Signs and symptoms of allergies. How do allergies usually manifest themselves? Allergy symptoms are

Allergy is hypersensitivity on the part of the human immune system to certain substances - allergens. These can be mold and mildew, various synthetic food and non-food additives, natural products (essential oils, fruits, natural dyes), animal hair, dust, poplar fluff, ultraviolet exposure, flowering plants, insect poison, metals and many other direct and indirect factors.

The symptoms of allergies to different irritants are generally similar. These are hives, runny nose, itching, swelling, pain in the eyes and tearing, headache, sneezing, indigestion and many others. But there are also differences, since different types of allergies are more or less characterized by certain symptoms.

Knowing them and being able to recognize the first manifestations of an allergic reaction is very important for maintaining health. Allergies are a serious problem for humanity, often having disastrous consequences for the body if treatment is not started in time.

The first signs of an allergy in adults may appear immediately after eating, drinking, or other exposure to an allergen, or may only occur when a critical amount of antigen accumulates in the body (as happens with an allergy to metals).

Types

As mentioned above, an allergic reaction can appear immediately (10-30 minutes) or later, slowly (after 2 hours or 2 days). The first type includes urticaria, hay fever (hyperreaction of the immune system to pollen), bronchial asthma, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock.

The delayed type includes several subtypes (cytotoxic, immunocomplex) of allergies, which manifest themselves in the form of hemolytic anemia, myocarditis, contact dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. A delayed reaction occurs with the use of a number of medications.

Causes

The causes of an allergic reaction lie both in the direct effect of hyperallergenic substances on the body, and in the predisposition of the person himself and his immune system to respond to irritants.

Possible allergens

Allergens include:

• pollen and other parts of wild and indoor plants, especially during the flowering period: ragweed, poplar fluff, wormwood, hazel, many conifers, cereals, meadow grasses, ferns, geranium, azalea, hydrangea, cyclamen, ficus;
• mold spores (especially the Aspergillus fungus, which can develop in soil from the garden, pots of indoor plants, and in rotten leaves);
• medications (penicillin, aspirin);
• cat hair, waste products of dogs, hamsters;
• metals: nickel, cobalt, chromium, mercury, iron, molybdenum and others;
• products of animal and plant origin: red, orange fruits, vegetables, smoked meats, seafood, fish, eggs, spices, milk, cheeses, some nuts, oatmeal, bee products;
• alcohol with admixtures of dyes, stabilizers and other chemical compounds;
• ultraviolet light in combination with salt water, cosmetics, medications, chlorine from the pool;
• room and book dust in which mites can live;
• smells of food, plants, chemicals;
• insect bites (bees, wasps, mosquitoes, ants).

Allergen enhancers

Individual intolerance, weakened immunity, hereditary factors, family history (allergy in relatives) can increase the impact of allergens. Some food intolerances may be due to a lack of enzymes (eg lactose, sucrose).

But in principle, almost all products except salt and sugar can become carriers of allergens.

Excessive alcohol consumption along with a large snack is also an aggravating factor in allergies to alcohol and food, since alcohol increases intestinal permeability and undigested proteins, toxins enter directly into the blood, increasing the effect of allergens.

If you are hypersensitive to UV radiation, salt water, cosmetics, bleach, or peeling of the skin can act as an amplifier, as a result of which it becomes even more sensitive.

Non-allergenic triggers (strong, irritating odors, high humidity, cigarette smoke, cold, polluted air) can also increase the effect of allergens.

First signs

The time for the first signs of allergy to appear is from 2 minutes or hours to several days and even weeks. Although usually after ingestion or other direct contact with the pathogen, an allergic reaction occurs immediately.

The body reacts faster to food, alcohol, pollen, wool, and mold than, for example, to metals with which the skin interacts when wearing jewelry, belt buckles and other accessories.

At the same time, one of the most common types of allergies, allergies to food, food additives are the most difficult to combat, since even a minimal dose of allergens can be found in any product.

To stop the effect of the allergen, it is important to immediately give up a particular drink, fruit, confectionery product, or food additive.

The first signs of an allergy:

• strange rashes on the skin and severe itching in these places;
• cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose for no apparent reason and fever;
• itching in the nose, eyes, mouth (considered the indisputable first sign of allergies in adults);
• diffuse, limited swelling for no reason (Quincke's edema);
• tearfulness.

All these manifestations appear suddenly, without cause. Therefore, to determine that these manifestations are indeed signs of allergies in adults, analyze what you ate and what you came into contact with the day before (animals, plants, cosmetics, detergents, dust).

Remember whether these signs have appeared before, whether they are related to the time of year, cleaning, working in the garden, buying new jewelry. If you have probable allergic symptoms, photos of the first signs on the Internet can help in self-diagnosis.

If you notice these signs, it is better to consult a doctor immediately to avoid more serious symptoms.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of allergies in adults vary depending on which part of the body or body system is exposed to the allergen: skin, digestive, endocrine, circulatory system, respiratory organs, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose.

The strength and duration of the effect of the aggressive component on the body also matters. But even under similar external conditions, each person’s reaction is individual, and the symptoms of the same type of allergy can vary greatly among different people. In addition, they can be both local and general in nature.

To find out what symptoms of allergies to alcohol, fruits, vegetables, and food of animal origin occur in adults, check out the following list:

• skin rashes;
• itching in the mouth, numbness of the tongue, loss of taste;
• rhinitis;
• nausea, vomiting and other signs of gastrointestinal distress.

