Baking soda formula. Baking soda: formula, application. Sugar snake Sodium bicarbonate: compound formula

Air, filtered liquid and wash water from the inside of drum 7 go to separator 11, where the air is separated from the liquid phase and goes to the PVFL.

The filtrate from the separator 11 through the barometric pipe 12 goes to the filter liquid collector 13, from where it is pumped out by pump 14 for distillation.

When the drum rotates, the layer of sodium bicarbonate adhering to the filter surface falls under the squeezing roller 6 to eliminate the cracks that form on the surface of the sediment, through which air and wash water can enter the drum. After the squeezing roller, the sediment is washed with a weak liquid or water coming from the pressure tank 4 for rinsing water into the trough 3, which distributes the water in an even stream across the width of the drum. The amount of water supplied for washing is regulated using a tap installed between the pressure tank 4 and trough 3. The washing water is mixed with the filter liquid inside the drum and goes with it to the separator 11.

The washed sodium bicarbonate is again compacted by the second squeezing roller 6 in the direction of rotation of the drum, dried by air sucked through the sediment layer and supplied through pipeline 5, and cut from the filter fabric by knife 8 to conveyor 10, which supplies raw sodium bicarbonate to the soda oven.

Calcination of sodium bicarbonate

Calcination - the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate - is the final stage in the production of soda ash. The main purpose of the calcination department is to obtain a certain amount of soda ash in the form of a continuous material flow.

Technical sodium bicarbonate should be white. The appearance of color indicates corrosion of steel apparatus in the absorption and carbonization sections. The sediment is colored by iron oxide that enters it as a result of corrosion.

The calcification process can be shown by the equation:

2 NaHCO3(solid)=Na2CO3(solid)+CO2(gas)+H2O(steam).

In addition to this main reaction, when heating technical bicarbonate, additional reactions can occur:

(NH4)2CO3↔2NH3(gas)+СО2(gas)+Н2О(steam),

NH4 HCO3↔2NH3(gas)+СО2(gas)+Н2О(steam).

Ammonium chloride reacts when heated with sodium bicarbonate according to the reaction

NH4Cl(solv.)+ NaHCO3 (solv)↔NaCl(solv)+ NH3(gas)+СО2(gas)+Н2О.

Sodium carbamate in the presence of water when heated transforms into soda according to the reaction

2NaCO2NH2+ Н2О↔ Na2CO3(solid)+СО2(gas)+2NH3(gas).

Thus, as a result of calcination, Na2CO3 and NaCl remain in the solid phase, and NH3, CO2 and H2O pass into the gas phase.

The presence of moisture in bicarbonate complicates the design of the apparatus, since wet sodium bicarbonate is not free-flowing, clumps and sticks to the walls of the apparatus. The latter is explained by the fact that moisture, which is a saturated solution of NaHCO3, intensively evaporates upon contact with a hot surface. The released solid phase, crystallizing, forms a crust that tightly adheres to the surface.

A solid layer of soda, which has low thermal conductivity, impairs heat transfer, and in soda stoves heated from the outside by flue gases, it leads to overheating and burnout of the furnace wall. To combat this phenomenon, wet sodium bicarbonate is mixed with hot soda (retur). In this case, a new solid phase is formed - trona (NaHCO3 Na2CO3 2 H2O). Free moisture is bound into crystallization moisture, and the product becomes free-flowing.

During the calcination of sodium bicarbonate and trona, CO2, NH3 and water vapor are released into the gas phase. Ammonia and carbon dioxide must be returned to production. Carbon dioxide is used in the carbonization process of ammoniated brine, for which it is useful to have a gas with a high CO2 content.

The crystallization process can be divided into three periods in time. The first period is characterized by a rapid rise in temperature. Decomposition of bicarbonate is observed, and all the heat is spent on heating the material, removing water of crystallization from the throne and decomposing ammonium carbonate salts. The second period is characterized by a constant temperature of the material (t~125°C). The supplied heat is spent on the thermal decomposition of NaHCO3. In the third period, the temperature of the reaction mass begins to increase sharply. This indicates that the bicarbonate decomposition process has ended and the supplied heat is spent on heating the resulting soda. In practice, to speed up the decomposition process of NaHCO3, the soda temperature at the furnace outlet is kept within 140 – 160°C.

