What tests should be taken to detect hypothyroidism? Diagnosis of hypothyroidism using laboratory tests. Symptomatic therapy: away with troubles

Hypothyroidism is a disease of the thyroid gland, which is one of the stages of a generalized attack of the immune system on the body of the gland. Sometimes the disease occurs in monophase without developing into other pathologies. One of the methods for diagnosing hypothyroidism is laboratory blood tests to determine the concentration of hormones in it.

Symptoms

Hypothyroidism may not manifest itself for a long time and only in advanced cases manifest a clear clinical picture. It is the tests for hypothyroidism that have the greatest influence on the final diagnosis.

Among the pronounced clinical picture of hypothyroidism, the following should be noted:

• Weakness, lethargy;
• Indifference to everything that happens;
• Rapid fatigue, decreased performance;
• Drowsiness;
• Absent-mindedness, poor memory;
• Swelling of the arms and legs;
• Dry skin, brittle nails, hair.

All these are the consequences of a lack of thyroid hormones in the body. In addition to laboratory diagnostics, an ultrasound examination of the gland is prescribed, and a biopsy may also be prescribed if malignant nodules are suspected. Let's take a closer look at what tests show for hypothyroidism.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Most endocrinologists rely specifically on the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the patient's blood, or TSH. This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and is designed to stimulate the thyroid gland.

If the level of this hormone in the blood is high, we can conclude that the pituitary gland is working to activate the gland, and accordingly, the body does not have enough thyroid hormones.

• For Russia, the normal level of TSH in a patient’s blood varies in the range of 0.4-4.0 mIU/l.
• American endocrinologists adopted a new range, according to the results of their research, which corresponds to a more realistic picture - 0.3-3.0 mIU/l.

Previously, the normal TSH range was 0.5-5.0 mIU/L - this was changed to the first 15 years ago, which led to an increase in the diagnosis of thyroid abnormalities.

In our region, it is worth focusing on the first indicator. A TSH above four mIU/L indicates hypothyroidism, and below - hyperthyroidism.

On the other hand, TSH concentration depends on many other factors. For example, low concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone are observed in cancer of the pituitary gland, since it is not able to produce hormones. A similar picture is observed after a stroke or injury affecting the hypothalamus.

The time of blood sampling has a great influence on the result of the study. Early in the morning, the level of TSH in the blood is average, by lunchtime it decreases, and by the evening it rises again above the average range.

T4

T4 hormone can be tested in the following forms:

• Total T4 – concentration of bound and free forms of the hormone T4;
• Free - a hormone that is not bound to a protein molecule and is available for use in the body;
• Bound - the concentration of the T4 hormone, which is already bound by a protein molecule and cannot be used by the body. Most of the T4 in the body is bound.

A comprehensive laboratory diagnosis of hypothyroidism cannot be based only on a concentration study, since it illuminates the problem only from one side - how much the brain stimulates the thyroid gland. For a complete study, tests are prescribed for free forms of the hormones T3 and T4.

Total T4 directly depends on bound T4. But recently, less attention has been paid to it, since the binding of T4 by a protein molecule also depends on the amount of the protein itself in the blood. And since protein concentration can increase with kidney and liver diseases, during pregnancy and lactation, measuring total T4 is not always effective enough.

More attention is paid to free T4 - this is the form of the hormone that must subsequently enter the cells and be converted into T3. The latter is the active form of thyroid hormone.

If free T4 - thyroxine - is below normal, while TSH is elevated, the picture really suggests hypothyroidism to the endocrinologist. These indicators are often considered in conjunction.

T3

As mentioned above, T3 is formed in the cells of the body from T4. This hormone is called triiothyronine and is the active form of thyroid hormone.

As with T4, total, free and bound forms of triiodothyronine are tested. Total T3 is not an accurate indicator of hypothyroidism, but can complement the diagnostic picture.

Free T3 is of greater importance for diagnosis, although in hypothyroidism it is often observed to remain in the normal range. This is due to the fact that even with a deficiency of thyroxine, the body produces more enzymes that transform T4 into T3, and therefore residual concentrations of thyroxine are converted to triiodothyronine, maintaining normal T3 levels.

AT-TPO

Any disease in the body, caused by an infection, bacteria or virus, causes an immediate response from the immune system in the form of the release of antibodies, which should destroy the foreign body that is the cause of the disease.

When suffering from autoimmune hypothyroidism, the immune system somewhat incorrectly identifies the pathogen, attacking the person’s own thyroid gland with antibodies.

During an autoimmune attack on the gland, specific and nonspecific antibodies are produced. Specific – antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, also known as AT-TPO.

Such antibodies attack gland cells, destroying them. Since the cells have the structure of follicles, after their destruction the membranes enter the blood. The immune system detects foreign bodies - membranes - in the blood, determines their source and begins the attack again - thus, the production of AT-TPO occurs in a circle.

It is quite simple to detect these antibodies in the blood, and they become the gold standard for diagnosing autoimmune thyroiditis. If test results show an increased amount of AT-TPO in the blood, hypothyroidism is likely one of the stages of thyroiditis, and this stage can last for years.

Other indicators

These indicators are complex and are often checked together, and when deciphered, they are associated with each other. In addition, the doctor may prescribe an immunogram, a gland biopsy and a general urine test.

• A general urine test remains without deviation from the norm.
• The immunogram shows a decrease in the concentration of T-lymphocytes below normal limits, an increase in the concentration of immunoglobulins, a similar picture with a biopsy - there are a lot of antibodies in the gland cells.
• General blood test - shows an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, relative lymphocytosis - a decrease in the number of lymphocytes.
• A biochemistry study shows a decrease in the albumin fraction of protein, an increase in the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol, globulins and low-density lipoproteins.

The results of laboratory diagnostics are deciphered by the endocrinologist who refers you for this study. Any laboratory does not take responsibility for self-medication of patients, since the results of tests for hypothyroidism, even if the described picture coincides with the received one, are not a clinical diagnosis, but only an aid for it.

Hypothyroidism- a syndrome that occurs due to persistent long-term deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body. According to the pathogenetic classification, primary, secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are distinguished (in this case, primary is diagnosed in a predominant number of cases). Based on the severity, hypothyroidism is classified into subclinical, manifest and complicated. The causes of hypothyroidism can begin to appear during the period of intrauterine development of the fetus (meaning the congenital form of the disease, when the child is already born with hypothyroidism). Accordingly, the acquired form of the disease develops already during life for several years.

According to statistics, hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Women over 65 years of age, as well as young children, and less commonly men, are more susceptible to this disease. In regions far from the sea, people are more likely to be at risk of hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency.

The following types of hypothyroidism are distinguished:

• Primary hypothyroidism (congenital) is a congenital disorder of the thyroid gland, which leads to a decrease in the production of necessary hormones;
• Secondary hypothyroidism occurs due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, due to which a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones is produced.
• Subclinical - hypothyroidism in which symptoms do not appear. Occurs more often than the clinical type. Most often, elderly women suffer from it, children - extremely rarely.
• Autoimmune is a chronic inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland of autoimmune origin, in which the human body secretes antibodies that destroy thyroid cells.

Causes of hypothyroidism

Scroll causes of acquired hypothyroidism very wide. In particular, these include:

• damage to thyroid cells by lymphocytes in autoimmune hypothyroidism. The disease develops gradually over several years, subsequently acquiring a chronic form;
• complete or partial removal of the thyroid gland (in this case we are talking about postoperative hypothyroidism);
• atrophy of thyroid tissue due to radiation exposure to X-rays, ionization, radioactive iodine;
• long-term use of thyreostatics during the treatment of diffuse goiter with signs of intoxication of the body (diffuse toxic goiter);
• uncontrolled and long-term use of drugs that disrupt the synthesis of thyroid hormones (amiodarone, lithium carbonate, propylthiouracil);
• iodine deficiency in drinking water and food, which especially affects pregnant women and children. Symptoms of hypothyroidism will disappear after replenishing iodine reserves in the body. With prolonged iodine deficiency, children will develop hypothyroidism with symptoms of mental retardation.

Causes of the primary type of hypothyroidism. In the primary form, hypothyroidism occurs due to inflammatory processes in the thyroid parenchyma (viral, bacterial, fungal). Other reasons include aplasia or hypoplasia of thyroid tissue, heredity associated with the synthesis of hormones, complete or partial removal of the thyroid gland, iodine deficiency in drinking water and foods. If the causes of primary hypothyroidism are not clear, we are talking about idiopathic hypothyroidism.

Causes of the secondary type of hypothyroidism. Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by disruptions in communication between the organs of the endocrine system: malignant or benign tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, brain surgery for tumor processes that resulted in damage to the tissue of one of these organs, long-term radioactive exposure to humans, brain injuries (including hemorrhagic stroke) .

Causes of subclinical hypothyroidism are similar, but there are differences in the clinical picture - the symptoms are mild, and a deficiency of thyroid hormones can be determined in the blood. In order to diagnose hypothyroidism and understand the nature of the causes of its occurrence, ultrasound and scintigraphy of the thyroid gland, puncture with further biopsy of the thyroid gland, determination of antibodies in the blood, computed tomography and MRI of the hypothalamus, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland are usually performed.