The same symptoms plus headache, dizziness, depression, nervousness, breathing problems, sneezing, tachycardia, pressure changes can also occur when particles of chemicals contained in cosmetics, hygiene products, fungal spores, wool and pollen, and various protein compounds are ingested. .

When the skin comes into contact with allergens (dust, pollen, ultraviolet radiation, cleaning products), the characteristic manifestations of allergy symptoms are dermatitis and dermatoses. When allergens come into contact with the respiratory tract, rhinitis, asthmatic symptoms, and sneezing appear.

With hay fever, the respiratory system is affected (sneezing, nasal congestion, suffocation), and the mucous membrane of the eyes (symptoms of conjunctivitis).

Insect bites cause a rash, itching in the eyes, tightness in the chest, throat, and rash.

Hypersensitivity of the immune system to metals manifests itself primarily in the form of contact dermatitis and urticaria. The same can be said about allergies to tanning and sun.

Asthma is a serious and dangerous allergy symptom. It is associated with shortness of breath, coughing, and suffocation.

The worst manifestation of allergies is anaphylactic shock, in which histamine is released from body tissues. At the same time, blood pressure decreases, pulmonary edema and heart failure are observed. If a dose of adrenaline is not administered, death is possible.

Diagnostics

It is sometimes possible to independently identify an allergen by exclusion. If you have a food allergy, eliminate the most commonly consumed foods from your diet for at least 5 days and observe whether the symptoms disappear.

Then, one by one, return suspicious foods to the menu, but eat them in their pure form.

If you are allergic to household chemicals, jewelry, dust, fungus, do the same: do not wash things with a certain powder, do not brush your teeth with this or that paste for a while, do not wear a belt with a metal buckle, then carefully try to return one of the suspected allergens to everyday use.

If after consuming one of them or other contact with a source of skin irritation or an unreasonable runny nose (dealing with a cat, for example), the allergy resumes, blacklist it forever.

Before starting treatment for allergy symptoms, consult an immunologist, allergist, and undergo all necessary allergy tests (blood tests, skin tests).

The allergist needs to provide his own and family history, mention cases of allergies in parents and grandparents, since the tendency to allergies itself is inherited, but its causative agent and symptoms may vary.

Treatment

If there are signs of allergies in adults, treatment should be individual, comprehensive and based on the exclusion of contact with the allergen.

For specific signs of allergies in adults, symptomatic treatment is indicated to alleviate the manifestations of rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and seasonal fever. So, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances and corticosteroids are prescribed to relieve inflammation. They have decongestant, antipruritic, sedative, anesthetic effects.

But sometimes allergies manifest themselves as a consequence of diseases, any problems of the nervous or endocrine system, so it is necessary to treat not only its symptoms, but also this root cause.

The most common antihistamines in the fight against allergies are sedative antihistamines (Tavegil, Diphenhydramine, Suprastin) and non-sedating (Trexil, Gistalong, Semprex, Fenistil, Claritin) drugs and active metabolites (Zyrtec/Cetrin, Telfast).

Preference should be given to the second and third groups of drugs. Metabolites (especially Telfast/fexofenadine) are the safest and most effective and do not cause side effects.

Antihistamines can be used orally, intranasally (for example, Azelastine for rhinitis), in the form of eye drops (Levocabastine, Ketotifen, Azelastine), in the form of ointments for topical use (Polcortolon, Advantan, Fenistil gel).

A good effect is achieved by immunotherapy (careful contact with a substance that provokes allergies, in gradually increasing doses), due to which the body produces blocking antibodies, as a result of which it no longer hyperreacts to allergens.

Desensitization is used to treat symptoms of allergies to pollen, insect venoms, dust, fungus, fur, animal excrement, and penicillin. Food desensitization is not recommended.

The homeopathic drug Lymphomyosot and the dietary supplement Fitosorbovit-plus can also help.

Before calling a doctor, if you have a severe allergy attack, you should take activated charcoal and drink plenty of water.

An allergy cannot be triggered, even if it appears periodically, like an allergy to pollen or poplar fluff.

Folk remedies

Traditional medicine reference books contain a lot of advice on how to relieve allergy symptoms. But remember that herbal medicine itself can be a source of a new allergic reaction. Therefore, use the following recipes only after detailed consultation with your doctor.

It is believed that mummy helps with allergies (dilute 1 g of the substance in 1 liter of warm water and drink 100 ml once a day (or twice if symptoms are severe).

A strong solution of mumiyo (1 g per 100 ml of water) can be used to lubricate rashes.

Drinking infusions of dead nettle, celandine, celery, and freshly squeezed juice of this root vegetable also relieve allergy symptoms. A fresh decoction of the string is very useful for allergy sufferers, which should be drunk constantly instead of tea and coffee.

To prevent severe allergy attacks, always carry antihistamines with you. Ensure a healthy atmosphere in the house: eliminate mold, remove allergenic flowers at least from the bedroom, systematically clean, but without chemicals, do not mess with the soil with rotten leaves, stay away from animals.

For seasonal allergies associated with flowering plants, upon returning home, gargle with water with the addition of motherwort and valerian. Take contrast showers more often.

– these are pathological conditions that arise as a result of the body’s hypersensitivity to allergens penetrating from outside and are characterized by the sudden development of localized or generalized allergic reactions. Localized forms include urticaria, angioedema, laryngospasm and bronchospasm, systemic forms include anaphylactic shock and widespread toxic-allergic dermatitis. The manifestations of an acute allergic reaction depend on its form, the state of the body, age and other factors. Therapeutic measures include elimination of the allergen, restoration of vital functions, administration of antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids.