Technological diagram of the calcination process

Rice. 11. Scheme of calcination separation:

1- steam condenser; 2-feed mixer; 3.15 – cell feeders; 4.10 – belt conveyors; 5 – vibrating feeder; 6 – chute-hopper; 7-plow dumper; 8,9,14,16-transporters; 11-cyclone; 12-calcination gas collector; 13-separator; 17-condensate collector; 18-centrifugal pumps; 19-collector of weak liquid; 20-calcination gas cooler; 21-reducing cooling unit (ROU); 22 - calcination gas washer; 23 - washing liquid collector.

Wet sodium bicarbonate washed in filters from a common belt conveyor 10 with a plow dumper 7 is fed into the hopper 6 of a vibrating feeder 5, from where the vibrating feeder and belt conveyor 4 through a cell feeder 3 are fed into the mixer 2. The mixer receives return soda and soda separated from the calcination gases in cyclone 11.

The trona prepared in the mixer is directed into the inter-tubular space of the calciner drum 1. As a result of heat treatment, the trona produces soda ash and calcination gases. Soda ash is removed from the calciner through a cell feeder 15 and enters the conveyor system 8, 9, 16. Soda is taken from the inclined conveyor 8 through the feeder into the mixer. The rest of the soda is transported to the warehouse by conveyors 9 and 14.

Calcination gases are removed from the calciner through mixer 2, in which a vacuum is created using a compressor. On the way to the compressor, the gases undergo dry cleaning in cyclones 11 and wet cleaning in the shop calcination gas manifold 12 and washer 22. Before the washer, the calcination gases are cooled in refrigerator 20.

For irrigation, a so-called weak liquid is supplied to the calcination gas collector, which is formed by the condensation of water vapor in the calcination gas refrigerator. This liquid, in contact with the gas, partially absorbs ammonia and soda dust, then flows into collection 19.

In refrigerator 20, gas passes from top to bottom through the inter-tube space, and cooling water moves in countercurrent in the tubes. To prevent crystallization of the refrigerator tubes and to better flush the gas from soda dust, the inter-tube space is irrigated with a weak liquid. In the washer, the gas is irrigated with water, while it is additionally cooled and completely washed of soda and ammonia.

To heat the calciner, high-pressure water steam is supplied. Before being fed into the calciner, it passes through a reduction cooling unit (RCU), where its temperature is reduced to 270°C and the pressure to 3 MPa. Steam condenses in the calciner tubes, giving off heat to the calcined material. The condensate from the calciner is discharged into the condensate collector 17 and then into the expanders, where it is converted into low-pressure steam.

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Soda

(natron, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - sodium salt that neutralizes acid. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 , sodium bicarbonate. In general, “soda” is the technical name for the sodium salts of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3 . Depending on the chemical composition of the compound, baking soda (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - NaHCO 3, soda ash (sodium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate) - Na 2 CO 3 and crystalline soda - Na 2 CO 3 are distinguished. 10H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .7H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O. Artificial baking soda (NaHCO3) is a white crystalline powder.
Modern soda lakes are known in Transbaikalia and Western Siberia; Lake Natron in Tanzania and Lake Searles in California are very famous. Trona, which is of industrial importance, was discovered in 1938 as part of the Eocene Green River sequence (Wyoming, USA).
In the USA, natural soda satisfies more than 40% of the country's need for this mineral. In Russia, due to the lack of large deposits, soda is not extracted from minerals.
Soda was known to man approximately one and a half to two thousand years BC, and perhaps even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about the production of soda by evaporating water from soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Until the 18th century, alchemists in all countries imagined it as a certain substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. During the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had any idea about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, doctor and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was first able to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes. He was able to establish that soda contains the chemical element “Natr”. In Russia, even during the time of Peter the Great, soda was called “zoda” or “itch” and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant using the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc appeared in Russia. It was thanks to the emergence of its factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious path as a chemical, culinary and even medicinal product.

Chemical properties

Sodium bicarbonate is an acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid. Molecular weight (according to international atomic masses 1971) - 84.00.

Reaction with acids

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids to form a salt and carbonic acid, which immediately breaks down into carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO 3 + HCl → NaCl + H 2 CO 3
H 2 CO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2
in cooking, the following reaction with acetic acid is more common, with the formation of sodium acetate:
NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2
Soda dissolves well in water. An aqueous solution of baking soda has a slightly alkaline reaction. The hissing of soda is the result of the release of carbon dioxide CO 2 as a result of chemical reactions.

