Longus colli muscle in Latin. Muscles (Longus colli muscle). Muscles attaching to the hyoid bone

1. Longus colli muscle, i.e. longus colli. Located on the anterolateral surface of the spine from C2 to T3. Some fibers connect the vertebral bodies with the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes. F: flexes the cervical spine and tilts the neck to the side. Inn.: anterior branches of the spinal nerves. Rice. G.
2. Anterior scalene muscle, so scalenus anterior. N: transverse processes NW - b. P: tubercle of the same name on the first rib. F: raises the first rib; rotates the neck and tilts it to the side. Separates the prescalene space from the interscalene space. Inn.: see 1. Fig. G.
3. The middle scalene muscle, i.e. scalenus medius. N: transverse processes of C2 - 7. R: 1st rib, behind the groove of the subclavian artery. F: raises the rib, tilts the neck to the side. Inn.: see 1. Fig. G.
4. CSDMR scalenus muscle, so-called scalenus posterior. H: transverse processes C4 - 6. R: upper edge of the second rib. F: raises the rib, tilts the neck to the side. Inn.: see 1. Fig. G.
5. [The smallest scalenus muscle, t. scalenus minimus]. Located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. H: transverse processes of C6 or C7. P: first rib and dome of pleura. Occurs inconsistently. Rice. G.
6. Suprahyoid muscles, vol. suprahyoidei. This group includes the four muscles listed below. Rice. A.
7. Digastric muscle, t. digastricus. H: mastoid notch. P: digastric fossa of the mandible. The intermediate tendon, with the help of a connective tissue loop, is attached to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. F: raises the hyoid bone. Rice. A.
8. Anterior abdomen, venter anterior. Located between the lower jaw and the intermediate tendon. F opens his mouth and moves his lower jaw forward. Inn.: mylohyoid nerve. Rice. A, D.
9. Posterior abdomen, venter posterior. Located between the mastoid process and the intermedius tendon. F: moves the hyoid bone posteriorly. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. A, D.
10. Stylohyoid muscle, stylohyoideus. It starts from the styloid process. Covers the intermediate tendon of the rrudigastricus at the point of attachment to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. F: pulls the hyoid bone back and up. Inn.: facial nerve. Rice. A, D.
11. Mylohyoid muscle, mylohyoideus. H: line of the same name on the lower jaw. P: body of the hyoid bone. F: Pulls the hyoid bone upward and forward. Forms the diaphragm of the mouth. Inn.: mylohyoid nerve. Rice. A, B.
12. Geniohyoid muscle, i.e. geniohyoideus. N: mental spine. P: body of the hyoid bone. F: pulls the hyoid bone forward and upward. Inn.: From 1 through the hypoglossal nerve. Rice. B.
13. Sublingual muscles, vol. infrahyoidei. Located below the hyoid bone. Inn.: neck loop. Rice. A.
14. The sternohyoid muscle, i.e. sternohyoideus. H: posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum. P: body of the hyoid bone. F: lowers the hyoid bone. Inn.: see 13, Fig. A.
15. Omohyoid muscle, t. hyoideus. H: medial to the notch of the scapula. P: body of the hyoid bone. The intermedius tendon lies above the internal jugular vein. F: Depresses the hyoid bone and tightens the fascia of the neck. Inn.: see 13, fig. A V.
16. Upper abdomen, venter superior. Located between the hyoid bone and the intermediate tendon. Rice. A.
17. Lower abdomen, venter inferior. Located between the intermedius tendon and the notch of the scapula. Rice. A.
18. Sternothyroid muscle, i.e. sternoihyroiaeus. H: posterior surface of the manubrium and first rib. P: oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. F: lowers the larynx. Inn.: see 13, fig. A.
19. Thyrohyoid muscle, t. thyrohyoideus. H: oblique line of thyroid cartilage. P: greater horn of the hyoid bone. F: brings the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage closer to each other Inn.: C 1 through the hypoglossal nerve. Rice. A.
20. [Muscle that raises the thyroid gland], [i.e. levator glandulae thyroidea]. It splits off from the thyrohyoid muscle and goes to the thyroid gland.
21. Cervical fascia, fascia cervicalis. This term is used to refer to the connective tissue membranes of the neck.
22. Superficial plate, lamina superficialis. Covers the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Attaches to the anterior edge of the manubrium of the sternum, collarbone and lower jaw. FigB.
23. Pretracheal plate, lamina pretrachealis. It is stretched between the two omohyoid muscles and is attached to the posterior edge of the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle. Covers the hyoid muscles. Rice. IN.
24. Prevertebral plate, lamina prevertebral. It is located between the spinal column on one side, the constrictors of the pharynx and the esophagus on the other. Covers the scalene muscles, sympathetic trunks and phrenic nerves Fig. IN.
25. Sleepy vagina, vagina carotica. The connective tissue membrane around the neurovascular bundle (carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve). Continues into the pretracheal plate. Rice. IN.