ICD-10

T78 Adverse effects not elsewhere classified

General information

Acute allergic reactions are diseases that develop in the presence of increased sensitivity of the immune system to allergens penetrating the body from outside. Usually, this reveals signs of an immediate allergic reaction with a sudden acute onset, spread of the pathological process to various organs and tissues, and a pronounced disruption of the vital functions of the body. According to statistics, every tenth inhabitant of our planet has ever suffered an acute allergic reaction. There are mild (localized) manifestations of hypersensitivity in the form of exacerbation of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and limited urticaria, moderate - with the development of widespread urticaria, Quincke's edema, laryngospasm, bronchospasm and severe - in the form of anaphylactic shock.

Causes

The development of acute allergic reactions is usually associated with exposure to foreign substances that enter the body with inhaled air (bacterial, pollen, allergens contained in atmospheric air and house dust), food, medications, due to insect bites, when using latex, application to the skin and mucous membranes of various inorganic and organic substances.

Exogenous factors can be provoking factors: environmental problems, bad habits, uncontrolled use of medicines and household chemicals. Endogenous risk factors include allergic heredity, stressful situations, and immune disorders.

Pathogenesis

The pathological process is most often characterized by the development of an immediate acute allergic reaction. In this case, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to the problematic foreign substance is formed, which becomes an antigen. The developing immune reaction occurs in the presence of three types of cells - macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes. Class E immunoglobulins synthesized by B cells are located on the surface of target cells (mast cells, basophils).

The repeated entry of an allergen into the body leads to the development of an allergic reaction with activation of target cells and the release of a large number of inflammatory mediators (primarily histamine, as well as serotonin, cytokines, etc.). Such an immune reaction is usually observed upon receipt of pollen, food, household allergens, drugs and serums, manifested by symptoms of hay fever, atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma, and anaphylactic reactions.

The mechanism of occurrence of acute allergic diseases may be due to the formation of cytotoxic, immunocomplex, cell-mediated immune reactions. As a result of pathochemical and pathophysiological changes that develop after sensitization, typical symptoms of acute allergy appear.

Symptoms of allergic reactions

A mild course of acute allergic reactions is most often manifested by symptoms of allergic rhinitis (difficulty breathing through the nose, rhinorrhea, sneezing attacks) and conjunctivitis (itching and swelling of the eyelids, redness of the eyes, photophobia). This also includes the appearance of signs of urticaria in a limited area of ​​the skin (round blisters, hyperemia, itching).

With a moderate course of acute allergic reactions, the damage to the skin becomes more pronounced and is characterized by the development of generalized urticaria involving almost the entire surface of the skin and the appearance of new blisters within a few days. Often, there are signs of angioedema with the occurrence of limited angioedema of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mucous membranes. The pathological process is most often localized in the face, affecting the lips and eyelids, sometimes found on the hands, feet and scrotum, and can lead to swelling of the larynx and the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. An acute allergic reaction with the development of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and bronchi can cause severe complications, including death from asphyxia.

The most severe consequences of immune system hypersensitivity are observed in the case of anaphylactic shock. In this case, vital organs and systems of the body are affected - cardiovascular and respiratory with the occurrence of severe arterial hypotension, collapsing state and loss of consciousness, as well as breathing disorders due to laryngeal edema or bronchospasm. Clinical manifestations, as a rule, develop within a few minutes after contact with the allergen; in the absence of qualified emergency care, death often occurs.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions involves a thorough analysis of anamnestic data (tolerance to drugs and serums, previous allergic diseases), clinical manifestations of allergies (skin lesions, upper respiratory tract, signs of suffocation, fainting, presence of convulsions, cardiac dysfunction, etc.) . It is necessary to examine an allergist-immunologist and other specialists: dermatologist, otorhinolaryngologist, gastroenterologist, rheumatologist, etc.

General clinical laboratory tests (blood, urine), biochemical blood tests are performed, and, if indicated, determination of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies, markers of viral hepatitis, the presence of antibodies to other microorganisms, as well as instrumental diagnostic procedures necessary in this particular case. If possible, skin tests, determination of general and specific immunoglobulins of class E, as well as other examinations used in allergology can be carried out.

Differential diagnosis of acute allergic reactions requires the exclusion of a wide range of various allergic, infectious and somatic diseases accompanied by skin manifestations, damage to the mucous membranes of internal organs, and impaired respiratory and circulatory function.

Treatment of acute allergic reactions

Therapeutic measures for acute allergic reactions should include the rapid elimination of the allergen, antiallergic therapy, restoration of impaired respiratory functions, blood circulation and other body systems. To stop further intake of the substance that caused the development of hypersensitivity, it is necessary to stop the administration of the drug, serum or blood substitute (with intramuscular and intravenous injections, infusions), reduce the absorption of the allergen (applying a tourniquet above the injection site of the drug or insect bite, pricking this area using a solution adrenaline).

Antiallergic therapy involves the use of antihistamines and glucocorticosteroid hormones locally, orally or parenterally. Specific dosages of drugs and the method of their administration depend on the localization of the pathological process, the severity of the acute allergic reaction and the patient’s condition. Symptomatic therapy is aimed at correcting impaired body functions and, above all, breathing and blood circulation. So, in case of bronchospasm, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory drugs (ipratropium bromide, salbutamol, etc.) are administered by inhalation; in case of severe arterial hypotension, vasopressor amines (dopamine, norepinephrine) are prescribed while simultaneously replenishing the volume of circulating blood.