Thermal decomposition

At a temperature of 60° C, sodium bicarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water (the decomposition process is most effective at 200° C):
2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2
With further heating to 1000° C (for example, when extinguishing a fire with powder systems), the resulting sodium carbonate decomposes into carbon dioxide and sodium oxide:
Na 2 CO 3 → Na 2 O + CO 2 .

physical and chemical indicators

Sodium bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder with an average crystal size of 0.05 - 0.20 mm. The molecular weight of the compound is 84.01, the density is 2200 kg/m³, and the bulk density is 0.9 g/cm³. The heat of dissolution of sodium bicarbonate is estimated at 205 kJ (48.8 kcal) per 1 kg of NaHCO 3, the heat capacity reaches 1.05 kJ/kg.K (0.249 kcal/kg.°C).
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is thermally unstable and, when heated, decomposes to form solid sodium carbonate and release carbon dioxide, as well as water into the gas phase:
2NaHCO 3 (tv.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (tv.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 126 kJ (- 30 kcal) Aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate decompose similarly:
2NaHCO 3 (r.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (r.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 20.6 kJ (- 4.9 kcal) An aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate has a slightly alkaline character , and therefore has no effect on animal and plant tissues. The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is low and with increasing temperature it increases slightly: from 6.87 g per 100 g of water at 0 ° C to 19.17 g per 100 g of water at 80 ° C.
Due to low solubility, the density of saturated aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate differs relatively little from the density of pure water.

Boiling point (decomposes): 851°C;
Melting point: 270° C;
Density: 2.159 g/cm³;
Solubility in water, g/100 ml at 20° C: 9.

Application

Sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate) is used in the chemical, food, light, medical, pharmaceutical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, and is supplied to retail.
Registered as a food additive E500.
Widely used in:

• chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foam plastics and other organic products, fluoride reagents, household chemicals, fillers in fire extinguishers, for separating carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures (gas is absorbed in a bicarbonate solution at elevated pressure and low temperature, the solution is restored when heated and low blood pressure).
• light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, tanning (tanning and neutralizing leather).
• textile industry (finishing of silk and cotton fabrics). The use of sodium bicarbonate in the production of rubber products is also due to the release of CO 2 when heated, which helps give the rubber the necessary porous structure.
• food industry - bakery, confectionery production, beverage preparation.
• medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics.
• metallurgy - during the precipitation of rare earth metals and ore flotation.