The deep muscles of the neck are divided into two groups: lateral and medial (prespinal). The lateral group includes the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles. They received this name because they begin and are attached by ledges - drabin-like. In the middle (prespinal) group, the long muscles of the neck and head, the anterior and lateral rectus capitis muscles (the last two are described in the section “Back Muscles”), located on the anterior surface of the spinal column on both sides of the midline (Fig. 146).

Anterior scalene muscle (t. Scalenus anterior) represented by a long tape tapering downward.

Start: TENDON teeth from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the II-VI cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: muscle bundles are directed from top to bottom and are attached by a short tendon to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on the upper surface and ribs (in front of the groove of the subclavian artery). In front of the anterior scalene muscle it is covered by the sternocleidomascopodibilis muscle.

Blood supply: ascending cervical artery and inferior thyroid artery.

Innervation:

Middle scalene muscle (t. Scalenus medius) longer and thicker than the previous one, located on the side and behind the i-gyogo.

Start: short TENDINOUS teeth from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae, lateral to the beginning of the anterior scalene muscle.

Attachment: the muscle passes from top to bottom and to the side of the anterior scalene muscle, is attached by a short tendon to the upper surface and ribs behind the groove of the subclavian artery.

Since the anterior and middle scalene muscles are attached in front and behind the groove of the subclavian artery, between these muscles above and the rib a interscale space (spatium interscalenum), through which the subclavian artery and trunks of the brachial nerve plexus pass.

Rice. 146. Deep muscles of the neck(front view)

Blood supply: deep artery of the neck, vertebral artery, transverse artery of the neck.

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus (C3-C8).

Posterior scalene muscle (t. Scalenus posterior) shortest from the scalene muscle.

Start: thin TENDINOUS bundles from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: the muscle passes from top to bottom and attaches to the upper edge and outer surface of the second rib.

Blood supply: deep cervical artery, transverse cervical artery, posterior intercostal artery.

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus (C7-C8).

Functions: All scalene muscles, with a fixed cervical spine, raise the 1st and 2nd ribs, contributing to the expansion of the thoracic cavity, that is, they participate in the act of inhalation. With the 1st and 2nd ribs fixed and the scalene muscle contracting bilaterally, the neck is tilted forward. With a unilateral contraction, the head is bent and tilted to its side.

Longus colli muscle (m. Longus colli) is one of the longest in this area, it is located on the anterolateral surface of the spine from the third thoracic to the first cervical vertebra. The muscle has an elongated triangular shape and is wide in the center. The muscle bundles of the long neck muscles are different in length and direction, therefore there are three parts - vertical (medial), superior and inferior oblique:

- Vertical(at average) Part: Start: from the anterolateral surface of the bodies there is NO thoracic - V cervical vertebrae attachments: to the anterolateral surface of the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae

- Upper oblique part:

Start: from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the II1-V cervical vertebrae attachments: to the anterior tubercle and cervical vertebra (atlas) and to the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae along with the bundles of the vertical part of this muscle;

- Lower oblique part:

Start: from the anterolateral surface of the bodies of the I-III thoracic vertebrae

attachments: in the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the V-VII cervical vertebrae.

Function: with bilateral contraction, the longus colli muscle flexes the cervical part of the spinal column. With unilateral contraction, the muscle tilts the head in its direction. When the superior oblique part of the muscle contracts, the head turns in its direction; when the lower oblique part contracts, the head turns in the direction opposite to the muscle.

Blood supply:

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus (C2-C6).

Longus capitis muscle (t. Longus capitis) represented by a wide, thick plate narrowed downwards, located in front of the superior oblique part of the longus colli muscle.

Start: from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the VI and II cervical vertebrae.

Attachment: muscle bundles, directed from bottom to top and medially, are attached to the lower surface of the main part of the occipital bone at the pharyngeal tubercle.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

Blood supply: vertebral artery, ascending and deep cervical arteries.

Innervation: muscular branches of the cervical plexus

The longus colli muscle is a deep muscle of the neck, located on the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies, next to the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus. The middle sections of the muscle are slightly expanded, and the muscle bundles run from the atlas (C1) to the III-IV thoracic vertebrae. The longus colli muscle is the deepest muscle of the neck. The muscle bundles have different lengths, so the muscle is divided into three parts.

The upper oblique part originates from the transverse processes of the II-V cervical vertebrae and goes to the body of the II cervical vertebra and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.

The medial-vertical part originates from the anterior parts of the vertebral bodies C5-T3, rises upward medially and attaches to the anterior surface of the bodies of the II-III cervical vertebrae and the anterior tubercle of the atlas

The third inferior oblique part originates from the bodies of T1-3, the three upper thoracic vertebrae, is directed laterally upward and is attached to the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the three lower cervical vertebrae.