In severe cases, emergency care is provided in a hospital intensive care unit using special equipment that supports circulatory and respiratory function. After the acute manifestations of allergic reactions have been relieved, treatment is carried out by an allergist-immunologist using an individually selected drug therapy regimen, following an elimination diet, and, if necessary, performing ASIT.

There are often people who suffer from intolerance to certain foods. This may be an allergy, the symptoms, causes and treatment of which are closely interrelated. The body's reaction is different, but always unusual for the normal state. Therefore, any manifestations of the disease cannot be ignored.

Among the many pathologies that affect the internal organs of a person, there is a specific reaction of the body to external stimuli. They can be: plant pollen, poplar fluff, dust, all kinds of food, household chemicals.

An allergic reaction is provoked by diseases such as arthritis, hypothyroidism, and rheumatism. Such pathologies provoke the production of substances that irritate the immune system. A negative reaction of the body occurs in the form of skin rashes, swelling of the nasal or throat mucosa. This condition provokes a runny nose, sneezing, watery eyes, and coughing. That is, an allergy is a negative reaction of the immune system to the ingress of allergens, substances that cause increased sensitivity. In other words, the body’s defenses exceed the necessary defense measures, and ordinary substances are seen as a threat to health.

Note! Negative manifestations of the disease are individual for all people. Some people can't stand cats or dust. For some, allergies make themselves felt seasonally. Others suffer negative reactions to various medications.

There are a large number of factors that can trigger the development of a specific reaction in the body. Allergies occur against the background of poor nutrition, lack of an active lifestyle, and prolonged violation of hygiene rules. The mental state of a person is of great importance. Stress and nervous breakdowns can trigger the development of allergies.

Frequent causes of the body’s negative reaction to external stimuli:

1. Dust (in the house, transport, on the street).
2. Flower pollen, poplar fluff (seasonal allergies).
3. Medicines (drug allergies).
4. Household chemicals (cleaning products), chlorine in the pool.
5. Animal fur (cat allergy).
6. Food. A negative reaction most often occurs to eggs, honey, flour and sweets.

It is worth noting that allergies can occur due to nervousness. This can be due to psychological reasons - emotional tension or stress. Here we are talking about psychosomatics, that is, allergies arise as a result of prolonged emotional disturbance. A person experiences difficult moments in life within himself, without opening up to others. Over time, accumulated emotions that are not released out provoke stress, to which the body reacts defensively. This can manifest itself as sneezing and runny nose, a rash on the body in the form of hives, abnormalities in the functioning of the stomach and intestines.

Important! Many allergic manifestations on psychosomatic grounds are confused with colds, diseases of internal organs, without paying attention to the emotional state.

Manifestations of allergies, their types

The body's response to external stimuli manifests itself individually in each person. The main thing is to know the general deviations in the condition, so that if symptoms appear, seek help in time.

Depending on the type of allergy, its symptoms vary. A negative reaction of the body can be local in nature, that is, it can occur on a specific part of the body or organ without affecting neighboring areas.

With such an allergy, the following symptoms may occur:

• tearing eyes;
• the appearance of a rash on a certain area of ​​the skin (face, arms, chest, abdomen);
• swelling of the nasal mucosa, which provokes nasal congestion and discharge of a watery consistency;
• wheezing in the lung area;
• feeling of itching or burning in the sinuses.

With a local allergy, first of all, the appearance of symptoms occurs at the site of contact with the irritant. If allergens penetrate the nose or throat, bronchi, or lungs, coughing, sneezing, and runny nose may occur. The presence of pathogens in the respiratory tract can cause shortness of breath, swelling, and spasm in the bronchi. This is a respiratory allergy. Its symptoms can be caused by plant pollen, microbes and dust that a person inhaled along with the air.

Important! Respiratory allergies most often lead to asthma and chronic runny nose.

A local reaction to an irritant can manifest itself in the form of dermatosis. These are skin rashes of various localizations. They can be provoked by chemicals in household chemicals, food, and medications.

This type of allergy, such as dermatosis, can manifest itself in the form of itching and redness on the hands, rashes and peeling on the face, and swelling on the neck. The appearance of negative reactions of the defense system can occur in combination or one by one with increasing force. Each person's symptoms vary in severity.

An allergy to cold can manifest itself as significant rashes on the skin. This reaction is local, as it mainly affects exposed areas of the body. When the temperature drops, the sensitivity of the receptors increases, which leads to a violent reaction of the immune system. As a result, peeling, swelling of the skin, and redness occur.

In addition to reacting to the cold, many people are allergic to the sun. Symptoms may appear immediately or 2–3 hours after exposure to heat. Redness and rashes occur on the arms, neck, face and legs. The skin suffers from peeling, the formation of watery blisters, and damage to areas of the skin in the form of eczema and psoriasis. The keratinized areas may crack and bleed.

Know! A negative reaction to the sun occurs in infants, children and the elderly. This is due to weak or weakened immunity.

Another type of local allergy is conjunctivitis. This manifestation provokes changes before our eyes. When exposed to allergens, allergic conjunctivitis occurs, which has specific symptoms (swelling of the eyelids, burning, stinging, intense tearing).

Types of allergies such as enteropathy and anaphylactic shock are common. In the first case, a negative reaction of the body occurs due to the entry of irritating substances into the gastrointestinal tract. This could be food or medicine.

In this case, the symptoms of an allergy are as follows:

• nausea, vomiting;
• development of diarrhea or problems with bowel movements (constipation);
• bloating, flatulence.

It is worth noting that angioedema can be a striking manifestation of enteropathy. This condition occurs when the tongue or lips become very swollen. Such an allergy is very dangerous, as it can lead to the death of the patient by causing swelling of the throat and cutting off the supply of oxygen to the body.