Cooking

The main use of baking soda is cooking, where it is used mainly as a main or additional leavening agent in baking (as it releases carbon dioxide when heated), in the manufacture of confectionery products, in the production of carbonated drinks and artificial mineral waters, alone or as part of complex leavening agents ( for example, baking powder, mixed with ammonium carbonate), for example, in biscuit and shortbread dough. This is due to the ease of its decomposition at 50-100° C.
Baking soda, used primarily in the making of small cookies, pastry crumbs, cake sheets and puff pastries. In the last quarter of the 19th century. Its use in confectionery began, initially only in France and Germany, and only at the very end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century - also in Russia.
The use of soda opened the way to the factory production of modern cookies - stamped cookies. At the same time, many old types of cookies - sponge, puff, crushed, gingerbread, puffed, meringue - have become a thing of the past, disappearing not only from public use, but also from home use.
Soda is a necessary everyday assistant in the kitchen for washing dishes, canning containers, and some fruits and berries before drying. It has the property of neutralizing and killing odors.
It is a mistake to think that soda is a spice only for confectionery. In addition to confectionery production, soda is also used for the preparation of English marmalades, in minced meat for dishes of Moldavian, Romanian and Uzbek cuisine (potassium soda) and in the preparation of drinks. The amounts of soda added to all of the listed products are extremely small - from “at the tip of a knife” to a pinch and a quarter of a teaspoon. In drinks with soda, its share is much higher - half and a full teaspoon per liter of liquid. For confectionery and other purposes, soda is added as prescribed in recipes, usually in very small doses. Store it in an airtight container and take it with a dry object.
The production of soda industrially has provided ample opportunities for the preparation of many types of modern confectionery products in European countries. For a long time, Russia followed the traditional path, preferring yeast and other types of dough.
In Russia, until the second half of the 19th century, soda was not used at all in baking and confectionery. And at the very end of the 19th century, products of this kind were produced most of all in Ukraine and Poland, as well as in the Baltic states. The Russian population, accustomed from time immemorial to natural types of dough - either yeast, sourdough, or honey-egg, where artificial chemicals were not used as a lifting agent, but gases naturally occurring during baking were used as a result of the interaction of products such as honey ( sugar), eggs, sour cream, alcohol (vodka) or wine vinegar - soda cookies had extremely low popularity and low demand.
Confectionery products made with soda were considered “German” and were ignored both for purely culinary and taste reasons and for “patriotic” reasons.
In addition, Russian national confectionery products - honey gingerbreads and gingerbreads, glazed pearls and nuts boiled in honey - had such a uniquely excellent taste that they successfully competed with Western European ones, more refined in form, but “flimsy” in terms of satiety and good quality. and the taste of French biscuits, where the attractiveness was achieved not by the special nature of the dough, but by the use of exotic spices, mainly vanilla.
Apart from confectionery, soda has never been used in Russian cuisine and is actually not used to this day. Meanwhile, in the Baltics, Moldova, Romania, and the Balkans, soda is used as a leavening agent in a number of dishes prepared by frying. So, soda is added to a variety of semi-dough fried dishes: potato pancakes, which also includes wheat flour; a variety of pancakes, sour cream flatbreads and donuts, cheesecakes made from a combination of cottage cheese and flour, as well as minced meat, if they consist only of meat and onions, without adding flour components (flour, white bread, breadcrumbs). Such raw minced meat (beef, pork) is left with a soda additive to stand in the refrigerator for several hours, and then “sausages” are easily formed from this minced meat, which are quickly (in 10-15 minutes) grilled in the oven of any home stove (gas , wood or electric).
A similar use of soda in minced meat is also known in Armenian cuisine, with the only difference that in such cases the minced meat is not left to stand, but is immediately subjected to intensive beating with the addition of a few drops (5-8) of cognac, and actually turns into a meat soufflé used for preparing various national dishes (mainly kalolaks).
In English-speaking countries of Europe and America (England, Scotland, the East Coast of the USA and Canada), soda is used as an indispensable additive in citrus fruit jam (oranges, pampelmoses, lemons, grapefruits), as well as for the preparation of candied fruits. As a result, a special boilability of citrus fruits and their hard peels is achieved, turning such jam into a kind of thick marmalade, and at the same time the degree of unpleasant bitterness, always present in the peel of citrus fruits, is reduced (but does not disappear completely!). Orange peels, which form a kind of ballast for us, waste from eating these fruits, with the help of soda become valuable raw materials for producing aromatic, highly nutritious marmalade.
In Central Asian cuisines, soda is used in the preparation of non-confectionery types of simple dough in order to give it special elasticity and turn it into stretchable dough without the use of vegetable oil, as is customary in Southern European, Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines. In Central Asia, pieces of simple unleavened dough, after the usual half-hour resting, are moistened with a small amount of water in which 0.5 teaspoon of salt and 0.5 teaspoon of soda are dissolved, and then they are stretched by hand into the thinnest noodles (the so-called Dungan noodles), which has a delicate, pleasant taste and is used to prepare national dishes (lagman, monpara, shima, etc.).
Soda, as a tiny additive to any food during the cooking process, and specifically during heat treatment, is added in many national cuisines, given that in some cases this gives not only an unexpected taste effect, but also usually cleanses food raw materials and the entire dish from various random off-odors and tastes.
In general, the role of soda in the kitchen, even beyond the culinary process, is very significant. After all, without soda, it is practically impossible to perfectly clean dining and kitchen enamel, porcelain, glass and earthenware dishes, as well as kitchen tools and equipment from foreign odors and various deposits and patina. Soda is especially indispensable and necessary when cleaning tea utensils - teapots and cups from the tea deposits and films that form on their walls.
It is equally necessary to use soda when washing dishes in which fish was cooked in order to fight off the fishy smell. Usually they do the following: a persistent fishy smell is fought off by wiping the dishes with onions, and then the onion smell is destroyed (washed off) by cleaning the dishes with soda.
In a word, soda is an indispensable component of kitchen production, and a good kitchen cannot do without it. Moreover, its absence in the arsenal of a cook or housewife immediately becomes noticeable, for it binds the one who works at the stove or at the cutting table in many of his actions.
Modern environmental circumstances have given rise to another new use of soda in the kitchen as a means of improving the quality of vegetable raw materials. You can, for example, recommend washing all processed but not yet chopped vegetables - before placing them in a cauldron or frying pan - in a solution of soda in water. Or add one or two teaspoons of soda to already peeled potatoes, filled with cold water and intended for boiling or mashing. This will not only cleanse the potatoes of the chemicals that were used during their cultivation, but will also make the product itself lighter, cleaner, more beautiful, and will remove all odors acquired during transportation or improper storage, as well as spoilage. Once cooked, the potatoes themselves will become crumbly and tasty. Thus, the use of soda before cooking, during cold processing (then the product is thoroughly washed with cold water), can improve the quality of vegetable food raw materials, in particular starchy vegetables, root vegetables and leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, parsley, etc. .).
Soda has taken the place of the alkaline agent so firmly that nothing has yet been able to move it from this position. Baking soda can act as a leavening agent in two ways. Firstly, it decomposes when heated according to the reaction:
2NaHCO 3 (soda) → Na 2 CO 3 (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide).
And in this case, if you add an excessive amount of soda to the shortbread dough, in a short baking time it may not have time to thermally decompose without leaving a residue and the cookies or cake will get an unpleasant “soda” taste.
Just like potash, soda reacts with acids contained in the dough or added there artificially:
NaHCO 3 (soda) + R-COOH (acid) → R-COONa (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide)
Many different branded bags and their availability do not cancel out the fun for young chemists - making their own baking powder.
proportional composition of such a traditional powder:
2 parts sour tartar salt,
1 part baking soda,
1 part starch or flour.