Together, these segments create a structure that connects the anterior surfaces of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae. The longus colli muscle allows you to tilt your head to the sides and forward, as well as rotate your head and neck in one direction when both parts of the muscle contract. Together with the anterior rectus capitis and lateral rectus capitis, the longus colli muscle forms the so-called paravertebral group. This muscle group helps stabilize the front of the neck during high-intensity activities such as sneezing and rapid throwing movements of the arm.

Also, the longus colli muscle is actively involved in stabilizing the cervical spine - it compensates for the lordotic curvature of the cervical spine, which occurs due to the constant impact of the weight of the head on the cervical vertebrae, and prevents the head from tilting back.

The longus colli muscle is clearly divided into right and left parts - it is separated by the cervical vertebrae. This is what provides the possibilities for lateral flexion. The oblique direction of the fibers of the upper and lower segments ensures easy rotation of the inactive part of the muscle during unilateral contraction.

Weakness of the longus colli muscle is very common. Additionally, this muscle is susceptible to whiplash injuries. Poor posture, weakness of the longus colli muscle and associated instability of the cervical vertebrae are the main causes of hypertonicity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the anterior scalene muscle, as they compensate for the tension due to dysfunction of the longus colli muscle.

In particularly severe cases, destabilization of the cervical vertebrae leads to severe chronic migraines. Dysfunction of the longus colli muscle is easily diagnosed by visual inspection of the position of the head. The main signs of dysfunction are muscle hypertonicity, adhesion and pain in the compensatory muscles.

Also, clients with dysfunction of the longus colli muscle experience the inability to bend the neck without additionally moving the chin forward. Manual techniques aimed at working with compensatory muscles and directly with the longus colli muscle will help restore normal functioning of the longus colli muscle. In some cases, specific neuromuscular techniques may be required.

PALPATION OF THE LONGUS CERPIDS MUSCLE

Starting position – client lies on his back

1. Sit at the client's head and locate the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the fingertips of one hand.
2. Move medially to the area between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea.
(Be careful, the thyroid gland and carotid artery are located in this area. To avoid damaging them and causing discomfort to the client, properly regulate the pressure during palpation).
3. Curl your fingers and palpate the deeper areas of the muscle opposite the cervical spine to determine the location of the vertical fibers of the longus colli muscle (between C1 and T3)
4. Ask the client to tilt the neck to the side to ensure that you have correctly identified the location of the muscle.

EXERCISES FOR THE CLIENT AT HOME

1. Lie on the floor, bend your knees, place your feet on the floor, place a low pillow under your head.
2. Relax your jaw and lengthen your neck, then tilt your neck forward, pressing your chin to your chest and looking down.
3. Try to lift your head while keeping your chin tucked.
4. Stay in this position for a couple of seconds, then lower your head back onto the pillow.

5. Completely relax your neck muscles, then repeat the exercise again.

The anatomy of the human body is very interesting, and if you know its features, you will understand what causes certain diseases and how to prevent them. There are many muscles in the human body, and one of them is the longus colli muscle. It is worth considering it especially carefully, including the features and departments into which it is divided.

Where is it located?

The muscle is located in the anterolateral surface of the vertebral bodies, namely from the atlas to the fourth thoracic vertebra. You need to understand that the middle sections of the muscle are somewhat expanded. Due to the fact that muscle bundles have different lengths, it is customary to divide it into three parts. The following departments are noted:

• Superior oblique section. It starts from the transverse processes of the second to fifth cervical vertebrae to the body of the second vertebra and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.
• The lower oblique section, which comes from the bodies of the three upper thoracic vertebrae, the muscle is directed upward, is attached to the anterior tubercles, which are possessed by the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae.
• Medial-vertical section. It originates from the fifth cervical vertebra and continues to the third thoracic vertebra. It is worth noting that it rises upward and medially, while attaching to the anterior surface of the cervical vertebral bodies and the anterior tubercle of the atlas.

If we consider the function, the muscle is responsible for the inclined sections of the neck, meaning forward and sideward bending. In Latin the name sounds like Musculus longus colli. An important point is that various parts of the muscle are attached to the structures of the cervical spine.

Features of female and male organisms

It is worth considering the features that the neck muscles have in men and women. The differences are physiological:

If we talk about representatives of the stronger sex, then their neck is compared to a litmus test. It is generally accepted that those who engage in sports, boxing, wrestling, and fist fighting must have correspondingly strong and even thick necks. Today, when playing sports, not so much time is devoted to the neck muscles; previously, trainers paid much more attention to this aspect. In society there is such an expression as “the crown of the figure,” which is what they usually call the neck.

If a man has a strong physique, then his neck will not be thin and fragile. Weak muscles in this part of the body can not only lead to a variety of injuries, but they also don’t look particularly beautiful. If you have ever been to a bodybuilding competition, then you probably know that they measure the neck to make development calculations.

A woman's neck looks more elegant, more neat, and accordingly, its muscles are weaker. It is worth doing gymnastics and exercises to keep them in the right shape. Often women prefer to keep the neck area exposed as it is particularly attractive to the opposite sex.