As for anaphylactic shock, this is the most dangerous type of allergy. It can occur in response to any irritant if a person has a very sensitive immune system. The following symptoms help to recognize this reaction of the body:

• red spots and small rashes on almost the entire surface of the skin;
• difficulty breathing and sudden shortness of breath;
• feeling of suffocation and loss of consciousness;
• the appearance of muscle spasms, cramps throughout the body;
• the appearance of nausea, vomiting;
• severe disturbances in stool (diarrhea).

If negative signs appear, you should immediately call an ambulance. Anaphylactic shock is a dangerous type of allergy that can be fatal.

Know! Depending on the sensitivity of the defenses and the individual characteristics of a person, any of the listed types of allergies may arise as a response to a particular product.

The signs in a child and an adult are similar. They are the same as for food allergies. Sneezing and runny nose, rash all over the body, red spots, stomach upset, headaches, and discomfort in the throat (Quincke's edema) may occur. There is a dry cough due to allergies. In severe cases, anaphylactic shock may occur.

The most common causative agents of allergies in adults and children

A negative response can be caused by food (food allergy), household chemicals or a reaction to chlorine in the pool (contact allergy), insect bites, as well as irritants that enter the respiratory tract with air (respiratory pathogens). The sensitive immune system of infants can react negatively to diapers (small pimples, diaper rash, redness).

If we consider food, the allergens here are cow's milk (sometimes goat's milk), honey, and eggs. There may be an allergy to sweets. Among the fruits are citrus fruits, in particular tangerines. There is a negative reaction to persimmon. Such food products can cause symptoms such as: hives, bloating and flatulence in the intestines, vomiting (milk allergy). Also, a negative reaction to citrus fruits can manifest itself in the form of swelling of the ears, neck, eyelids, lips and tongue. Vivid signs are tearing and pain in the eyes, problems with hearing and vision.

A negative reaction to tangerines occurs when you overeat such a product. It is not recommended to consume more than 5 pieces per day.

A reaction to honey can manifest itself in the form of red spots, which sometimes merge, causing angioedema. At this time, peeling of the skin, itching, swelling of the tongue and lips may occur. The cause of an allergy to honey may be a large amount of pollen in the product or chemicals from additives that individual beekeepers feed the bees.

Allergies to milk and honey cause specific symptoms in children. This is a rash all over the body, especially in infants, red spots, peeling skin. Milk intolerance in adults and children may be due to a lack of a special enzyme in the body to process it. In infants, this condition is expressed in the form of foamy diarrhea with curd or blood streaks. Milk allergy can cause bowel problems in older children, as well as in adults.

Children and adults may experience negative reactions to eggs. In this case, all foods that contain the allergen are excluded from the diet. It is worth noting that intolerance to eggs (duck, chicken, goose) differs in adults and children. A similar allergy in infants or a child a little over a year old can disappear over time if you limit the consumption of such a product. In an adult, egg allergy is not completely cured, which means that it is necessary to always follow a special diet without such an irritant.

Note! The protein in eggs is more allergenic. It contains many substances that tend to cause a negative reaction in the body.

Another type of food allergy is a negative reaction in children to gluten, a protein from cereals (rye, wheat, oats, barley). Its inability to digest may appear with the first complementary foods. This allergy provokes a small rash, diarrhea, sleep disturbances, problems with appetite and general moodiness and irritability of the child. If you follow the diet, a negative reaction to gluten will go away over time.

Important! If a reaction to cereal protein results in slower development of the child, weight loss and stunted growth, this is gluten intolerance. In this case, the disease is incurable and requires a lifelong diet.

Alcohol is a dangerous irritant that can cause allergies in adults. Such an allergy can be acquired or transmitted at the genetic level. The causes of alcohol intolerance are excessive consumption of such a product, which contains a large number of additives, flavors and dyes. Wine, cognac, and liqueur can cause a negative reaction in the body.

Alcohol allergy symptoms:

• the appearance of red spots on the face, neck, hands;
• small rash accompanied by burning or itching;
• rapid onset of intoxication;
• upset stomach, nausea, vomiting;
• increased blood pressure and headaches.

Note! Alcohol intolerance is a dangerous pathology that can provoke anaphylactic shock.

To eliminate allergic manifestations, you need to find the source of their occurrence. Diagnostics includes a set of measures that help identify the irritants of the body’s negative reaction.

Allergen detection methods:

1. A general blood test is a method that can be used to detect the presence of foreign organisms. This condition is indicated by an increase in certain blood cells (eosinophils).
2. Study of immunoglobulins in the blood. The study allows you to determine the presence of antibodies of the body's defense system, as well as the presence of antigens of the allergy pathogen. Using this method, you can determine food and household allergens, antigens of fungi and mold, animals, and worms.
3. Skin test examination. This approach is used if the allergen is already known and it is only necessary to confirm it clinically.

Important! For a more accurate diagnosis, a comprehensive examination, medical history and careful study of the medical history are necessary. Based on one of the methods, it is impossible to immediately determine the causative agent of the disease.

Which doctor should I contact?

The key to successful allergy treatment is contacting the right specialist. If you know which doctor is treating you, you can hope to make the correct diagnosis. Negative manifestations of the body are determined by an allergist (allergist-immunologist). Such a doctor decides what to do and how to treat the negative manifestations of the body. Treatment is prescribed after a comprehensive diagnosis, and may include several types of medications.