Medicine

Everyone knows what soda looks like - it is a white powder that absorbs water and dissolves well in it. But few people know about the amazing healing properties of this “simple” substance. Meanwhile, soda - sodium bicarbonate - is one of the main ingredients of our blood. The results of a study of the effect of soda on the human body exceeded all expectations. It turned out that soda is able to equalize the acid-base balance in the body, restore metabolism in cells, improve the absorption of oxygen by tissues, and also prevent the loss of vital potassium. Baking soda helps with heartburn, seasickness, colds, heart disease and headaches, and skin diseases. As you can see, soda is a first aid medicine.
A solution of baking soda is used as a weak antiseptic for rinsing, as well as a traditional acid-neutralizing remedy for heartburn and stomach pain (modern medicine does not recommend its use due to side effects, including “acid rebound”) or to eliminate acidosis, etc.
Baking soda is used to treat diseases associated with high acidity; a solution of baking soda is used to gargle and to wash the skin in case of acid contact.
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. This conclusion was reached by scientists from the Royal London Hospital, UK. They studied 134 people with advanced chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis.
One group of subjects received the usual treatment, and the second, in addition to traditional treatment, received a small amount of baking soda daily in the form of tablets. In those patients who drank sodium bicarbonate, kidney function deteriorated 2/3 slower than in others.
Rapid progression of kidney disease was observed in only 9% of experimental subjects from the “soda group” versus 45% of subjects treated traditionally. In addition, those who took soda were less likely to develop end-stage renal disease, which requires dialysis. It is noteworthy that the increase in sodium bicarbonate in the body did not cause an increase in blood pressure in patients.
Baking soda is an inexpensive and effective treatment for chronic kidney disease. However, the researchers caution: taking soda should be under the supervision of a doctor, who must correctly calculate the dosage for the patient.

The healing properties of baking soda

Previously, sodium bicarbonate was used very widely (like other alkalis) as an antacid for high acidity of gastric juice, gastric and duodenal ulcers. When taken orally, baking soda quickly neutralizes the hydrochloric acid of gastric juice and has a pronounced antacid effect. However, the use of soda is not only about brilliantly washed dishes and getting rid of heartburn. Baking soda takes its rightful place in the home medicine cabinet.
Like the ancient Egyptians, who obtained natural soda from lake waters by evaporation, people also used other properties of soda. It has neutralizing qualities and is used in medical practice to treat gastritis with high acidity. Capable of killing germs, used as a disinfectant: soda is used for inhalation, rinsing, and skin cleansing.
Soda is also widely used in healthcare.