Causes of autoimmune hypothyroidism. Autoimmune thyroid hypothyroidism occurs in 3-4% of people. The disease is usually diagnosed during periods of hormonal imbalance, when all important hormonal functions begin to malfunction. For example, autoimmune hypokinesis in children is in most cases diagnosed during puberty or during a growth spurt. About 50% of the total number of people diagnosed with autoimmune hypothyroidism experience symptoms of the disease when they are already adults or elderly. The occurrence of the disease is influenced by a number of factors (genetic predisposition, viral infection in acute or chronic form, the presence of a source of chronic infection, prolonged exposure to radiation, uncontrolled use of drugs containing radioactive iodine, frequently recurring stressful situations, menopausal age).

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Symptoms of hypothyroidism usually appear slowly and unnoticed, and can be mistaken for a normal deterioration in health:

• drowsiness and lethargy;
• memory loss, absent-minded attention, deterioration of intellectual activity;
• poor tolerance to heat and cold;
• hair loss, dry and sagging skin, brittle hair and nails;
• swelling under the eyes, swelling of the limbs;
• weight gain;
• digestive problems and constipation, enlarged liver;
• difficulty breathing when walking, pain behind the sternum and in the heart area with sudden movement;
• Symptoms in women include disturbances in the menstrual cycle; in men, potency and sexual desire decrease.

Signs of hypothyroidism and its further development lead to a slowdown of all processes in the body. A lack of thyroid hormones leads to less intense energy production, which manifests itself in the form of a decrease in body temperature and a constant feeling of chilliness. In general, patients do not tolerate both cold and heat well. Bones become brittle and frequent fractures occur.

Another symptom of hypothyroidism is a tendency to frequent infections of the body, which occurs due to the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on the immune system. But the main symptom of the disease is constant fatigue and weakness, even after a full night’s sleep. Patients complain of persistent headaches and frequent pain in joints and muscles.

Hands often go numb - this sensation occurs due to compression of the nerves by swollen tissues (in the area of ​​the carpal tunnel). Swelling is characterized by the skin. Patients experience physical and mental retardation (reluctance to do even familiar and habitual things), as well as frequent forgetfulness.

Tissue swelling during hypothyroidism leads to damage to the sensory organs. Patients complain of visual disturbances, hearing loss, and “ringing” in the ears. Swelling of the vocal cords lowers the voice, swelling of the larynx and tongue provokes night snoring. The influence of the pathological disease on the digestive processes is reflected in the form of frequent constipation.

The most dangerous manifestations of hypothyroidism include heart damage. In particular, a large number of patients experience a slower rhythm - less than 60 beats per minute. Cardiovascular manifestations of hypothyroidism also include a noticeable increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood, which causes the risk of developing atherosclerosis of the heart vessels and coronary artery disease. A characteristic manifestation of the latter is angina pectoris - difficulty breathing even when walking calmly or climbing stairs, a sharp pain behind the sternum. Atherosclerosis can manifest itself as pain in the legs while walking - “intermittent claudication”, which is caused by a lack of oxygen supply to the legs. Hypothyroidism can also be accompanied by anemia (anemia).

In women, symptoms of hypothyroidism are expressed in the form of menstrual dysfunction. The menstrual cycle is disrupted, menstruation can either disappear completely or, on the contrary, become very heavy and prolonged. In a large number of cases, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in women could be established when they consulted a gynecologist with a complaint of infertility. Accordingly, hypothyroidism in men has the following symptoms when affecting the genitourinary system: impotence and associated factors (apathy, loss of sexual desire).

The most common symptoms of hypothyroidism include depression, with which patients often turn to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Hypothyroidism, according to official data, was diagnosed in 8-14% of people observed by specialists diagnosed with depression. In the initial stages of hypothyroidism, depression may be the only symptom of the disease, and often hypothyroidism is not suspected at this point due to the absence of additional clinical signs.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism in some cases are recorded even by normal or elevated levels of thyroid hormones. The causes of such manifestations include metal intoxication, destruction of normal thyroid tissue by tumors as a result of surgical operations or treatment of the gland with radioactive iodine. The cause may also be a reaction to tranquilizers, antiarrhythmic and antiepileptic drugs.

Symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism

The most common thyroid disease in children is congenital hypothyroidism. The basis of the pathogenesis of the disease is partial or complete deficiency of thyroid hormones. Timely identification of the problem and timely initiation of replacement therapy at the earliest possible age will ensure favorable mental development of the child (provided that therapy is started during the first 2 weeks of life).

In approximately 90% of cases, congenital hypothyroidism is primary and is associated with thyroid dysgenesis. Often there is aplasia, dystopia or hypoplasia of the thyroid gland. Up to 10% of cases demonstrate that congenital hypothyroidism is caused by defects in TSH receptors, disturbances in iodine transport or thyroglobulin synthesis. Pathologies of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland lead to the manifestation of secondary or tertiary congenital hypothyroidism in only 4% of cases.

Characteristic clinical signs that are observed in the early postnatal period in 10-15% of cases:

• more than 40 weeks of pregnancy;
• high birth weight of the child;
• swelling of the face, eyelids, lips, half-open mouth;
• localized swelling, similar to dense pillows on the dorsum of the hands, in the supraclavicular fossa;
• signs of prematurity in a normal pregnancy;
• shouting in a low trumpet voice;
• insufficient epithelization of the umbilical wound;
• jaundice with prolonged treatment periods.

How to determine hypothyroidism, tests for hypothyroidism

One of the most important indicators in diagnosing hypothyroidism is a blood test to determine whether there are disorders of the thyroid gland and whether it produces hormones correctly. Tests for hypothyroidism can determine the level of TSH, T4 and free T4, total T3 and free T3, and thyroid autoantibodies.

Analysis of TSH hormones for hypothyroidism

Most endocrinologists rely specifically on the level of TSH contained in the blood. The hormone TSH, produced by the pituitary gland, has the function of informing the thyroid gland to release hormones in a certain amount. Accordingly, if TSH is elevated, this means that the pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland to release large amounts of thyroid hormones - and vice versa. Normal TSH levels are in the range of 0.4-4.0 mIU/l. American endocrinologists now consider a normal level to be from 0.3 to 3.0 mIU/l. Everything that is below normal refers to hypothyroidism (more precisely, suspicions of this disease).

The TSH level is one of the most accurate indicators of thyroid dysfunction, but this measure is not always accurate. Thus, with a tumor of the pituitary gland, normal levels of TSH are not produced - the same as with injuries of the hypothalamus, strokes, etc. In such situations, TSH may be within normal limits even if thyroid hormones are low.

When taking a TSH test for hypothyroidism, it is important to know that its level is in the middle of the range in the morning, decreases at noon, and increases at night.

Blood test for hypothyroidism for total and free T4

A comprehensive examination for suspected hypothyroidism includes tests to determine the level of TSH and T4, which will determine the actual amount of thyroid hormones in the blood. In the recent past, total T4 testing was widely used to diagnose hypothyroidism, but now this tool is not considered as useful. This is due to the fact that the concentration of total T4 depends on the amount of binding proteins, the concentration of which is affected by kidney and liver diseases, as well as pregnancy. However, a low level of total T4 in most cases still indicates hypothyroidism.

A more useful tool for diagnosing hypothyroidism is the free T4 test, which measures the level of free thyroxine in the blood. Accordingly, its low amount is a clear sign of hypothyroidism. Patients with early hypothyroidism may have an elevated TSH with a normal free T4 (minimum acceptable level) or an elevated TSH with a decreased free T4.

Diagnosis of hypothyroidism using total and free T3

Total T3 is the active form of thyroid hormone. It does not accurately indicate the presence of the disease, however, the level of the T3 hormone in the blood can be used in a comprehensive diagnosis. Sometimes a diagnostic effect is obtained by measuring the level of free T3 in the body. Patients with hypothyroidism rarely have low free levels - they may remain at normal levels.

Thyroid antibody test

When sick, the immune system begins to produce antibodies. But with autoimmune diseases, the production of autoantibodies begins, which fight the patient’s own tissues. The thyroid gland in such cases can become a target for attack by autoantibodies. Accordingly, the production of antibodies will begin in response to such an attack. It is quite easy to determine their content in the blood, and this analysis is used as a marker to prove the pathological process. An autoimmune attack provokes the production of antibodies to TPO (thyroid peroxidase). An anti-TPO test is the best way to identify Hashimoto's disease.

• free T4;
• total T4;
• total T3;
• free T3;
• ATPO (antibodies to thyroid peroxidase);
• antibodies to TSH receptors;
• ATTG (antithyroglobulin antibodies);
• AMC (antimicrosomal antibodies);
• TG (thyrogludobulin);
• calcitonin.

The list of necessary tests for a complete diagnosis will be provided by the attending endocrinologist.

In addition, to make a diagnosis you need:

• do an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland;
• do an ECG;
• do electroencephalography;
• find out the level of cholesterol in the blood serum.

Based on these data, the doctor will be able to determine the development of the pathological condition and prescribe treatment. If you suspect any unnatural functioning of the body's systems, you should contact a specialized specialist who, after examining and identifying suspicions of hypothyroidism, will refer you to an endocrinologist for further examination and treatment.

What is postoperative hypothyroidism

Postoperative hypothyroidism is a pathological process that develops as a result of surgical intervention in the thyroid gland. In most cases, the disorder develops after surgical removal of the thyroid gland or removal of a large segment of it. The pathological condition is quite common - according to official data, it is recorded in 20% of female patients and 16% of male patients who have undergone surgery on the thyroid gland. The risk of developing pathology increases with the patient's age.