Specifics of traditional allergy treatment

The effectiveness of therapy for the body’s negative reaction to a particular stimulus lies in identifying the cause of the disease. It is worth noting that any allergen causes an increase in histamine. This substance in the human body provokes a rash, itching, and disturbances in the functioning of the intestines, stomach, and respiratory tract. Consequently, antihistamines (Tavegil, Diphenhydramine, Diazolin, Pipolfen) are used in the treatment of allergies with medications. Such drugs belong to first generation therapies. They are prescribed to be taken on a daily basis to eliminate the symptoms of the disease. Antihistamines are prescribed by the doctor. He determines the timing of treatment and dose.

The second generation of antihistamine drugs include Claritin, Zyrtec, Astemizole. Their difference from the previous medicine is that they do not cause drowsiness and lethargy in the nervous system.

Attention! Long-term use of drugs that suppress histamine production is not recommended. This can provoke addiction, and the occurrence of allergies is even more intense.

To relieve swelling and spasm in the respiratory organs, vasodilators are used. Their main action is as follows:

• cough decreases;
• breathing becomes easier;
• shortness of breath disappears, wheezing in the bronchi and lungs is eliminated.

The most common medications used in complex therapy are: Salmeterol, Theophylline, Albuterol. These drugs help relax the soft tissues of the bronchi and make breathing easier in a short time.

Vasodilator medications also include anticholinergics. They are auxiliary agents in the complex therapy of allergies, but can be used as independent medications.

In drug treatment for a negative reaction of the body to irritants, anti-inflammatory drugs are used. They are used for asthma, eczema, watery eyes, and rhinitis. The most popular remedies are steroid medications (tablets, drops, ointments). Corticosteroids (injections, inhalations, drops) help well. Such drugs are well suited in those moments when you need to provide first aid for exacerbation of allergies (asthma).

For children with allergic conjunctivitis, the famous pediatrician Dr. Komarovsky recommends lecrolin, cromoglin, and high-chrome. These drugs can be used for a long time, they do not harm.

Traditional treatment may use antibiotics. Cetrin helps with allergic rhinitis. It is worth noting that before deciding how to treat allergies, the doctor must find out whether the patient has drug intolerance. Therefore, self-medication with antibiotics is not recommended.

Homeopathy treatment

If you take the treatment of allergies seriously, it is recommended to use not only medications, but also alternative medicine. The most common is homeopathy. This method is the treatment of allergies by taking medications in very small doses, which in large proportions are allergens to the immune system.

Homeopathy includes the following medications:

• Allium sulfur is used for inflammatory processes in the eyes, lips, and nasal mucosa.
• Sabadilla is used in case of throat problems (sore throat, sore throat), runny nose.
• Pulsatilla is a drug that helps reduce mucous discharge, which can cause discomfort to the patient for a long time.

Note! Homeopathy completely eradicates allergic reactions. This method helps to alleviate the patient’s condition and eliminate the symptoms of pathology.

How to cure allergies at home?

Allergies can be treated at home. There are many recipes that help cure the disease using folk remedies.

Fight allergies with eggshells and lemon juice

You need to take a raw egg (chicken), wash it well, break it and pour out all the contents. After this, you need to remove the transparent film and dry the shell. Grind to a powder. Before use, the finished medicine is quenched with lemon juice.

It is worth noting that the amount of shell powder depends on age. This remedy is most often used to treat allergies in children. Therefore, children up to one year old are given a pinch of medicine, up to three years old - 1/4 tsp, up to 7 years old - 0.5 tsp. etc. A few drops of lemon juice are required for the shells to dissolve well. In this case, the liquid should be squeezed out of the fresh citrus.

It is recommended to treat with eggshells diluted with lemon juice for at least 2–3 months.

Note! Allergies should be treated according to the doctor's prescription, and only after a thorough examination. Otherwise, serious complications can occur.

Treatment of allergies during pregnancy

As for the treatment of allergies during pregnancy, it should be strictly under the supervision of a specialist. During this period, many medications are contraindicated, and folk remedies without consultation with a specialist can also cause harm. It is worth noting that allergies are very rare in pregnant women, and if they do occur, they are in a milder form than in other people. This is explained by the fact that during pregnancy, the body produces more of the hormone cortisol, which suppresses histamine.

Consequences of the disease and prevention of allergies

Many people do not take the body’s negative reactions to external stimuli seriously. Most believe that allergies are not a serious disease. If you do not treat negative reactions and do not look for their cause, you can face serious consequences:

• asthmatic manifestations;
• convulsions, difficulty breathing;
• skin swelling, blisters, eczema;
• increase in pressure.

The most severe consequence of allergies is anaphylactic shock. This condition can be fatal.

In order to prevent the development of allergies, as well as to prevent the worsening of the general condition, it is important to adhere to disease prevention measures:

1. Limiting contact with the allergen.
2. Maintaining hygiene rules.
3. Keep your home clean and prevent mold from appearing.
4. Limit contact with animals, especially people who are allergic to cats.
5. Do not use medications after their expiration date.

It is worth noting that preventive measures help prevent relapses of allergies, as well as reduce the manifestations of the disease.

If you still cannot avoid a negative reaction, you need to know a few first aid rules:

• remove the sting, if it is an insect bite, treat the area with cold;
• wash the area affected by the allergen with soap and water;
• protect the patient from the allergen as much as possible;
• take antihistamines (Tavegil, Suprastin).

Before providing first aid, it is important to call a doctor, then apply the above measures.

Allergy is a dangerous reaction of the body to external irritants. It is important to understand that the disease does not disappear on its own. It can only subside temporarily in the absence of a pathogen. Therefore, if unpleasant symptoms appear, it is recommended to consult a doctor and undergo an examination to find out the true cause of the disease. The main thing is not to self-medicate.