Prevention of caries.
Acids formed in the mouth as a result of bacterial activity destroy tooth enamel. These acids can be neutralized by rinsing your mouth with a baking soda solution several times a day. You can do it differently: wet your toothbrush with water, dip it in baking soda and brush your teeth. Baking soda, in addition, has a slight abrasive effect: it will polish your teeth without damaging the enamel.

From unpleasant foot odor.
Added soda to foot bath water neutralizes the acids produced by bacteria, which give the feet an unpleasant odor. Baking soda will also help eliminate the pungent odor of armpit sweat.

For insect bites.
Do not scratch the bites of mosquitoes and other bloodsuckers until they bleed. It is better to prepare a porridge mixture of water and soda and apply it to the bite site. Soda gruel will also relieve itching caused by chickenpox or skin contact with hogweed and nettle.

For diaper rash.
Soda lotions significantly improve the condition of babies with diaper rash. They reduce itching and speed up skin healing.

For cystitis.
Pathogenic bacteria live in the bladder in a slightly acidic environment. If your bladder has fallen victim to an infection, the ideal after-dinner drink for you is a fizzy cocktail of baking soda and water.

For sunburn.
Add some baking soda to a warm bath; it will soften the water, turning it into a soothing lotion for irritated skin.

For sore throat.
Stir 0.5 tsp. spoons of soda in a glass of water and gargle with the prepared solution every 4 hours: it neutralizes acids that cause pain. Rinsing your mouth with this solution will help relieve inflammation of the oral mucosa.

For bad breath.
When combined with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda has a powerful oxidizing effect and destroys bacteria that cause bad breath. Add 1 table. spoon of baking soda into a glass of hydrogen peroxide solution (2-3%) and rinse your mouth.

For a cold.
It is useful to do inhalation. To do this, you can take a small kettle and boil 1 glass of water in it with 1 teaspoon. spoon of soda. Make a tube out of hard paper, put it on the spout of the kettle and inhale the steam for 10-15 minutes. This inhalation is very helpful in removing mucus.
To expectorate viscous sputum, drink 1/2 cup of warm water on an empty stomach, in which 0.5 teaspoon is dissolved, 2 times a day. spoons of soda and a pinch of salt.

For frequent migraines.
Every day, take a solution of boiled water and baking soda. On the 1st day, 30 minutes before lunch, drink 1 glass of solution (0.5 teaspoon of soda + water), 2nd day - 2 glasses, etc., bringing up to 7 glasses. Then reduce the dose in the reverse order.

Other.
For rhinitis, stomatitis, laryngitis, conjunctivitis, use a 0.5-2% soda solution.
To disinfect the oral mucosa, it is useful to rinse your mouth with a weak solution (soda - 85 g, salt - 85 g, urea - 2.5 g) after eating.
Smoking remedy: rinse your mouth with a solution of baking soda (1 tablespoon per 200 ml of water).
For dry skin, dry dermatitis, ichthyosis and psoriasis, medicinal baths are useful (soda - 35 g, magnesium carbonate - 20 g, magnesium perborate - 15 g). The water temperature should not be higher than 38-39° C, first you just need to sit in a warm bath, then gradually increase the temperature. The duration of the bath is 15 minutes.

Firefighting

Sodium bicarbonate is part of the powder used in powder fire extinguishing systems, utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion source with the released carbon dioxide.

Equipment cleaning. Abrasive blast cleaning technology (ABL)