Postoperative hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland occurs as a result of suppressed thyroid function and iodine deficiency or destructive processes in the hypothalamic-pituitary region.

During its development, hypothyroidism after removal of the thyroid gland affects many systems of the body. This explains the complex and rather complex nature of the symptoms of the disease - the patient may be bothered by several factors at the same time: increased body weight due to metabolic disorders, problems with the body’s thermoregulation, deterioration in the quality of the skin and the appearance of a yellowish tint, dullness of the senses, increased irritability, frequent mood swings , digestive system disorders, sexual disorders, blood pressure changes and much more.

In one group of patients, all these manifestations may be systemic, and in another, some symptoms may appear more strongly, indicating problems with a specific body system. If the disease develops long enough, it can be recognized by its characteristic appearance: a puffy face with a pale jaundiced tint, an aloof look, and mask-like facial expressions.

During the treatment process it is important:

• monitor sudden changes in body weight;
• consult a doctor before planning pregnancy;
• Be sure to discuss with your doctor the need to take other medications.

In general, doctors give a positive prognosis for patients who develop postoperative hypothyroidism. Constantly taking medications as prescribed by your doctor allows you not to feel any manifestations of pathology and live with virtually no restrictions in your life.

Treatment of hypothyroidism

Treatment for hypothyroidism depends on its form. For subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism, treatment at home is sufficient to control the condition, following certain instructions from the doctor. In severe or clinical forms, the lack of hormones can be compensated for only by constantly taking a medical synthetic hormonal drug.

The mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. It is prohibited to take medications on your own. In order to receive the correct treatment, you need to contact an endocrinologist and get tested for hormone levels. After this, medications are prescribed that restore normal functioning of the gland.

Hormone replacement therapy has no side effects and is easily tolerated. The medications should be taken once a day. Typically, treatment for hypothyroidism lasts a lifetime. Children are prescribed the same treatment. To monitor your condition, you need to regularly check your thyroid hormone levels.

If hypothyroidism occurs due to iodine deficiency in the body, the patient is prescribed iodine-based medications, and the consumption of seafood and iodized salt is recommended. With proper treatment and following all recommendations, the patient can be cured of hypothyroidism. If the disease is not treated in time, it causes various complications on the body. Hypothyroidism in children can inhibit growth and intellectual abilities, and mental and physical development is reduced. A pregnant woman experiences complications in the development of the fetus and general condition. An elderly person with advanced hypothyroidism is at great risk of falling into a hypothyroid coma, which often ends in death.

Treatment of hypothyroidism without hormones

Minimize caffeine, grains and starchy carbohydrates. They provoke a sharp increase in blood sugar levels. Hypothyroidism also affects sugar levels, so constant surges will lead to destabilization, which will affect the general condition: malaise or weakness will appear.

Avoid gluten if hypothyroidism is accompanied by Hashimoto's disease. The molecular structure of gluten resembles the structure of thyroid tissue. With the above disease, the immune system will attack thyroid cells, considering them foreign. Gluten will only provoke such processes.

Limit the consumption of foods that contain geitrogens - they block the production of thyroid hormones. The list of such products: millet, all types of cabbage, turnips, pears, corn, rutabaga, almonds and pine nuts, mustard, radishes, strawberries, peanuts, etc. If you don’t want to completely stop eating them, you need to eat them at intervals of 4-5 days, and if possible, do not eat raw.

You need to eat more protein. Its effect on the thyroid gland is to improve the transport of thyroid hormones to the tissues and their uniform distribution. The level of protein consumption, naturally, should not exceed the limits of the daily diet. Good sources of protein include nut butters and nuts themselves, legumes (except almonds, peanuts and pine nuts due to their content of geitrogens). Good sources of protein include meat, poultry, fish, eggs and the natural herbal antibiotic quinoa. At the same time, you should avoid sausages - the soy content in them will block feedback in the endocrine system and deregulate the function of hormones.

It is allowed to consume healthy fat - it is necessary for establishing and maintaining hormonal connections in the body. Good sources of fat in this case are ghee, olive oil, flax seeds, avocados, nuts and nut butters, fish, full-fat cottage cheese, cheese and yogurt, and coconut milk.

You need to stock up on nutrients. Their deficiency will not be the main cause of hypothyroidism, however, with a lack of vitamins and minerals, the general condition of the body will worsen. To feel good, you need to maintain normal levels of vitamin A, D, B vitamins, as well as copper, zinc, selenium and omega 3 fatty acids. For example, when the level of vitamin D decreases (less than 32 ng/ml when the norm is 50-80 ng/ml), the function of the pathways transporting hormones will decrease.

Omega 3 fatty acids are needed by the body to create hormones that control the immune system and the growth of body cells. To do this, you should eat fish, animal products, walnuts, and flax seeds. When regulating vitamin and mineral levels, the main emphasis should be on consuming natural sources rather than synthetic supplements.

Treatment of hypothyroidism with folk remedies

To correct hormonal levels in the initial form of hypothyroidism, it is enough to adjust the diet and lead a healthy lifestyle. In particular, you need to eat less foods that reduce thyroid function. A number of foods can block the natural production of thyroid hormones, as well as interfere with the absorption of these hormones (both natural and synthetic). There are also products that do not have a direct effect on these processes, but instead trigger autoimmune reactions that worsen the general condition of the body.

In addition to the treatment prescribed by an endocrinologist, it is possible to provide treatment for hypothyroidism with folk remedies in order to additionally support the body and achieve normal metabolism. It should be said right away that without full-fledged drug replacement therapy, alternative treatment is ineffective and will lead to prolongation of the disease and its transition to a more severe form, when a number of neglected processes may become irreversible. Any method of alternative treatment must be previously agreed upon with an endocrinologist.

Traditional medicine offers the following additional factors for the treatment of hypothyroidism:

• taking herbal and herbal products (decoctions, infusions);
• formation of a proper diet;
• drinking vegetable and fruit juices.

Treatment of hypothyroidism with herbs is quite common and is recognized by official medicine as an additional factor for maintaining the body. In particular, herbs support normal work processes, stimulate the functionality of the gastrointestinal tract, and cleanse the body.

Common herbal medicines include the following:

• nine-sil root, birch buds, St. John's wort herb, rowan fruits in equal parts. They need to be brewed in a liter of boiling water, boiled for 5 minutes, left for 12 hours and then taken 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals;
• Mix the flowers of rowan, dandelion, strawberry, thyme, wood lice, gift, budra in equal parts. Brew 1 tablespoon in 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Take 1 time per day before breakfast;
• Mix 1 part eleutherococcus root, 2 parts nettle leaves, 1 part dandelion root, 1 part carrot seeds and 2 parts cocklebur and add 1.5 tablespoons to 500 ml of water, boiling for 5 minutes. Then strain. To enhance the effect, you can add 80 drops of infusion on the walnut partitions. Drink 100 ml 4 times a day before meals.

The main principle of treating hypothyroidism with herbs is no amateur activity. The attending physician must know what the patient is taking additionally and in what quantities.

Iodine preparations for hypothyroidism

How to treat hypothyroidism with iodine-containing drugs? First of all, strictly after consultation with your doctor and strictly within the dosage prescribed by him. An excess of iodine in the body will lead to negative consequences. In mild forms of hypothyroidism, emphasis should be placed on consuming sources of natural iodine, which will increase the performance and functionality of the thyroid gland. This is an important element of treatment. The main sources of iodine are seafood (fish and shellfish), sea vegetables (noria and dulse). Minor sources include asparagus, eggs, mushrooms, lima beans, spinach, sesame squash (seeds), garlic. Yogurt, pure cow's milk, and ice cream also increase iodine levels.

Can I take Iodomarin if I have hypothyroidism? In case of laboratory-confirmed hypothyroidism, the drug Iodomarin is contraindicated, and there is no need to take it “for prevention” or for any other purpose. Detailed information about this aspect will be provided by the attending physician, based on examination data.

Can thyroid hypothyroidism be cured with homeopathy?

Effective treatment of clinical hypothyroidism is achieved only through constant administration of a prescribed dose of a synthetic hormonal drug. In this case, additional homeopathy is not prohibited - but only as an enhancing factor that maintains the general condition of the body in a normal state and only in agreement with the attending physician. You cannot believe promises to cure hypothyroidism without hormones using herbs or other natural remedies. This will lead to a deterioration in the general condition of the body and the need for complex additional treatment, since the pathological condition will only worsen due to the lack of adequate medical intervention.

How to treat thyroid hypothyroidism using conservative methods

The conservative treatment process consists of taking prescribed medications for the thyroid gland - in most cases we are talking about synthetic thyroid hormone. It restores normal hormonal levels and relieves symptoms of hypothyroidism. Several factors:

• with the correct dosage, the patient will feel a surge of strength and the disappearance of habitual fatigue after 1-2 weeks of taking the hormone;
• cholesterol levels will decrease, weight regulation will begin, which has increased due to hypothyroidism;
• most patients are forced to take the drug for the rest of their lives, checking their hormone levels annually and adjusting the dosage if necessary.

When treating hypothyroidism conservatively, it is important to maintain contact with your doctor. It usually takes several months to find the right, exactly appropriate dosage of the drug. Initially, a starting dose will be prescribed and the patient will be referred for a blood test to determine thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. After 6-8 weeks, you will need to be tested again to determine whether the dose is correct. If correction is needed, after a while you will need to undergo the analysis again.