But there is also a drawback that can cause a lot of inconvenience: a woman’s neck always clearly shows her age, no matter what anti-aging products the lady uses. It is important to note that the condition of the neck muscles directly affects the youth and appearance of the face.

That is why it will be useful for women to pump up their neck by doing simple gymnastics, for example. Don’t be afraid that it will become thick, everything will depend on the load applied. It is this kind of gymnastics that can help remove a double chin and significantly tighten your face.

What functions do the muscles in the cervical spine perform?

If we consider the picture as a whole, then the actions of all the muscles of the head and neck are aimed at keeping the head in balance and ensuring movement of the head and neck. They also have a direct effect on speech and the ability to swallow food and liquid.

It is customary to divide all available muscles into two main groups:

1. Proper, they are also called deep, because they have the appropriate location and are located almost on the bones of the spine. It is they that, when contracting, are able to bring the head and the skeleton itself into movement; for this they must contract.
2. Another group has an interesting name: alien or superficial muscles. From the name you can understand that they are located on top, their work is associated with the functioning of the hands. But under certain conditions, superficial muscles can affect the movement of the head, as well as the body as a whole.

What muscles exist in the cervical region?

You should take a closer look at those muscles that are located in the cervical region. Knowing where this neck muscle is located, you can prevent excessive stress on it, for example, you can resort to preventive measures if you want to avoid the occurrence of diseases associated with this muscle. The following muscles of the head and neck can be noted.

Own muscles

• The longest muscle of the neck, which is responsible for tilting the head to the side and forward. If we consider the location, then it is located on the front lateral side of the spine, it is believed that it starts from the first cervical and ends at the level of the third thoracic.
• There are also long muscles of the head. They allow you to bend not only the head, but also the body itself. It originates on the tubercles of the anterior processes of the cervical vertebrae, meaning vertebrae from the second to the sixth. It goes upward and medially, attaches to the lower part of the back of the head, in contact with the bizelar part.
• Middle staircase. It is capable of raising the ribs, is active when inhaling, and if the chest is fixed, it is able to bend the neck. It is worth paying attention to what is attached to the first rib.
• Front staircase. Also responsible for raising the ribs, actively participates in the respiratory process, and is able to bend the neck. If we talk about what the muscle is attached to, then this is also the first rib.
• Rear staircase. When the rib cage is anchored, it promotes cervical flexion. At the same time, it participates in the respiratory process, raises the ribs, starts from the cervical processes, which are considered transverse, and attaches to the second rib.
• Geniohyoid. It is located near the hyoid bone and, accordingly, pulls it upward, like the larynx. It originates in the area of ​​the lower jaw and is attached to the hyoid bone.
• Sternohyoid. This muscle pulls the hyoid bone of the larynx downward. The same effect is performed by the scapulohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the thyrohyoid muscle.

Alien muscles

• Stylohyoid. It belongs to the superficial, it is with its help that a person can lower the lower jaw; the action is to pull the hyoid bone up and forward. It originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and ends near the hyoid.
• Maxillohyoid. Helps a person to lower the lower jaw during various processes, for example, when eating, when yawning. It originates from the jaw itself from below, and is attached to the hyoid bone.
• Subcutaneous muscle. If you strain it, the skin of the neck will stretch; during this process, the subcutaneous veins will be well preserved from compression. It originates from the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle and is attached to the fascia of the masseter muscle. There is also attachment to the facial muscles, which are responsible for facial expressions and jaw movements.
• Digastric. Able to pull the hyoid bone up and forward. Just like other superficial muscles, it contributes to the lowering of the jaw, because only the full functioning of all muscles and tissues can provide us with a decent standard of living. It originates from the mastoid process and is attached directly to the lower jaw.
• Trapezoid or its other name is trapezoidal. Able to bring the scapula closer to the spine. With this process, all its bundles are fully reduced. The upper part is located at the cervical vertebrae, right at the base of the skull, right on the tubercles of the back of the human head. It ends at one of the processes possessed by the scapula, the outer part of the clavicle, and the humerus.
• Flat wide. It is located at the back of the neck in the upper back; it also belongs to the superficial.
• Sternocleidomastoid. If it contracts on both sides, it causes the head to tilt backward. When contraction occurs on one side, the face can turn upward. It is attached to the sternal region of the clavicle and ends in the temporal region.

Who may suffer from neck problems

If a person's body is constantly in an incorrect position, for example, many people hunch over, or the work is sedentary, the muscles of the cervical spine cannot withstand the load.

The exerted load negatively affects the muscles and the body as a whole, which is why overexertion occurs. This is where pain, fatigue, and unpleasant sensations appear, which can greatly annoy a person. At the same time, we should not forget that brain nutrition suffers.

Such problems are often encountered by people who choose sedentary professions. Namely, these are drivers who spend a long time behind the wheel of a vehicle, programmers who have to sit at a PC, seamstresses, accountants, secretaries and others.