Equipment and surfaces are cleaned of various coatings and contaminants using abrasive blast cleaning (ABL) technology. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3, sodium hydrogen carbonate) is used as an abrasive.
ASO technology using sodium bicarbonate is a new effective way to clean equipment using a “soft” abrasive. The abrasive is driven by compressed air produced by a compressor. This method has gained commercial acceptance and has been widely used in Europe and the USA for 25 years due to its versatility and economic feasibility.
Equipment surface treatment is similar to conventional sandblasting. The difference is that soda particles are a “soft” abrasive material, that is, they do not damage the surface itself.
Principle:
A fragile particle of acidic sodium carbonate explodes upon contact with the surface being cleaned.
The energy released by this flash removes contaminants from the surface being cleaned. Abrasive soda particles are completely broken into fine dust, which easily scatters in different directions perpendicular to the fall, increasing the cleaning effect. For dust suppression purposes, soda blast cleaning of equipment is usually performed using humidification, that is, hydro-abrasive blast cleaning (HABL) of the equipment. Sodium carbonate dissolves in water. Therefore, the used abrasive will be dissolved or can be washed off after cleaning.
This is different from quartz sand, which cuts off the coating. Quartz sand also erases part of the surface being cleaned, which soda leaves virtually unharmed. There are still many differences between these types of equipment cleaning, but they are already a consequence of the properties of abrasives.
Soluble sodium bicarbonate abrasives are specially formulated for abrasive blast cleaning of equipment. The free-flowing properties of abrasives reduce the flow density associated with the poor fluidity of conventional sodium carbonate.

Sometimes a completely ordinary and familiar substance from childhood turns out to be almost a panacea for many diseases and ailments. It's just that not everyone knows this. One of these connections is the usual one stored in everyone’s kitchen cabinet. It turns out that it serves not only as a means to improve the quality of baked goods, but also as a medicine, a degreaser, a bleach and even a disinfectant. Let's take a closer look at this substance.

Chemical basis of soda

The correct name for this compound from a chemical point of view is sodium bicarbonate. There are a number of other names that are used in everyday life and chemistry to refer to this substance:

• bicarbonate of soda;
• baking soda;
• baking soda;
• sodium bicarbonate;
• additive E 500.

However, any of them reflects the only true essence - this is soda.

Empirical formula

The formula for baking soda is NaHCO 3. That is, by its nature, this substance is classified as acidic. Since the compound is formed by a strong alkali and a weak acid, during hydrolysis (in an aqueous solution) there will be an alkaline reaction of the medium. A solution of baking soda in water has a pH of 8.1. is easily formed by the interaction of carbonic acid, the process is expressed by the following reaction equation:

NaOH + H 2 CO 3 = NaHCO 3 + H 2 O

The empirical formula of baking soda shows the quantitative and qualitative composition of the compound, on the basis of which we can draw a conclusion about the spatial structure of the molecule: a positively charged Na + cation in the outer sphere and a negatively charged bicarbonate ion HCO 3 in the inner sphere.

The carbon atom coordinates three oxygen atoms around itself, with one of which it forms a double bond. Also, one of the oxygen atoms combines with a hydrogen cation, forming a hydroxo group. The third oxygen atom in the form of an ion is associated near the sodium cation. Thus, the valencies of each element included in the given compound are compensated.

Physical properties

Whatever name we give to this substance - baking soda, drinking soda, carbonate, sodium bicarbonate - its formula is still the same and gives an idea of ​​So, the appearance of soda is a fine powder. Its color is white. It is highly soluble in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents (alcohol, for example). Does not decompose in the open air. It begins to disintegrate at high ambient humidity. The products of complete decomposition with increasing temperature are sodium carbonate (medium salt), carbon dioxide and water:

NaHCO 3 = Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O

Sodium bicarbonate is odorless, tastes slightly salty, with an alkaline taste. When dissolved in water, it produces alkaline solutions of varying concentrations.

Brief information about the history of the discovery and use of soda

The first information about sodium bicarbonate appeared in the ancient civilization of Egypt. It was in those parts that several lakes containing natural sources of soda were common. When these lakes dried up, they released soda in the form of a white powder, and people collected it. It was used by the Egyptians as one of the components in the manufacture of mummification products. The formula for baking soda was not yet known.

Specifically, as a chemical compound, the substance was studied much later, around the 18th century. It was then that scientists became interested in this naturally occurring powder. A thorough analysis of the composition allowed us to determine the qualitative and quantitative components of the compound. This is how the modern baking soda formula came about.

A great contribution to the development of ideas about matter and the properties it exhibits was made by the Italian physician Tullio Simoncini. He carried out experiments, according to the results of which soda is a possible treatment option for cancerous tumors. However, to date there is no exact data confirming this.

Areas of use

Due to its ability to dissolve well in water, as well as interact with acids, forming carbon dioxide as a result of the reaction, soda is used in several areas of industry and everyday life. Namely, such as:

• pharmaceuticals and medicine;
• chemical industry;
• light industry;
• food industry.

Let's take a closer look at each of the areas.