With a small dosage, the symptoms of hypothyroidism will persist: we are talking about poor thermoregulation, constipation, constant fatigue, weight gain. If the dosage is too high, nervousness, sleep problems, and tremors may appear.

When taking a synthetic hormone, you need to constantly monitor your well-being and pay special attention to signs of hypothyroidism. Even with annual monitoring of hormone levels, the possibility of a drop in this value between examination cycles cannot be ruled out. Therefore, if you experience slowness, a constant feeling of cold, or confusion, you should urgently consult your doctor.

If treatment for thyroid hypothyroidism coincides with treatment for intestinal diseases or taking medications that affect the gastrointestinal tract, the synthetic hormone may not be absorbed correctly. Therefore, it will be necessary to either increase the dosage or pause while treating another disease. It is also important to pay attention to the correct dosage of the hormone - long-term use of the drug in excessive doses leads to osteoporosis and irregular heartbeat.

It will not hurt to strengthen the body with glutathione - a natural antioxidant that has a positive effect on the immune system, protects thyroid tissue and improves the regulation of the immune system. The substance is found in avocados, asparagus, garlic, and grapefruit.

Some doctors suggest that a fifth of thyroid function depends on adequate levels of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Therefore, you need to consume probiotics in the form of natural yoghurts or special supplements.

Returning to the issue of homeopathy: although herbal supplements do not cure hypothyroidism, they can have some positive effects. In particular, Eleutherococcus strengthens the immune system and adapts the body to physical activity. Echinacea has similar properties. The need for supplements and dosage should be discussed with your doctor.

The state of the body is influenced by useful loads. Treatment must be accompanied by sports, which will improve blood pumping and in a certain way affect the functionality of the thyroid gland. Jogging or active walks, swimming, cycling, squats and push-ups are recommended - at least 3 40-minute workouts per week.

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy

Hypothyroidism during pregnancy or a lack of thyroid hormones can lead to the birth of a child with pathologies: reduced intelligence, an underdeveloped nervous system. However, in most cases, hypothyroidism in a woman and pregnancy are incompatible concepts, since a lack of thyroid-stimulating hormones provokes depression of sexual function and infertility. In this regard, the question of whether it is possible to get pregnant with hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland disappears. In some cases it is possible, but you always need to think about the consequences of such a decision.

If a woman does become pregnant, she must remember that in the first half of pregnancy the fetus’s thyroid gland does not work. In order for the child's development to be normal, it is important to control the level of thyroid hormones in the mother - a pregnant woman's need for this hormone is high. If you do not compensate for it at the beginning of pregnancy, the consequences for the child (and for the mother too) in case of hypothyroidism in a pregnant woman will be irreversible.

Complications that may occur:

• hypertension in pregnancy;
• miscarriage;
• developmental defect;
• placental abruption;
• insufficient fetal body weight;
• intrauterine death;
• bleeding after childbirth;
• congenital hypothyroidism;
• insufficient level of intelligence in the child.

Is it possible to get pregnant with hypothyroidism?

Pregnancy is associated with major hormonal changes in the body, so any problems with the thyroid gland will lead to serious consequences. Women with any form of hypothyroidism or any thyroid problems should receive the necessary treatment, and after pregnancy:

• register early;
• do not stop consulting with an endocrinologist;
• Strictly monitor hormone levels throughout pregnancy.

If pregnancy occurs with hypothyroidism without appropriate hormonal correction, the woman will feel the following symptoms:

• severe weakness;
• low performance;
• drowsiness;
• weight gain;
• forgetfulness;
• constipation;
• dry hair and skin;
• swelling;
• feeling of anxiety or depression.

If the diagnosis of hypothyroidism was established during pregnancy, you should immediately consult an endocrinologist and, after examination, begin therapy, since it is important to compensate for the lack of hormones in the first half of pregnancy.

Prevention of hypothyroidism in pregnant women

Hypothyroidism in pregnant women is most often diagnosed in countries and territories where iodine deficiency is common. The iodine norm for a pregnant woman is 200 mcg per day, and if a deficiency is detected, prevention must be carried out by introducing physiological doses of iodine into the body. At the same time, it is recommended not to take the drug Yodomarin on your own for hypothyroidism in pregnant women: this “prevention” without the knowledge of the doctor can lead to significant complications.

For hypothyroidism in pregnant women, it is recommended to introduce iodine-containing foods into the diet: sea fish, seaweed, tomatoes, citrus fruits, beets, potatoes. If there is a severe deficiency of hormones, the doctor will prescribe replacement therapy in the form of taking a synthetic hormone in order to ensure the natural development of the fetus and prevent the development of hypothyroidism in the child.

The correct dose will be adjusted throughout the 9 months of pregnancy - you will need to regularly consult an endocrinologist and undergo tests. There is no need to be afraid of the consequences - taking a hormonal drug does not negatively affect vital functions. It must be remembered that a pregnant expectant mother is the only source of hormones for her unborn child. When planning a pregnancy with hypothyroidism, you should evaluate all the risks and carry out the necessary therapeutic measures recommended by your doctor.

The condition of the thyroid gland depends on stress, nervous tension, strong emotions and insomnia. Therefore, you need to try to be calmer, reduce stress to a minimum, and properly relax and rest. After a working day, it is advisable to relieve stress through physical exercise, yoga, and meditation. You need to walk more often in the fresh air, in nature, maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness of the room.

Diet for hypothyroidism

The diet should be rich in foods and fruits that contain large amounts of iodine. As a general tonic, you can use various vitamin and nutritional mixtures; most often a vitamin mixture is prepared from lemon, dried fruits, honey and nuts.

For good absorption of iodine, it is recommended to take vitamins A, vitamins B, C, E, D and zinc. The daily iodine intake should be 150 mcg; most of it is found in fish, seafood and iodized salt. It is good for the thyroid gland to eat beets, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce and spinach. Sea kale salad is available in all stores and contains large amounts of iodine. Meals should include meat and fish dishes. Flour products, baked goods and sweets are best consumed in minimal quantities.

The diet for hypothyroidism should include iodized salt instead of table salt, as well as sea fish, squid, shrimp, mussels, and algae salads. Iodine is found in dairy products and meat, but there is more of it in fish. Dried fruits such as figs, dried apricots and dates contain large amounts of iodine. Red and brown algae, buckwheat, walnuts, fish oil, fresh vegetables, fruits, chicken yolk and liver will also be beneficial for the thyroid gland.

A patient with hypothyroidism should exclude from the diet foods such as soy, peanuts, millet, white cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, turnips, spinach, peaches, pears, radishes, mustard, turnips, rutabaga, corn and beans. These vegetables and fruits interfere with the normal absorption of iodine.

We test for hypothyroidism (Gall's disease)

A lack of thyroid hormones causes serious harm to the body. The content of harmful glycerol and triglycerides in the blood increases, which contributes to the rapid development of atherosclerosis. The level of estrogen and androgens in the body may also decrease. Various diseases of the reproductive system occur, including infertility.

That is why it is important to diagnose the disease at an early stage and eliminate its cause. In case of hypothyroidism - insufficient secretion of hormonal substances - a blood test is taken for thyroid hormones: T4 (tetraiodothyronine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) - total and free levels, as well as an analysis for pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase, antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT to TG) and to thyroid peroxidase (AT to TPO), calcitonin, antimicrosomal antibodies (AMC), thyroxine-binding proteins (t-uptake).

Which studies are the most important?

First, a test for thyroid-stimulating hormone is always done; other tests are carried out only if the level of the latter is abnormal. It is even given to newborns upon discharge from the maternity hospital. However, for some diseases (tumors, damage to the hypothalamus), this analysis is not enough.

The serum is stored for 2 hours so it can be used for a second test if an abnormal thyrotropin level is detected. Therefore, more experienced doctors also check the patient’s T4 content. It makes no sense to carry out a repeated study of TSH concentration: its concentration changes very slowly (6-8 weeks).

What types of hypothyroidism are there?

Hypothyroidism can be latent, that is, hidden. This is the mildest form of the disease. With it, the content of thyroid hormones may be normal, but the level of TSH is elevated, which indicates a lack of T3 and T4. In the latent form of the disease, the TSH level is usually, according to American data, from 4.5 to 10 mIU/l.

However, Russian doctors consider TSH concentrations above 2 mIU/liter to be elevated. The concentration of TSH changes throughout the day: in the morning its concentration in the blood is average, in the middle of the day it is low, and at night it is high. If its content in the blood is higher than normal, then this is a sign of a more serious disease. Hypothyroidism of moderate severity is called manifest. Complicated hypothyroidism is the most severe. It includes myxedema, mexidematous coma and cretinism in children.

Detection of thyroid diseases

A biochemical blood test for Gall's disease shows an increase in creatinine levels (and in some cases, liver enzymes). Sodium levels decrease.

In order to determine the cause of the disease, doctors need to use different methods. If the level of thyrotropin in the patient's blood is low, thyrotropin-releasing factor is administered. If the thyrotropin level returns to normal, then the pituitary gland is functioning normally. Otherwise, the patient is sent for an MRI to clarify the diagnosis.

If the level of blood cells is elevated in the blood, and ESR - the erythrocyte sedimentation rate - is too high, then this may be a sign of autoimmune processes in the body. Another symptom is a thyroid peroxidase level above 100 U/ml.