It is also worth thinking about your appearance; experts recommend performing simple gymnastics at least once or twice a week.

What groups are neck exercises divided into?

They are divided into three groups:

1. With weights. Special weights are used for them; you can also perform them on a simulator.
2. With its own weight. This is the usual wrestling bridge, rolls in the bridge position, everyone should be able to cope with such tasks, even if there is no special physical training.

Overcoming resistance. To do this, you will need a partner or rubber; you can create resistance with your own hands. The head rotates, lowers to the sides, forward, backward, while overcoming the resistance provided.

What you should pay attention to during training

It is important to consider some points if you decide to pump up your neck and prevent the occurrence of cervical diseases:

1. During classes, experts do not recommend closing your eyes.
2. Different exercises train different muscles, including the longus colli muscle.
3. It is worth observing measured breathing.
4. It is worth consulting a doctor, as some activities can increase blood pressure.
5. Avoid sudden movements; classes should proceed smoothly and measuredly.
6. After giving the necessary load to the neck, it would be good to massage it, resort to relaxation and breathing exercises.
7. It is important to know the anatomy of the neck in order to correctly distribute the load.
8. During exercise, control every movement, especially for those whose muscles are quite weak.
9. Keep your muscles tense during exercise, this will allow you to achieve more effective results.

Why do the muscles of the cervical region hurt?

The causes can be very diverse, so it is important not to confuse the symptoms of one disease with the symptoms of another. This will allow you to find the true cause and find the right way to fight. Treatment methods may vary significantly depending on the underlying causes. Plus, they will depend on the individual characteristics of the body and the presence of various pathologies. Remember also that if you managed to get rid of pain now, this does not mean that it will not return to you tomorrow.

What are the most common reasons?

There are several groups of causes that lead to pain in the neck:

• Inflammatory process in muscles.
• Spinal diseases.
• Pathology of the internal organs of the cervical spine.
• Diseases that are passed on through consanguinity, such as Duchenne disease.
• Blood supply disorders.

If we consider diseases of the spine, the reason that most often torments people is osteochondrosis. But in order to diagnose just such a disease, the doctor must exclude other diseases from the list of possible diseases with similar symptoms. These include spinal disc herniation, tumor, syringomyelia, and tuberculosis.

To make a correct diagnosis, you can use modern methods, such as MRI, MSCT. With their help, you can understand the condition of the spine and whether there are hernias. To correctly identify the problem, you should consult a doctor, who will be able to make a final verdict.

But you need to understand that regardless of the detection of the disease, in cases of problems with the spine, the nerve roots become inflamed.

These roots come out of the spinal cord; if there are problems, they can be compressed, which is why unpleasant sensations appear.

You may think about the presence of certain diseases when pain appears after suffering from hypothermia or a viral disease. A test such as pressing on the muscles and points near the spine will help identify the problem. When pressure on the spine does not create pain, but when pressure is applied to the muscles, a pulling sensation occurs, then this is inflammation.

Plus, the muscles will appear flabby, an inflammatory disease called myositis. When the muscles hurt in the front, you might think about problems with the esophagus or thyroid gland. In this case, inflammation can be transmitted to tissues that are nearby. The following options are also possible:

• If you have additional symptoms such as sweating, increased heart rate, or a feeling of weakness, you may think about thyroid problems.
• Pain in the neck when breathing, wheezing, coughing indicate problems with the lungs.
• When pain occurs when eating or keeping the body in a horizontal position, it is worth checking the esophagus.
• If you notice that the muscles that are located on the side hurt, then it is quite possible that there are problems such as varicose veins of the esophagus, atherosclerosis of blood vessels.
• Lack of nutrition, blood supply to blood vessels, accumulation of toxins - all this together leads to a feeling of pain.
• Excessive physical activity.

The disease can be refuted or confirmed with the help of a specialist. Today, there are many treatment options available, from medication to surgery.

It is not advisable to use various treatment methods on your own, because this way you will not be able to be sure of the correct diagnosis. You need to understand that hereditary muscle diseases are extremely rare, but they are still possible. The main symptom is that the muscles are weak, but there is a strong increase.

We diagnose, treat, prevent

It is worth highlighting the main methods that will help cope with neck muscle pain: Painkillers. It is this method that people are accustomed to turning to, while some remedies simply relieve pain without affecting the cause of the pain. It is better to use anti-inflammatory drugs, these include ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketarol and others. Both pain and inflammation will be eliminated.