Allergy is a disease characterized by increased sensitivity of the body to certain environmental influences, so-called allergens, and manifested by a response of the immune system in the form of various symptoms of the disease.

An allergic reaction refers to type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, which develops in response to the entry of an allergen into the body. In this case, antibodies are produced - immunoglobulins E for specific proteins. The reaction that develops during the production of immunoglobulins is called allergic, and appears only when the body is hypersensitized.

Due to the fact that sensitivity to different immunoglobulins manifests itself to varying degrees, an allergy can manifest itself with mild symptoms or have serious consequences for the entire body.

Allergic diseases can develop in people regardless of age and gender, manifesting themselves as temporary symptoms that will disappear after the allergen disappears, or manifesting themselves in an acute form. Since the main reasons for the development of allergies can be considered various factors - allergens, let's talk about them in more detail.

All allergens can be divided into two main types:

1. Exoallergens are environmental factors that give impetus to the development of an allergic reaction;
2. Endoallergens are factors in the internal environment of the body that accompany the development of an allergic reaction.

Although all people are susceptible to allergic reactions, some suffer from them much more than others. This is due to the fact that the body’s sensitivity is influenced not only by the immunoglobulins produced in response to the allergen, but also by genetic predisposition. Thus, in many cases of allergy diagnosis, GMS Clinic specialists consider family history to make a more accurate diagnosis.

Recently, doctors are increasingly noticing that allergic reactions occur due to excessive adherence to hygiene rules. The immune system does not receive the necessary load, the body's resistance decreases, and, as a result, sensitivity to the most common allergens increases. In addition, frequent consumption of chemical products can cause an increase in allergic reactions.

Allergy symptoms

Allergy symptoms can appear both during initial exposure to allergens and after prolonged exposure to the body and reaching a critical concentration. The first most often occurs in children whose bodies are poorly adapted to environmental factors and are sensitive to any unusual influences. The second type is more common in adults, and the more stable the immune system is, the longer the response to the allergen will develop.

Like any other disease, all allergy symptoms can be divided into several types. The first type includes typical symptoms that patients most often call allergies:

• hives;
• cough;
• sneezing;
• swelling;
• pain in the eyes;
• nasal congestion.

Atypical symptoms include anaphylactic shock, loss of consciousness, disorientation and others. They appear much less frequently than typical ones, and only in cases of hypersensitization of the body or with constant exposure to the allergen.

In addition, all allergic symptoms can be classified in another way - depending on the organ system from which the reaction occurs.

1. From the respiratory system- most often, symptoms accompanying respiratory allergies: attacks of dry cough, bronchospasms, irritation of the mucous surface. A distinctive feature of irritation of the mucous membrane is the inability to inhale - that is, when trying to inhale, the mucous membrane is irritated so much that a spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchi and trachea occurs;
2. From the gastrointestinal tract symptoms consistent with food and drug allergies are observed: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration. Symptoms disappear a few hours after the allergen is eliminated;
3. From the circulatory system: changes in the blood picture are possible, which are caused by the reaction of the immune system to the allergen. Most often, changes concern the number and shape of leukocytes, because it is these blood cells that are responsible for the body’s immune response;
4. Skin reactions to allergens are known to almost everyone: redness, hives, rashes, eczema in more severe cases - all this indicates pathogenic processes in the body. Most often, it is the skin symptoms that appear first, and only then the disease affects other organs.

It is worth considering that typical symptoms may be signs of another disease, and antihistamines in this case will not help not only cure the disease, but also simply get rid of the symptoms. In this case, it is necessary to undergo diagnostic tests that will give an accurate answer as to the cause of the symptoms. The GMS Clinic laboratory is ready to provide all the necessary conditions for diagnostics in the shortest possible time.

In children at an early age, the body is sensitive to all types of allergies, and symptoms can appear even when exposed to seemingly ordinary factors. If symptoms continue to appear frequently as your child grows up, consult a doctor to help avoid serious allergy problems in the future.

Types of allergies

1. Food allergies- individual food intolerance;
2. Drug allergy- hypersensitivity to the components of modern drugs;
3. Respiratory allergies- increased sensitivity of the epithelial tissue of the lungs to environmental allergens.

Food allergies

90% of people have some type of food allergy: taking a certain food even in the smallest amount causes an allergy. We can distinguish highly allergenic products - the reaction to which occurs most often (sweets, chicken eggs, citrus fruits), and individual allergens that cause a response in exceptional cases.

Interestingly, the formation of food allergies most often occurs during pregnancy if the young mother abuses allergenic foods. It manifests itself at any age with urticaria, Quincke's edema, eczema and neurodermatitis. More serious symptoms are also possible, both from the intestinal tract and changes in the blood picture.

For diagnosis, skin tests and food diaries are used, in laboratory conditions - provocative tests that cause the body's immune response to the introduction of a particular allergen.

Drug therapy for food allergies is used extremely rarely and only to eliminate symptoms. An effective method of control can only be considered the complete exclusion of allergens from the diet and the selection of a special diet.

Drug allergy

Increasingly, a response to the administration of various groups of drugs occurs in children. Most often it develops together with food allergies, forming cross-reactions to various combinations of foods and medications in its pathogenesis.

The clinical picture and symptoms vary depending on the strength of the allergen: from urticaria, nausea and slight changes in the blood picture to anaphylactic shock. Diagnosis of drug allergies is not carried out, since the consequences of such tests can be life-threatening.