Application in medicine

The main thing on which the use of a substance in medicine is based is its ability to restore the water-alkaline balance in the gastrointestinal tract. The NaHCO 3 compound is an antacid treatment. The baking soda formula indicates the presence of hydroxide ions, which perform the function of neutralizing high acidity in the body. Therefore, most often a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water is used to eliminate the symptoms of heartburn. However, this is not the only area of ​​​​diseases where the substance can be used.

1. When treating colds, baking soda relieves coughs, as it helps to liquefy and remove mucus from the lungs and bronchi. You can also use it for inhalations for acute respiratory viral infections.
2. Baking soda is also used as a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory agent. Its formula reflects the presence of hydrogen cations H +, which provide this effect.
3. For the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmia and hypertension), a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate in water is used.
4. For diarrhea and vomiting, using soda together with salt allows you to replenish the body's water supply and restore the necessary balance.
5. The substance is capable of destroying fungal diseases, so it is used to eliminate foot fungus, douching with a solution for thrush, and washing the eyes for inflammation of the conjunctiva.
6. Due to its whitening properties, baking soda is used to clean teeth.
7. A weak solution helps relieve itching from skin rashes (or insect bites).
8. Treatment of initial degree burns.
9. Freeing the body from heavy metal salts.
10. Fatigue and excess weight loss occur when using a warm bath with NaHCO 3 and essential oils.

A lot can be said about the benefits and harms of baking soda when used for medical purposes, including in cosmetology. The main rule for using this drug, like any other medicine, is not to neglect the dosage recommendations. Improper use may cause harm to health.

Baking soda: formula and use in the chemical industry

The main area in which sodium bicarbonate is used is household chemicals. Soda can act as a mild abrasive for cleaning surfaces and degreasing them. It is also used as a raw material in the production of dyes, foam plastics and fluoride compounds. In addition, fire extinguishing agents are made based on NaHCO 3.

It is impossible to imagine how household chemicals would have developed without sodium bicarbonate. Baking soda is an important and necessary component for many chemical syntheses.

Light industry

Baking soda is used to treat surfaces in the manufacture of rubber, rubber soles and products. The formula, application, harm and benefits of sodium bicarbonate in light industry is a separate topic for study. In short, the role of NaHCO 3 is limited to use in the production of textiles and artificial leather. In this case, harm manifests itself in the appearance of burns if contact with the substance occurred for too long and the hands were not protected. The benefit is that soda is an excellent additive and degreaser in leather tanning and production, as well as a good fabric bleach in textiles.

Food industry

The formula of baking soda in chemistry reflects the essence of processes in reactions with acids. For example, with acetic acid the interaction will be described by the following equation:

NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH = CH 3 COONa + H 2 CO 3

In this case, the resulting carbonic acid, being very unstable, immediately breaks down into CO 2 and H 2 O. It is on this feature of the reactions that the use of sodium bicarbonate in the food industry is based. After all, to make baked goods, you need to quench the soda with vinegar, add the resulting mixture to the dough for its porosity and better structure. The soda quenching reaction is a type and is accompanied by a spectacular effect of foaming and hissing.

The use of soda makes baked goods very soft, aromatic and beautiful, so the food industry is one of the main industries where this substance is used extensively. Sodium bicarbonate is also used in baking and in the manufacture of various confectionery products. In addition, it is also used to form gas bubbles in sparkling drinks (sparkling water, champagne and sparkling wines, mineral water).

Baking soda: properties and treatment. Harm and contraindications for use

In fact, the use of soda is quite widespread in a wide variety of industries and households, as we could already see earlier. Its unusual healing, antibacterial, whitening, soothing and healing properties are used in the treatment of various ailments. However, like any other medicine, soda also has an opposite side. It can be harmful and very dangerous to health. Its indications for use are obvious, but no less important are the contraindications, which we will consider in more detail.

Harm and contraindications for use

There are several main reasons why soda can become an enemy, rather than a friend and helper.

Therefore, it is obvious that baking soda plays not only a positive role for humans. Benefits and harms, treatment are ambiguous aspects. Before you widely use sodium bicarbonate to get rid of various ailments, you should consult your doctor. If you use soda in everyday life (cleaning surfaces, bleaching fabrics, etc.), then you should not neglect the simplest means of protection for contactless use of the substance.