1. External preparations. You can use the same anti-inflammatory drugs only in the form of ointments. Also among the external products on the market you can find all kinds of pain-relieving patches and applicators, but they are used much less frequently. There are also special products for athletes.
2. If there are problems with the spine, then experts recommend therapy with B vitamins. They normalize nerve impulses and protect bundles of nerve endings from possible inflammation.
3. Physiotherapy. It is considered especially effective with an integrated approach. Spasms can be relieved through the action of electrical impulses, and magnetic treatment is also popular. You can count on a beneficial effect if you combine physiotherapy and drug treatment.
4. Massage. Effective massage techniques from an experienced specialist will help relieve both tension and pain. This will increase blood supply, eliminating not only pain, but also the inflammatory process. Four main techniques are used: stroking, kneading, vibration, rubbing. Additional effects include the removal of toxic substances, relief of spasm, which also leads to the elimination of pain. You can resort to such a procedure, if only for the reasons that it is an excellent preventative against spinal diseases.
5. Physiotherapy. It can also serve as a good prevention of the problem if you regularly perform physical exercises to prevent diseases of the muscles of the neck and spine. Therapeutic exercise helps to nourish muscles, warm them up, and strengthen the muscle corset. You can perform such exercises even at work, since it does not require any special conditions. It is especially useful for office workers and those who are constantly at the computer.

Features of physical therapy

It is important to understand that the movements should not be sharp or fast; you need to perform the exercises measuredly and slowly. Good results are achieved by so-called static exercises, which involve tensing the neck muscles. You can rest your head against something and put pressure on your hand.

You can also move your head and neck, while applying pressure to the area that bothers you. This will help reduce pain. But it is important to use the exercises constantly, this is the only way to achieve the desired effect. You can do the exercises a couple of times a week, spending 15 minutes on them.

When pathology is still detected, you should not use only local remedies and gymnastics. The right decision would be to undergo a full examination, which will help identify the true cause and make it possible to clarify the diagnosis. In this case, the specialist will be able to prescribe the appropriate treatment that is necessary for the found disease. You need to understand that discomfort may indicate serious problems, which is why it is worthwhile to initially find the cause, and not treat the disease blindly.

If you manage to eliminate the pain using local remedies, remember that it will definitely return to you in the future if the cause of the problem is not eliminated.

Neck muscles have a complex structure and topography, which is due to their different origins, differences in function, relationships with the internal organs of the neck, blood vessels, nerves and plates of the cervical fascia. The neck muscles are divided into separate groups according to genetic and topographical (by area of ​​the neck) characteristics. Guided by genetic characteristics, one should distinguish between muscles that developed on the basis of the first (mandibular) and second (hyoid) visceral arches, branchial arches, and muscles that developed from the ventral sections of the myotomes.

The derivatives of the mesenchyme of the first visceral arch are the mylohyoid muscle, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle; the second visceral arch - the stylohyoid muscle, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the subcutaneous muscle of the neck; branchial arches - the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle, which is considered in the back muscle group. From the ventral part of the myotomes develop the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, scapulohyohyoid, geniohyoid, anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles, as well as prevertebral muscles: longus colli and longus capitis.

Topographically, the neck muscles are divided into superficial and deep. TO superficial muscles The neck includes the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the muscles attached to the hyoid bone - these are the sublingual muscles: digastric, stylohyoid and geniohyoid, mylohyoid and sublingual muscles: sterno- hypoglossal, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid.

Deep neck muscles in turn, are divided into the lateral group, which includes the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles lying on the side of the spinal column, and the prevertebral group: the longus capitis muscle, the anterior rectus capitis muscle, the lateral rectus capitis muscle, the longus colli muscle, located in front of the vertebral column pillar

SUPERFICIAL NECK MUSCLES

Subcutaneous muscle of the neck,platysma (see Fig. 133), thin, flat, lies directly under the skin. It begins in the thoracic region below the clavicle from the superficial plate of the pectoral fascia, passes upward and medially, occupying almost the entire anterolateral surface of the neck (with the exception of a small area above the jugular notch, which has the shape of a triangle).

The bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, rising above the base of the lower jaw in the facial area, are woven into the masticatory fascia. Part of the bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck joins the muscle that lowers the lower lip and the laughter muscle, weaving into the corner of the mouth.

Function: lifts the skin of the neck, protecting superficial veins from compression; pulls the corner of the mouth downwards.

Innervation: n. facialis (r. colli).

Blood supply: a. transversa cervicis, a. facialis.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle,T.sternocleidomastoi- deus (see Fig. 129), is located under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck; when the head is turned to the side, its contour is indicated in the form of a pronounced ridge on the anterolateral surface of the neck. It begins in two parts (medial and lateral) from the anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle. Rising upward and backward, the muscle attaches to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and to the lateral segment of the superior nuchal line. Above the clavicle, between the medial and lateral parts of the muscle, the small supraclavicular fossa stands out, fossa sup/ aclavicularis minor.

Functions: with unilateral contraction, tilts the head in its direction, at the same time the face turns in the opposite direction. With bilateral contraction of the muscle, the head is thrown back, as the muscle is attached behind the transverse axis of the atlanto-occipital joint. When the head is fixed, it pulls the chest upward, facilitating inhalation, as an auxiliary respiratory muscle.

Innervation: P.accessorius.

Blood supply: sternocleidomastoideus (from the superior thyroid artery), a. occipitalis.

MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE HYPOGLOUS BONE

The muscles lying above the hyoid bone are distinguished - the suprahyoid muscles, vol. suprahyoidei, and the muscles lying below the hyoid bone - the subhyoid muscles, vol. infrahyoidei (see Fig. 130). Both groups of muscles show their strength under special conditions, since the hyoid bone is not directly connected to any other bone of the skeleton, although it is a support for muscles involved in important functions: acts of chewing, swallowing, speech, etc. The hyoid bone is held in its position solely by the interaction of muscles that approach it from different sides.

The suprahyoid muscles connect the hyoid bone to the lower jaw, base of the skull, tongue and pharynx.

The infrahyoid muscles approach the hyoid bone from below, starting on the scapula, sternum and laryngeal cartilages.

Suprahyoid muscles

Digastric,T.digdstricus, has two bellies - posterior and anterior, which are connected to each other by an intermediate tendon. Posterior abdomen venter posterior, starts from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone, goes

forward and down, directly adjacent to the rear surface

stylohyoid muscle. Next, the posterior belly passes into the intermediate tendon, which penetrates the stylohyoid muscle, and is attached to the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone through a dense fascial loop. The intermedius tendon of the muscle continues into the anterior abdomen, venter anterior, which passes forward and upward, attaching to the digastric fossa of the lower jaw. The posterior abdomen and anterior abdomen limit the submandibular triangle below.

Function: with a strengthened lower jaw, the posterior abdomen pulls the hyoid bone upward, backward and to its side. With bilateral contraction, the posterior belly of both the right and left muscles pulls the hyoid bone back and up. When the hyoid bone is strengthened, the lower jaw is lowered by contraction of the digastric muscles.

Innervation: posterior abdomen - digastricus n. facialis, anterior abdomen - n. mylohyoideus (branch of n. alveolaris inferior). Blood supply: anterior abdomen - a. submentalis, posterior - a. occipitalis, a. auricularis posterior.

Thyrohyoid muscle,T.stylohyoideus, starts from the styloid process of the temporal bone, passes down and forward, and attaches to the body of the hyoid bone. Near the site of attachment to the hyoid bone, the tendon of the muscle splits and covers the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. Function: pulls the hyoid bone up, back and to its side." With the simultaneous contraction of muscles on both sides, the hyoid bone moves back and up.

Innervation: n. facialis. _ Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. facialis.

Mylohyoid muscle,T.mylohyoideus, wide, flat, begins on the inner surface of the lower jaw from the mylohyoid line. Within the anterior two-thirds, the bundles of the right and left halves of the muscle are oriented transversely; they pass towards each other and grow together along the midline, forming a tendon suture. The bundles of the posterior third of the muscle are directed to the hyoid bone and attached to the anterior surface of its body. Located between both halves of the lower jaw in front and the hyoid bone in the back, the muscle forms the muscular basis of the diaphragm of the mouth. From above, from the side of the oral cavity, the geniohyoid muscle and the sublingual gland are adjacent to the mylohyoid muscle, from below - the submandibular gland and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Function: with upper support (when the jaws are closed), the mylohyoid muscle lifts the hyoid bone along with the larynx; with a strengthened hyoid bone, lowers the lower jaw (chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: n. mylojiyoideus (branch of n. alveolaris inferior).

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

geniohyoid muscle,T.geniohyoideus, located on the sides of the midline, on the upper surface of the mylohyoid muscle. It starts from the mental spine and attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: with the hyoid bone strengthened, it lowers the lower jaw; with the jaws closed, it raises the hyoid bone along with the larynx (the act of chewing, swallowing, speech).

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Ci-

Blood supply: a. sublingualis, a. submentalis.

The muscles of the tongue and pharynx are also anatomically and functionally closely related to the listed group of suprahyoid muscles: mm. genio&lossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, stylopharyn-geus, the anatomy of which is described in the section “Splanchnology”.

Sublingual muscles

Omohyoid muscle,T.omohyoideus, starts from the upper edge of the scapula in the area of ​​its notch and attaches to the hyoid bone. This muscle has two bellies - lower and upper, which are separated by the intermediate tendon. Lower abdomen venter inferior, begins from the upper edge of the scapula immediately medially from the notch of the scapula and from the superior transverse ligament. Rising obliquely upward and forward, it crosses the scalene muscles from the lateral side and in front and passes (under the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle) into the intermediate tendon, from which the muscle bundles again originate, forming the upper abdomen, venter superior, attached to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function: With the hyoid bone strengthened, the omohyoid muscles on both sides stretch the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia, thereby preventing compression of the deep veins of the neck. This muscle function is especially important in the inhalation phase, since at this moment the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and the outflow from the veins of the neck into the large veins of the chest cavity increases; when the scapula is strengthened, the omohyoid muscles pull the hyoid bone posteriorly and downward; if a muscle on one side contracts, the hyoid bone moves downward and posteriorly to the corresponding side.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Sternohyoid muscle,T.sternohyoideus, begins on the posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament and from the sternal end of the clavicle; attaches to the lower edge of the body of the hyoid bone. Between the medial edges of the sternohyoid muscles of both sides there remains a pro-

an interspace in the form of a triangle tapering upward, within which the superficial and middle (pretracheal) plates of the cervical fascia grow together and form the linea alba of the neck.