If thyroid hormone and TSH levels are elevated and all other symptoms of hypothyroidism are present, a rare peripheral (receptor) form of the disease can be detected. The receptors for thyroxine and triiodothyronine are insensitive, so the thyroid gland works hard, but has no effect on the organs.

As a rule, with such a disease, the death of the newborn is inevitable. But with genetic mosaicism (when only a part of the body’s cells carries the mutation), only part of the thyroid cells are changed, and the patient can live.

This disease is so rare that a complete treatment for it has not yet been developed. Therapy is symptomatic.

A high level of antibodies to thyrotropin indicates diffuse toxic goiter, with toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the body does not produce enough thyroid hormones. The main analysis to confirm the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is the blood composition indicator, which determines whether there are disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland, whether enough hormones are produced, or whether there is hyperfuction, that is, more hormones are produced than necessary. Blood tests make it possible to determine the diagnosis and select effective treatment if the patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism of the thyroid gland. What do tests show for hypothyroidism? First things first.

Is hypothyroidism dangerous?

Yes! The fact is that hypothyroidism develops slowly in the body. Its development occurs with a long-term lack of thyroid hormones. The disease may have hereditary roots, or it may be acquired. This disease may not appear for a long time. A person may not pay attention to its first symptoms, as they are vague.

Symptoms that, if detected, should be visited by an endocrinologist:

• fast fatiguability;
• loss of appetite;
• swelling of the face, eyelids, legs;
• dry skin;
• indifference, apathy;
• fear of cold.

The greatest danger lies in irreversible changes in intelligence.

Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones. As a result, the energy potential of the human body is spent very quickly.

If you don’t take care of your health, don’t take action and start treatment, the percentage of glucose in the blood will increase, that is, the possibility of diabetes mellitus and heart problems opens up.

Indicators of hormone levels of a healthy person:

• in a woman the volume is from 9 to 18 ml;
• in a man from 9 to 25 ml.

Violation of the full production of hormones by the thyroid gland can cause infertility. If a potential patient is pregnant and delays treatment, then a miscarriage or abnormal development of the fetus is possible. If hypothyroidism is not treated promptly in an adult or child, it can lead to very serious consequences.

Timely treatment ensures a quick recovery. In the future, the disease will not bother you if you follow a diet for preventive purposes. If you do not pay attention to the symptoms in time and do not begin treatment for an endocrine disease, then perhaps the processes associated with unstable hormone production will become irreversible.

Blood test for hormones

Hormones are very important active substances for the body that are produced by glands, including the thyroid gland. It is hormones that control the biochemical processes that operate in the body, that is, they are responsible for growth, development, functioning of the reproductive system, and metabolism.

For normal life, the correct balance of hormones in the blood is important. The nervous system, in close cooperation with hormones, organizes the work of the human body synchronously, as a single mechanism.

Blood tests for hormones, which are carried out by the laboratory, make it possible to determine:

1. The indicator of thyroid-stimulating hormones - TSH (considered a pituitary hormone) is a very accurate indicator of thyroid dysfunction. When the level of hormones in the blood is below normal, the pituitary gland begins to produce TSH, which is a stimulator for the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Production increases, TSH indicator decreases. Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland develops.
2. Thyroxine hormones - T4 (contains 4 iodine atoms, hence its another name - tetraiodothyronine). A quantitative analysis of free thyroxine in the blood is performed when there are visual symptoms of goiter or hypothyroidism. Low T4 levels are confirmatory signs of hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine hormones – free T3. Total T3 indicators show the content of the hormone in the blood. These indicators are needed for comprehensive diagnostics. With hypothyroidism, free T3 levels are rarely low; usually its content can be normal. An analysis for the quantitative presence of free T3 is carried out when it is necessary to determine what specific changes are occurring in the thyroid gland and whether they need to be treated.
4. Analysis for autoantibodies that the body produces in case of thyroid disease. During the period of autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies are produced, which are destroyers of the patient’s own tissues. Here, of course, treatment is necessary.

Studies on the amount of free thyroxine during the diagnosis of the initial stage of the disease in hypothyroidism can be confirmed by one of two options for indications obtained by studying in the laboratory.

In the first indicators: increased TSH, normal (indicators may be minimally acceptable) free T4.

The second option: elevated TSH levels, decreased free T4 levels.

What does ESR show?

The ESR indicator makes it possible to understand at what speed or how quickly red blood cells that have separated from the plasma settle. The ESR standards for women and men are different. Typically, healthy men have slightly lower ESR than women.

In patients who experience a rapid rate of disease progression, the ESR increases at a slow pace, but if the disease is cured, the ESR also slowly returns to normal. With high ESR values ​​for a long time, this is already a signal indicating that there is a chronic disease and treatment is necessary immediately.

Before donating blood for analysis, certain preparation is required.

You should start preparing a few days before donating blood for testing.

1. Preparation mainly consists of temporarily refusing to eat certain foods. The day before the test, do not drink alcohol, coffee, or tobacco. It is advisable not to eat for twelve hours before blood collection.
2. The day before the test, do not overload yourself with physical activity and refuse sexual intercourse.
3. If you are taking medications prescribed by a doctor, you should consult with him about which ones you can temporarily not take before taking blood, or in the case where it is impossible to refuse, take into account their exact intake.
4. Stress is not recommended. You need to take tests in a state of complete rest.
5. If the patient is tested during the initial check for the amount of thyroid hormones, the doctor will stop taking medications that affect the functioning of the thyroid gland for a period of several weeks.
6. The reliability of the results is influenced by the frequency of the menstrual cycle and many other factors. Therefore, the test date is set for days 4–7 of the cycle. The doctor may choose other dates in order to obtain reliable results.

Sometimes your doctor may order additional tests to ensure their accuracy. In cases where it is necessary to monitor the level of TSH regularity, blood is drawn at the same time. This allows you to accurately select the dosage in the future if any drugs are prescribed.

What do the tests ultimately show?

When an endocrinologist compares the visual symptoms of hypothyroidism in different potential patients with the results of laboratory tests, sometimes hypothyroidism is not confirmed. Usually such incidents happen to impressionable and suspicious people. A healthy person should not look for symptoms of any disease in himself.

There is a certain risk group - people who may develop this disease.

Therefore, it is these people who, when symptoms appear, are referred for blood tests to determine the development of primary hypothyroidism:

1. People with a family history, that is, the person’s family had or has sick relatives with thyroid problems or diabetes
2. People who have suffered from this disease in the past. This could be goiter, vitiligo, surgery to remove the thyroid gland, or taking certain iodine preparations, etc.
3. People diagnosed with: high cholesterol, low sodium, anemia.

Blood tests for hormones must be performed in order to identify hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism of the thyroid (with hyperfunction) at the initial stage, when the symptoms are barely noticeable, and prescribe medications to carry out treatment. Diagnostics is not so complicated; a comprehensive examination is required to obtain a reliable result.

To clarify the diagnosis with initial confirmation of symptoms, it is necessary to carry out:

• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
• thyroid scintigraphy;
• puncture biopsy of the thyroid gland (according to indications);
• determine antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (if autoimmune thyroiditis is suspected).

Only after this will the doctor understand how to treat a specific case and prescribe the patient the necessary medications for treatment.

Hypothyroidism is a silent thief stealing life. Symptoms, treatment of hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism(myxedema) is a disease caused by insufficient supply of thyroid hormones to the organs. With hypothyroidism, practically nothing hurts, but life passes by: nothing makes you happy, the quality of life of patients with hypothyroidism leaves much to be desired. Patients with hypothyroidism often suffer from depression and often cannot understand what is happening to them.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is more common in women. Many people attribute the symptoms of hypothyroidism to fatigue, overwork, some other disease or current pregnancy, so hypothyroidism is rarely detected immediately. Only the sharp severity of symptoms and the rapid development of hypothyroidism make it possible to diagnose it on time. Subclinical hypothyroidism often remains unrecognized for a long time. A test with thyrotropin-releasing hormone will reveal hidden forms of primary hypothyroidism.

How to suspect hypothyroidism

With hypothyroidism, you have been worried about:

• Drowsiness (patients with hypothyroidism can sleep 12 hours a day for several days in a row). Hypothyroidism causes daytime sleepiness.
• Chilliness without the presence of any colds, decreased body temperature, increased sweating.
• Decreased immunity, frequent colds, including infectious diseases (for example, sore throat ).
• General lethargy, seizures laziness not uncommon in hypothyroidism.
• Emotional lability: irritability, tearfulness.
• Decreased memory and performance, rapid fatigue.
• Difficulty in perceiving new information.
• Decreased reaction speed, slowed reflexes.
• Swelling of the face and limbs (unlike other edema, hypothyroidism does not leave a hole when pressing on the front surface of the leg).
• Pale skin, possibly with a yellowish tint.
• Dull eyes, brittleness and hair loss .
• Tendency to hypotension (low blood pressure).
• Thickening of the tongue, teeth marks along its edges (a symptom characteristic not only of hypothyroidism, but also of diseases of the pancreas).
• Impaired gastric motility (gastrostasis). At the same time, gastric emptying slows down, belching, and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach area are disturbing.
• Feeling of a lump in the throat and discomfort in the neck (optional symptom).
• Palpitations or slow heartbeat, pain in the heart area.
• Unexplained weight gain despite not exceeding daily calorie intake. Hypothyroidism causes a sharp slowdown in metabolism; losing weight with hypothyroidism becomes problematic, but this is possible if you follow the doctor’s instructions and the following recommendations .
• Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood can trigger the development of atherosclerosis.
• Sometimes patients with hypothyroidism experience arthralgia (joint pain).