Treatment is carried out symptomatically when a reaction occurs in the body, and in the future the allergen enters the body. As a preventive measure, GMS Clinic specialists advise carefully justifying any medication use, avoiding the abuse of drugs that can cause allergic reactions.

Respiratory allergies

This type of allergy is called a reaction to dust, pollen, and strong odors. Symptoms appear exclusively in the respiratory system. It develops due to the interaction of exogenous and endogenous allergens, less often - under the influence of infectious factors. The severity of symptoms depends on the sensitivity and irritability of the respiratory system, as well as the depth of exposure to the allergen.

The clinical picture of respiratory allergies includes the so-called pre-asthma conditions: rhinitis, laryngitis, rhinosinusitis, tracheitis. Coupled with constant exposure to the allergen, they can give impetus to the irreversible development of bronchial asthma.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of a thorough study of the clinical picture of the disease, study of family history, and identification of allergenic factors in everyday conditions. During the period of exacerbation, clinical diagnosis of the dominant allergens is carried out to further limit their influence.

Analysis for various types of allergies at GMS Clinic

If you have noticed possible allergy symptoms in yourself or one of your family members, contact GMS Clinic for tests and further laboratory diagnostics. Depending on the symptoms manifested, specialists will select the most informative tests that can determine the type of allergy and the cause of the development of the immune response.

After receiving the results, GMS Clinic specialists will be able to select the most optimal diet, drug support for the immune system and give recommendations on how to avoid a recurrence of the allergic reaction.

We know how to quickly cope with the disease and have been helping our patients return to normal life without allergies for a long time. If you are tired of the constant manifestation of symptoms, come to GMS Clinic, we know how to help.

On our website you can learn more about the principles of allergy treatment, read about how to get rid of hives and cure allergies in children, and also learn about how to overcome the most common type of disease - food allergies.

Food allergies are less common in adults than in children, but the symptoms are often no less severe. Sometimes a person himself provokes a negative response from the body during obsessive thoughts, after self-hypnosis, by including a certain product or several types in the group of allergens.

What to do if you are diagnosed with a food allergy? What foods to exclude from the menu to prevent an acute reaction? Why do more than 80% of the world's adults attribute pseudo-allergy to themselves? The answers are in the article.

general information

The body's sensitivity to components of various types of food directly depends on the state of the immune system. An acute response develops as a result of a chemical reaction between immunoglobulin E and allergens. Immune system dysfunction often develops at an early age, and in a small percentage of people it is a hereditary predisposition.

Reaction Features:

• a substance with a pronounced allergic effect activates immune cells, the production of antibodies follows, and an immediate reaction is observed;
• the body's response occurs with the participation of lymphocytes, mast and plasma cells;
• increased vascular permeability, active irritation of histamine receptors provokes various types of allergic manifestations: itching, numbness in the mouth, swelling of the lips, tongue, red spots on the face, nasal congestion.

Food allergy code according to ICD 10 – T78.1 in the section “Other manifestations of a pathological reaction to food”.

Classification

Doctors identify the following types of negative reactions to products:

• true allergy. The body's reaction is the response of the immune system, the interaction of the antigen substance and certain antibodies. The reason is genetic predisposition. True food allergies are rare: no more than 3% of the population are prone to acute reactions to certain foods;
• pseudoallergy. The most common type of negative response. In most cases, a negative reaction does not have a genetic cause; the person himself suggests that this or that product is potentially dangerous. Advertising for medications is often to blame, constantly reminding viewers about allergy treatment. There is a “placebo effect”: if you constantly suggest that “I am allergic to oranges, my body will probably break out in a rash if I eat a lot of them,” then it is likely that after eating citrus fruits, signs of a pseudo-allergy will actually appear. There is an allergic response, but there is no interaction between immune cells and antigen;
• cross reaction. A dangerous variety, when detected, the patient suffers not only when consuming a certain substance, but also other products from the same food group. The immune response provokes increased sensitization of the body. For example, various organs and systems react acutely not only to whole milk, but also to all products containing milk protein.

Specific immunotherapy

After accurately identifying the allergen, the doctor can recommend the most effective method of dealing with many types of acute reactions. The essence of the method is the regular administration of small doses of the allergen to reduce susceptibility to this substance. After some time, the body does not react so violently to the irritant, and the allergy gradually disappears.

The success of treatment depends on the qualifications of the doctor, the accuracy of dose selection, and the regularity of procedures. Long-term therapy many patients receive minimal doses of the irritant for three to five years.

Prevention measures

The patient’s task is to eliminate dangerous foods from the diet. With this approach, the risk of negative reactions tends to zero. If you are allergic to gluten or milk protein, it is difficult to create a complete diet or select substitute products, but without a hypoallergenic diet, the body’s immune response is so strong that serious consequences are possible.

Additional preventive measures:

• strengthening the immune system;
• control of the functioning of the digestive organs;
• prevention of dysbacteriosis;
• timely and complete treatment of infectious diseases;
• vitamin therapy in the autumn-spring period;
• steaming food, avoiding frequent consumption of smoked, fried and spicy foods;
• a minimum of concentrates and canned food in the diet, avoiding carbonated drinks with dyes;
• eating a variety of foods in reasonable quantities;
• refusal of uncontrolled use of antibiotics: potent drugs lower immunity and reduce the volume of beneficial bacteria in the intestines.

Food allergies in patients 20 years of age and older often “come from childhood.” It is important to eliminate negative reactions at an early age so as not to suffer throughout your life due to an acute immune response to certain foods.

Next video. TV show “Live Healthy” and Elena Malysheva about food allergies: