screening ELISA must necessarily be confirmed by a more specific test, such as Western immunoblotting (WB). Antibodies to HIV are detected in 95% of patients within 3 months after infection. Negative tests obtained less than 6 months after suspected infection do not rule out infection.

Treatment HIV infection is a complex problem and is carried out only in specialized institutions. Combinations of antiretroviral drugs are selected individually, taking into account the general condition of the patient, the number of helper lymphocytes (CD4+), concomitant diseases, etc. Combination antiviral therapy is provocative.

They are treated with not one, but three or more drugs (timazide, hivid, videx, viracept, etc.) in various combinations depending on the resistance of the virus. The action of modern pharmacological drugs is based on the inhibition of certain HIV enzymes (reverse transcriptase, proteases, etc.), which prevents the multiplication of the virus.

Prevention of HIV infection. The main ways of spreading HIV infection are through sexual contact or the sharing of syringes by drug addicts. In this regard, the main preventive measures:

All activities aimed at combating drug addiction;

Informing the population about available measures to prevent HIV infection (protected sex, using only disposable syringes);

Ensuring the safety of medical procedures, transfusion of donor blood, biological fluids or their preparations, organ and tissue transplantation;

Regular information from doctors of all profiles about the clinic, diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention of HIV infection.

Damage to the skin and mucous membranes makes it possible for the first time to suspect AIDS in many patients. At the same time, the course of dermatological diseases in HIV-infected patients has a number of features: they manifest themselves atypically, have a severe course, and are difficult to treat. The following diseases are of greatest diagnostic importance: Kaposi's sarcoma, candidiasis, lichen simplex and herpes zoster, lichen versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, “hairy” leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, molluscum contagiosum. The severe course of these dermatoses, their generalization in the presence of general symptoms (fever, weakness, diarrhea, weight loss, etc.) are poor prognostic symptoms and indicate the development of clinical manifestations of AIDS.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is the most characteristic dermatological manifestation of HIV infection. The disease begins at a young age with the appearance of pale pink spots and papules that slowly increase in size, becoming purple or brown in color. Point hemorrhages appear along the periphery of the main focus. In the initial stage of the disease, skin manifestations resemble hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, dermatofibroma, and ecchymosis. In the later stages of the disease, skin manifestations become more characteristic, infiltration and ulceration of the lesions increase. The lesions can be localized on any part of the skin, but their location on the head, torso, or along the ribs is suspicious for AIDS.

In HIV-infected patients, the mucous membranes of the mouth, genitals and conjunctiva are affected.

Herpetic rashes in HIV-infected people can occur on any part of the skin and mucous membranes, most often on the lips, genitals, legs and in the perianal area, especially in homosexual men. The rash quickly turns into large, painful, long-lasting ulcers with irregular, scalloped edges. With an atypical course, the clinical signs of herpes may resemble chickenpox or impetigo.

In HIV-infected patients, in addition to damage to the skin and mucous membranes, herpetic proctitis occurs, which sometimes takes the form of painful edematous erythema in the perianal area.

Pityriasis versicolor in HIV-infected persons has its own characteristics: the process is widespread, the clinical picture resembles other dermatoses (pityriasis rosea, seborrheic dermatitis); Infiltration and lichenification of the skin are noted.

Candidiasis of the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vulva and vagina is often found in HIV-infected patients, and candidiasis of the mouth and pharynx is the first manifestation of AIDS.

The unexpected occurrence of mucosal candidiasis in young people who have not taken corticosteroids, cytostatics or antibiotics for a long time is a reason to screen them for HIV infection. There are 4 clinical forms of candidiasis of the mouth and pharynx: thrush (pseudomembranous candidiasis), hyperplastic candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia), atrophic candidiasis and jamming (candidal cheilitis). HIV-infected patients often experience combined damage to the skin and mucous membranes; the disease is very severe, painful ulcers and candidal abscesses of the brain, liver and other organs form. Recommended traditional treatment regimens for candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes for patients with HIV infection are ineffective.

In patients with HIV infection, genital warts are often encountered, and as immunosuppression increases, they become multiple, affecting large areas of the skin and mucous membranes. The therapy provided is ineffective.