The severity of hypothyroidism symptoms depends on the degree of thyroid deficiency and the individual characteristics of the body.

In the presence of concomitant diseases, the clinical picture of hypothyroidism is supplemented by additional symptoms.

Is there a connection between hypothyroidism and breast cancer?

Hypothyroidism, like other chronic diseases, increases the risk of developing breast cancer . Women over forty years old must have an annual mammogram of the mammary glands in two projections in order to catch the disease at the very beginning and begin treatment on time. After 50 years, mammography is performed once every six months, even if the woman is not worried about anything and does not suffer from hypothyroidism.

How does hypothyroidism occur during pregnancy?

Symptoms of hypothyroidism may worsen during pregnancy.

In the absence of treatment or improper treatment of hypothyroidism, hypothyroid (myxedematous) coma may develop. Mortality (mortality) reaches 80% in the absence of adequate treatment.

Congenital hypothyroidism is especially dangerous in children; it must be recognized and treated as early as possible, and even better, latent hypothyroidism must be identified in preparation for pregnancy in order to give birth healthy child .

Causes of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is distinguished between primary and secondary.

1. Primary hypothyroidism develops against the background of pathology of the thyroid gland itself:

• For congenital anomalies or surgical removal of the thyroid gland
• Inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis)
• In case of damage of an autoimmune nature or after the administration of radioactive iodine
• For nodular or endemic goiter
• Chronic infections in the body
• With a lack of iodine in the environment
• When treated with thyreostatics (Mercazolil - active ingredient Thiamazol).
• When eating foods and medications that inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (for example, rutabaga, cabbage, turnips, salicylates and sulfonamides, thyme herb with long-term use).

Primary autoimmune hypothyroidism can be combined with insufficiency of the adrenal glands, parathyroid and pancreas. With hypothyroidism, iron deficiency anemia often develops. A combination of hypothyroidism, lactorrhea (as a result of hyperprolactinemia) and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) is possible.

1. Secondary and tertiary (central) hypothyroidism is caused by dysfunction of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
2. With tissue resistance to thyroid hormones, inactivation of T3 circulating in the blood ( triiodothyronine) and T4 ( thyroxine ) or TSH ( thyroid-stimulating hormone ) peripheral hypothyroidism occurs. Symptoms of hypothyroidism often occur when levels are elevated. cortisol And estrogen , the latter stimulate the production of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the liver and can weaken the effects of thyroid hormones.

Treatment of hypothyroidism

After an examination of the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine prescribed by the endocrinologist, according to indications Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with synthetic thyroid hormones is carried out. The dosage of levothyroxine or Euthyrox for the treatment of hypothyroidism is determined only by a doctor. In the absence of cardiac pathology, during pregnancy, or the patient is under 50 years of age, a full replacement dose (without a gradual increase) is prescribed to achieve a euthyroid state. In case of secondary hypothyroidism, treatment of existing adrenal insufficiency must be carried out even before the appointment of L-thyroxine in order to prevent the development of acute adrenal insufficiency.

If the recommendations for taking the drug are not followed, it is difficult to achieve full compensation. This is further aggravated by the fact that patients with hypothyroidism are often depressed, do not listen to what they are told, and skip medications. Therefore, treatment of hypothyroidism should be comprehensive, including correction of the patient’s psychological state.

For hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency, the drug Endorm (contains organic iodine) is effective. There are contraindications for the use of Endorm; consult your doctor.

The method of computer reflexology and acupuncture (a type of reflexology) performed by competent specialists help quite well with hypothyroidism. But provided that hypothyroidism is not caused by organic damage to the thyroid tissue.

What vitamins can you take extra for hypothyroidism?

Diet for hypothyroidism

In case of hypothyroidism, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that inhibit thyroid function (listed above). Preparations containing soy may reduce the absorption of levothyroxine, and the treatment of hypothyroidism will not be effective.

The intake of fats during hypothyroidism should also be limited, since they are poorly absorbed by tissues and can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

Nutrition for hypothyroidism should be balanced, rich in vitamins and microelements (especially selenium). To improve your mood, it is advisable to include in your diet foods containing tryptophan .

Hypothyroidism - what is it? Symptoms, causes and treatment

Hypothyroidism, a syndrome that develops with low concentrations of thyroid hormones, is one of the most common diseases of the endocrine system.

Congenital hypothyroidism is especially dangerous, and if treatment is not started in time, immediately after the birth of the child, irreversible damage to the intellect and the development of mental retardation may occur.

This disease may not manifest itself for a long time. This occurs as a result of the gradual, imperceptible onset of the pathological process. At the same time, in the mild and moderate stages of thyroid hypothyroidism, patients feel satisfactory, the symptoms are erased. The disease occurs in 1% of young people and 10% of older people.

Causes

Why does hypothyroidism occur and what is it? Considering hypothyroidism, the causes of which can be caused by a variety of factors, experts note that, first of all, they depend on the form in which the disease occurs. Today, there are two forms of the disease:

Acquired hypothyroidism

The most common acquired form of the disease. The main reasons for its development are the following:

• chronic autoimmune thyroiditis - damage to the thyroid gland by the body's own immune system, which can lead to hypothyroidism years or even decades after its onset;
• iatrogenic hypothyroidism - develops after complete or partial removal of the thyroid gland or after therapy with reactive iodine;
• taking thyreostatics in the treatment of diffuse toxic goiter;
• significant iodine deficiency in water and food.

Congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs as a result of:

• congenital aplasia and hypoplasia (reduction) of the thyroid gland;
• congenital structural disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system;
• hereditary defects in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4);
• exogenous influences (presence of maternal antibodies in autoimmune pathology, use of medications) during the prenatal period.

For example, penetrating the placenta, maternal thyroid hormones compensate for the control of the development of a fetus with thyroid pathology, but after the birth of a child, when the level of maternal hormones in his blood drops sharply, their deficiency can cause irreversible underdevelopment of the child’s central nervous system (cerebral cortex in in particular).

The child exhibits developmental disorders of the skeleton and other organs, and most importantly, mental retardation to varying degrees, not excluding complete cretinism.

Primary hypothyroidism

Primary hypothyroidism is associated with pathology of the thyroid gland, leading to a decrease in the mass of glandular tissue of the thyroid gland and inhibition of the synthesis of the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This may be a consequence of aplasia or agenesis of the thyroid gland, autoimmune processes, iodine deficiency, or selenium deficiency.

Secondary hypothyroidism

Secondary hypothyroidism is associated with loss of tropic function of the pituitary gland (decreased production of thyrotropin). Insufficient intake of thyroid hormones into the body leads to disruption of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, flattening of the sugar curve after a glucose load, and disruption of lipid and water-salt metabolism.

Degrees

According to the degree of manifestations, the following forms of the disease are distinguished:

• latent, or subclinical, form - there are no clinical manifestations, an increase in the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (a hormone that increases the activity of the thyroid gland) is detected with normal levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (thyroid hormones);
• obvious form – the appearance of signs of hypothyroidism.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

The severity of symptoms depends on the degree of thyroid dysfunction. Hypothyroidism usually develops gradually. Patients do not notice the symptoms of the disease for a long time and do not consult a doctor. They often complain of lethargy, reluctance to move, sudden memory loss, drowsiness, swelling, dry skin, constipation.

The manifestations of hypothyroidism are many-sided; individual symptoms are nonspecific:

• obesity, decreased body temperature, chilliness - a constant feeling of cold due to slow metabolism, yellowness of the skin, hypercholesterolemia, early atherosclerosis;
• myxedematous edema: swelling around the eyes, teeth marks on the tongue, difficulty in nasal breathing and decreased hearing (swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and auditory tube), hoarseness of the voice;
• drowsiness, slowness of mental processes (thinking, speech, emotional reactions), memory loss, polyneuropathy;
• shortness of breath, especially when walking, sudden movements, pain in the heart and behind the sternum, myxedematous heart (decreased heart rate, increased heart size), hypotension;
• tendency to constipation, nausea, flatulence, enlarged liver, biliary dyskinesia, cholelithiasis;
  anemia;
• dryness, fragility and hair loss, brittle nails with transverse and longitudinal grooves;
• menstrual cycle disorders in women.

As the disease progresses, the appearance of patients changes, movements become slow, the gaze is indifferent, the face is round, puffy, swollen, especially in the lower eyelids, lips are bluish, and on a pale face there is a slight blush also with a bluish tint. Patients freeze in any weather.

The skin is pale, sometimes with a yellowish tint due to the increased amount of carotene in the blood, cold to the touch, dry, rough, thickened, and flaky. Peeling of the skin is often most pronounced on the front surface of the legs. Characterized by excessive keratinization and thickening of the superficial layers of skin on the knees and elbows (Beer's symptom).

Diagnostics

An endocrinologist can assume the presence of hypothyroidism based on characteristic manifestations:

• severe weakness, decreased performance;
• dry skin, hair loss, brittle nails.

To confirm the diagnosis, certain diagnostic tests are prescribed:

1. Blood test for thyroid hormones: it is used to study the quantitative indicator of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the blood. Normally, their concentration is 2.6-5.7 mmol/l and 9.0-22.0 mmol/l, respectively. With hypothyroidism, these indicators will be significantly lower than usual. In addition, it is very important to examine the patient’s blood for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the pituitary gland: with the help of this manipulation, they determine the nature of the woman’s hypothyroidism, that is, whether it is primary or secondary.
2. Scintigraphy of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine. During this study, radioactive iodine introduced into the body accumulates in the gland tissue. It is carried out to study the structure and function of the thyroid gland.
3. Computed tomography of the brain for suspected pituitary tumor (the area of ​​the brain that regulates the functional activity of the thyroid gland).
4. Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

Differential diagnosis is carried out with other endocrinopathies: growth retardation and dwarfism, encephalopathies, Down's disease, chondrodystrophy, rickets, Hirschsprung's disease.

Treatment of hypothyroidism

Thanks to advances in the pharmaceutical industry that make it possible to artificially synthesize thyroid hormone, modern endocrinology has an effective way to treat hypothyroidism in women. Therapy is carried out by replacing the thyroid hormones missing in the body with their synthetic analogue - levothyroxine (L-thyroxine).

If possible, it is necessary to eliminate the cause that caused the development of acquired hypothyroidism, for example:

• discontinue medications that cause a decrease in the activity of thyroid hormones,
• treat thyroiditis,
• normalize the intake of iodine in food.

Manifest (clinical) hypothyroidism requires replacement therapy, regardless of the patient’s age and concomitant pathology. The option for starting treatment, the initial dose of the drug and the rate of its increase are individually prescribed.

Forecast

Provided that thyroid hormones are taken daily, the prognosis is favorable: patients lead a normal lifestyle. In cases where hypothyroidism is not treated, clinical manifestations may worsen until the onset of mexedematous coma.

Diet

As stated above, hypothyroidism is characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormones. To explain it in simple words, this means that all metabolic processes in the human body slow down. That is why the diet for thyroid hypothyroidism should be low-calorie.

Food products must be chosen with special care, because their action should be aimed at restoring and stimulating all oxidative processes. The easiest way is to reduce the amount of carbohydrates and fats.

• fatty meats (pork, lamb) and poultry (goose, duck);
• liver (brains, liver, kidneys);
• jam, honey are limited;
• mustard, pepper, horseradish;
• strong tea or coffee, cocoa, Coca-Cola;
• bread made from premium flour, all rich pastries, cakes, pastries, fried products (pies, pancakes, pancakes);
• fish caviar;
• smoked and salted fish, canned fish;
• fatty varieties of sausages;
• margarine, lard, cooking oil;
• all legumes;
• meat, poultry and fish;
• smoked meats, pickles;
• cruciferous vegetables (all types of cabbage, turnips, radishes, radishes, turnips);
• mushrooms in any form;
• rich broths from
• limited pasta and rice.

• fish, mainly sea (cod, mackerel, salmon), rich in phosphorus, polyunsaturated fatty acids and iodine;
• any fruits, especially persimmons, feijoas, kiwis, which are rich in iodine, as well as cherries, grapes, bananas, avocados;
• vegetables except for the cruciferous family, fresh herbs;
• weakly brewed drinks (coffee and tea), tea with lemon or milk, freshly squeezed juices, rosehip and bran decoctions;
• low-fat milk and lactic acid drinks, as well as cottage cheese, sour cream - in dishes;
• unsalted, low-fat and mild varieties of cheese;
• bread made from 1st and 2nd grade flour, yesterday's or dried, dry cookies;
• lean meat, “white” chicken meat containing tyrosine;
• low-fat varieties of sausages;
• fresh vegetable salads dressed with vegetable oil, vinaigrette, aspic;
• Use butter with caution, vegetable oils - in dishes and when cooking;
• white omelettes, soft-boiled eggs, yolk with caution;
• porridges (buckwheat, millet, barley), casseroles and dishes made from them;
• seafood (mussels, scallops, oysters, seaweed, rolls and sushi made from them).

A diet for hypothyroidism does not imply a sharp restriction of foods and a transition to special foods. The food system remains tasty and healthy, with the application of some specific rules. Compliance with therapeutic nutrition has a beneficial effect on metabolic processes, and, importantly, softens the symptoms of the disease in the patient. Proper nutrition saturates cells with oxygen and reduces the risk of developing severe forms of the disease.

Hypothyroidism: symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, causes

Throughout our lives, each of us has encountered fatigue, drowsiness, and weakness that arise for no apparent reason. They may have been related to stress, lack of sleep, poor diet, and a variety of other everyday factors. However, if the above symptoms become constant companions in your life, this is a reason to suspect that you have hypothyroidism.

There are several forms of this disease, each of which has its own characteristics. Some of them occur without pronounced symptoms, which is why patients seek medical help only in the later stages of the process. In various regions of Russia, the incidence of the disease ranges from 2.5% to 20% of the total population.

Causes and classification

Each form of the disease has its own causes, which are quite specific. Currently, clinicians distinguish 2 main types and 5 subtypes of hypothyroidism. Thanks to the research, scientists classified provoking factors as follows:

• Congenital - this form is rarely familial; isolated cases are more common. They are caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for the formation of the thyroid gland, or a congenital defect of this organ. Developmental anomalies can occur due to various factors (smoking or drinking alcohol by the mother, infections during pregnancy). The old name for childhood hypothyroidism is cretinism, but it has now been removed from the international classification of diseases, tenth revision. Currently, it is used only by pathologists.
• Acquired – can occur before the age of 18 or in adulthood. Adult hypothyroidism is referred to as myxedema. The acquired disease has subtypes:

Primary

The actual thyroid tissue

• autoimmune inflammation (when the body’s immunity destroys its own cells) – Hashimoto’s, De Quervain’s, Riedel’s thyroiditis;
• bacterial, viral infections that migrated to the thyroid gland through the bloodstream (after tonsillitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis);
• irradiation (due to exposure to radioactive iodine);
• taking certain medications (for example, Thiamazole);
• operations (removal of part of the gland - resection);
• tumors (adenoma or cancer), metastases from other organs;
• lack of iodine intake or impaired absorption (often after removal of a large section of the small intestine).

Secondary

The regulation of thyroid function is disrupted, usually due to damage to the pituitary gland, which produces thyroid-stimulating hormone

• after traumatic brain injury;
• for pituitary tumors;
• brain hematomas;
• after strokes in the middle cerebral artery basin.

Peripheral

• Synthesis of “inferior” thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine) occurs, which is not recognized by body tissues;
• Damage to thyroid hormone receptors.

Subclinical

Transitory

Metabolic disorder, without damage to the thyroid gland or hypothalamus

• Taking certain medications (Carbamazepine, Amiodarone, Sulfonamide antibacterial substances, Diphenin, oral contraceptives, Octreotide, Methadone);
• Copious application of iodine-containing antiseptics (Povidone, alcohol solution of iodine, Betadine) to the child’s skin;
• Transient hypothyroidism of the thyroid gland in women can appear during pregnancy;
• Long-term intake of foods that reduce the level of thyroid hormones: onions, beans, garlic, maize, millet, ground nuts, sweet potatoes, yellow turnips.

If characteristic symptoms of hypothyroidism appear, you should look for one of the reasons in the patient’s past, which will help establish a diagnosis.

Ultrasound allows you to determine the size and changes in the structure of the thyroid gland (induration, appearance of a tumor, cyst).

Symptoms

Despite the large number of forms of hypothyroidism, the symptoms are fundamentally different only in two types: childhood (cretinism), adult (myxedema). This is due to the action of thyroid hormones. Their main function is to enhance the breakdown of glucose in the body and stimulate energy production. Not a single active human process can do without thyroxine and triiodothyronine. They are necessary for normal thinking, muscle function, physical activity, even nutrition and immunity.

Signs in children

During childhood, a huge amount of the body's energy is spent on growth and thought processes. Therefore, the main symptoms of hypothyroidism in children are:

• Delayed physical development, which is accompanied by failure of internal organs (most often the heart, liver, kidneys);
• Severe mental retardation - not only the emotional sphere is disrupted in the child, but also other functions of the cerebral cortex (reading, counting, writing, awareness of oneself in space, remembering the names of objects). In the absence of adequate treatment for hypothyroidism, this leads to idiocy;
• Goiter - since the usual number of cells does not produce enough hormones, the body tries to correct this and enlarges the thyroid gland in size. This is achieved through the production of hypothalamic (thyroid-stimulating) hormones. Unfortunately, organ growth rarely leads to the disappearance of symptoms.

Signs in adults

In adults, energy distribution occurs somewhat differently. Since the body, including the brain, is already formed, the main reserves of glucose are used to maintain normal life functions: physical and mental activity, adaptation to stress, adequate functioning of internal organs. With hypothyroidism, all these processes are disrupted. There are symptoms associated with damage to the following body systems:

• Nervous - it is the nerves and cerebral cortex that consume the most glucose, which is why they begin to suffer first. Insufficiency of the functions of the nervous system is manifested by: drowsiness, lethargy, forgetfulness, frequent depression, apathy, and instability to stress. At later stages, sensory disturbances may occur (usually on the arms or legs), paresthesia (feelings of “crawling goosebumps”, “tingling”), slow speech, as if “tongue-tied” are possible;
• Cardiovascular - manifested by a slow heartbeat (pulse less than 60 beats/min), decreased blood pressure (average 100/60 mmHg), pain to the left of the sternum (acute; moderate intensity; decreases at rest, but not passes to the end; nitroglycerin has no effect), anemia, headache;
• Digestive - characterized by decreased appetite, stool retention (more than 3 days), possible nausea, diarrhea (as absorption and intestinal motility are impaired), flatulence, enlarged liver, biliary dyskinesia;
• Muscular - severe weakness, muscle pain (due to a decrease in the amount of glucose, lactic acid accumulates and irritates pain receptors), in the later stages - hypo-/atrophy;
• Integumentary - dry skin, decreased skin elasticity, and peeling are noted. Splitting nails, hair loss.
• Reproductive - against the background of hypothyroidism, women experience menstrual irregularities (uterine bleeding, absence of menstruation), mastopathy. With a pronounced deficiency of thyroid hormones, a woman suffers from infertility; with a mild deficiency, pregnancy occurs, but the risks of spontaneous miscarriage or the appearance of a baby with neurological disorders increase. A decrease in libido occurs in women and men.
• Appearance - with a long course of the disease, the patient’s face becomes puffy, with a yellowish tint, swelling of the legs, arms, and eyelids appears.
• Voice change - the voice becomes hoarse and low.
• Hearing decreases due to swelling of the tongue, middle ear, and larynx (in later stages due to neurological disorders).

Complications

Inadequate therapy or untimely diagnosis against the background of severe hypothyroidism can lead to “hypothyroidism coma”:

• The patient loses consciousness
• Breathing is suppressed, it becomes intermittent, shallow, irregular
• Body temperature decreases, shortness of breath appears
• Heartbeat, pulse practically absent
• Swelling of the face and limbs, acute urinary retention, and intestinal obstruction appear.
• The patient's condition quickly deteriorates, ending in death in 75% of cases.

Coma can occur both in young people leading an active lifestyle and in older people, especially against the background of severe concomitant pathologies, infectious diseases, hypothermia, injuries, or when taking medications that depress the central nervous system.

Pregnant women may give birth to a child with pathologies of internal organs, heart defects, and functional thyroid insufficiency.

In adults, significant immune disorders occur, leading to autoimmune and frequent infectious diseases. In women and men, reproductive function is impaired and libido decreases. Against the background of high cholesterol levels, the risks of early development of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cerebral atherosclerosis increase.

Diagnostics

Using standard laboratory diagnostics in the form of general, biochemical blood tests, you can detect signs of autoimmune inflammation (increased ESR, C-reactive protein) or infection (increased leukocyte levels). These indicators are non-specific, so they will only give the doctor a rough idea.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the body does not produce enough thyroid hormones. The main analysis to confirm the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is the blood composition indicator, which determines whether there are disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland, whether enough hormones are produced, or whether there is hyperfuction, that is, more hormones are produced than necessary. Blood tests make it possible to determine the diagnosis and select effective treatment if the patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism of the thyroid gland. What do tests show for hypothyroidism? First things first.

Yes! The fact is that hypothyroidism develops slowly in the body. Its development occurs with a long-term lack of thyroid hormones. The disease may have hereditary roots, or it may be acquired. This disease may not appear for a long time. A person may not pay attention to its first symptoms, as they are vague.

Symptoms that, if detected, should be visited by an endocrinologist:

• fast fatiguability;
• loss of appetite;
• swelling of the face, eyelids, legs;
• dry skin;
• indifference, apathy;
• fear of cold.

The greatest danger lies in irreversible changes in intelligence.

Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones. As a result, the energy potential of the human body is spent very quickly.

If you don’t take care of your health, don’t take action and start treatment, the percentage of glucose in the blood will increase, that is, the possibility of diabetes mellitus and heart problems opens up.

Indicators of hormone levels of a healthy person:

• in a woman the volume is from 9 to 18 ml;
• in a man from 9 to 25 ml.

Violation of the full production of hormones by the thyroid gland can cause infertility. If a potential patient is pregnant and delays treatment, then a miscarriage or abnormal development of the fetus is possible. If hypothyroidism is not treated promptly in an adult or child, it can lead to very serious consequences.

Timely treatment ensures a quick recovery. In the future, the disease will not bother you if you follow a diet for preventive purposes. If you do not pay attention to the symptoms in time and do not begin treatment for an endocrine disease, then perhaps the processes associated with unstable hormone production will become irreversible.

Hormones are very important active substances for the body that are produced by glands, including the thyroid gland. It is hormones that control the biochemical processes that operate in the body, that is, they are responsible for growth, development, functioning of the reproductive system, and metabolism.

For normal life, the correct balance of hormones in the blood is important. The nervous system, in close cooperation with hormones, organizes the work of the human body synchronously, as a single mechanism.

The thyroid gland produces hormones that go directly into the blood. Therefore, to identify problems with its operation, when characteristic symptoms appear, the most effective method is blood testing in the laboratory.

Blood tests for hormones, which are carried out by the laboratory, make it possible to determine:

1. The indicator of thyroid-stimulating hormones - TSH (considered a pituitary hormone) - is a very accurate indicator of thyroid dysfunction. When the level of hormones in the blood is below normal, the pituitary gland begins to produce TSH, which is a stimulator for the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Production increases, TSH indicator decreases. Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland develops.
2. Thyroxine hormones - T4 (contains 4 iodine atoms, hence its another name - tetraiodothyronine). A quantitative analysis of free thyroxine in the blood is performed when there are visual symptoms of goiter or hypothyroidism. Low T4 levels are confirmatory signs of hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine hormones – free T3. Total T3 indicators show the content of the hormone in the blood. These indicators are needed for comprehensive diagnostics. With hypothyroidism, free T3 levels are rarely low; usually its content can be normal. An analysis for the quantitative presence of free T3 is carried out when it is necessary to determine what specific changes are occurring in the thyroid gland and whether they need to be treated.
4. Analysis for autoantibodies that the body produces in case of thyroid disease. During the period of autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies are produced, which are destroyers of the patient’s own tissues. Here, of course, treatment is necessary.

Studies on the amount of free thyroxine during the diagnosis of the initial stage of the disease in hypothyroidism can be confirmed by one of two options for indications obtained by studying in the laboratory.

In the first indicators: increased TSH, normal (indicators may be minimally acceptable) free T4.

The second option: elevated TSH levels, decreased free T4 levels.

The ESR indicator makes it possible to understand at what speed or how quickly red blood cells that have separated from the plasma settle. The ESR standards for women and men are different. Typically, healthy men have slightly lower ESR than women.

In patients who experience a rapid rate of disease progression, the ESR increases at a slow pace, but if the disease is cured, the ESR also slowly returns to normal. With high ESR values ​​for a long time, this is already a signal indicating that there is a chronic disease and treatment is necessary immediately.

Elevated ESR levels in the blood indicate existing metabolic and endocrine system pathologies, that is, developing: thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus.

Before donating blood for analysis, certain preparation is required.

You should start preparing a few days before donating blood for testing.

1. Preparation mainly consists of temporarily refusing to eat certain foods. The day before the test, do not drink alcohol, coffee, or tobacco. It is advisable not to eat for twelve hours before blood collection.
2. The day before the test, do not overload yourself with physical activity and refuse sexual intercourse.
3. If you are taking medications prescribed by a doctor, you should consult with him about which ones you can temporarily not take before taking blood, or in the case where it is impossible to refuse, take into account their exact intake.
4. Stress is not recommended. You need to take tests in a state of complete rest.
5. If the patient is tested during the initial check for the amount of thyroid hormones, the doctor will stop taking medications that affect the functioning of the thyroid gland for a period of several weeks.
6. The reliability of the results is influenced by the frequency of the menstrual cycle and many other factors. Therefore, the test date is set for days 4–7 of the cycle. The doctor may choose other dates in order to obtain reliable results.

Sometimes your doctor may order additional tests to ensure their accuracy. In cases where it is necessary to monitor the level of TSH regularity, blood is drawn at the same time. This allows you to accurately select the dosage in the future if any drugs are prescribed.

When an endocrinologist compares the visual symptoms of hypothyroidism in different potential patients with the results of laboratory tests, sometimes hypothyroidism is not confirmed. Usually such incidents happen to impressionable and suspicious people. A healthy person should not look for symptoms of any disease in himself.

There is a certain risk group - people who may develop this disease.

Therefore, it is these people who, when symptoms appear, are referred for blood tests to determine the development of primary hypothyroidism:

1. People with a family history, that is, the person’s family had or has sick relatives with thyroid problems or diabetes
2. People who have suffered from this disease in the past. This could be goiter, vitiligo, surgery to remove the thyroid gland, or taking certain iodine preparations, etc.
3. People diagnosed with: high cholesterol, low sodium, anemia.

Blood tests for hormones must be performed in order to identify hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism of the thyroid (with hyperfunction) at the initial stage, when the symptoms are barely noticeable, and prescribe medications to carry out treatment. Diagnostics is not so complicated; a comprehensive examination is required to obtain a reliable result.

To clarify the diagnosis with initial confirmation of symptoms, it is necessary to carry out:

• thyroid scintigraphy;
• puncture biopsy of the thyroid gland (according to indications);
• determine antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (if autoimmune thyroiditis is suspected).

Only after this will the doctor understand how to treat a specific case and prescribe the patient the necessary medications for treatment.