Function: pulls the hyoid bone downwards.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Sternothyroid muscle,T.sternothyroideus, begins on the posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and the cartilage of the 1st rib. It is attached to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, lies in front of the trachea and thyroid gland, being covered by the lower part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the upper belly of the omohyoid muscle and the sternohyoid muscle.

Function: pulls the larynx down.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis (Ci - Si).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

Thyrohyoid muscle,T,thyrohyoideus, is like a continuation of the sternothyroid muscle in the direction of the hyoid bone. It starts from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, rises upward and attaches to the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone.

Function: brings the hyoid bone closer to the larynx. When the hyoid bone is strengthened, the larynx is pulled upward.

Innervation: ansa cervicalis(Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. thyroidea inferior, a. transversa cervicis.

The sublingual muscles, acting as a group, pull the hyoid bone, and with it the larynx, downward. The sternothyroid muscle can selectively move the thyroid cartilage (along with the larynx) downward. When the thyrohyoid muscle contracts, the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage move closer to each other. No less important is another function of the sub-hyoid muscles: by contracting, they strengthen the hyoid bone, to which the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles, which lower the lower jaw, are attached.

DEEP NECK MUSCLES

The deep muscles of the neck are divided into lateral and medial (prevertebral) groups.

The lateral group is represented by the scalene muscles. According to their location, the anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles are distinguished.

anterior scalene muscle,T.scalenus anterior, starts from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the III-VI cervical vertebrae; attaches to the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle on the first rib.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Cv-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis ascendens, a. thyroideainferior.

middle scalene muscle,T.scalenus medius, begins \, from the transverse processes of the II-VII cervical vertebrae, passes from top to bottom and outwards; attaches to the first rib, posterior to the groove of the subclavian artery.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Ssh-Cvin) -

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. verterbralis.

Posterior scalene muscle, m. scalenus posterior, starts from the posterior tubercles of the IV-VI cervical vertebrae, attaches to the upper edge of the outer surface of the II rib.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Cvh-

Blood supply: a. cervicalis profunda, a. transversa

colli, a. intercostalis posterior.

Functions of the scalene muscles. With the cervical spine strengthened, the 1st and 2nd ribs are raised, promoting expansion of the thoracic cavity. At the same time, support is created for the external intercostal muscles. With a strengthened chest, when the ribs are fixed, the scalene muscles, contracting on both sides, bend the cervical part of the spine forward. With unilateral contraction, the cervical part of the spine is bent and tilted in its direction.

The medial (prevertebral) muscle group is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column on the sides of the midline and is represented by the long muscles of the neck and head, the anterior and lateral rectus capitis muscles.

Longus colli muscleT.longus colli, adjacent to the anterolateral surface of the spine from the third thoracic to the first cervical vertebra. This muscle has three parts: vertical, inferior oblique and superior oblique. The vertical part originates on the anterior surface of the bodies of the three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae, passes vertically upward and attaches to the bodies of the II-IV cervical vertebrae. The lower oblique part begins from the anterior surface of the bodies of the first three thoracic vertebrae and is attached to the anterior tubercles of the IV-V cervical vertebrae. The upper oblique part begins from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes, III, IV, V cervical vertebrae, rises upward and attaches to the anterior tubercle of the I cervical vertebra.

Function: bends the cervical part of the spinal column. With unilateral contraction, the neck tilts to the side.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Si-

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis ascen-dens, a. cervicalis profunda.

Longus capitis muscleT.longus capitis, it begins< тырьмя сухожильными пучками от передних бугорков поперечных отростков VI-III шейных позвонков, проходит кверху и меди­ально; прикрепляется к нижней поверхности базилярной части затылочной кости.

Function: tilts the head and cervical spine forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (g. musculares; Ci-Civ).

Blood supply: a. vertebralis, a. cervicalis profunda.

Rectus capitis anterior muscleT.rectus capitis anterior, located deeper than the longus capitis muscle. It starts from the anterior arch of the atlas and attaches to the basilar part of the occipital bone, posterior to the insertion of the longus capitis muscle.

Function: tilts head forward.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Ci-Ci).

Blood supply: a. verterbralis, a. pharyngea ascen-dens.

Lateral rectus capitis muscle,T.rectus capitis latera- lis, located outward from the anterior rectus capitis muscle, starts from the transverse process of the atlas, passes upward and attaches to the lateral part of the occipital bone.

Function: tilts the head to the side, acts exclusively on the atlanto-occipital joint.

Innervation: cervical plexus (rr. musculares; Ci).

Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. vertebralis.

NECK FASCIA

Description of anatomy cervical fascia,fascia cervicalis (Fig. 131, 132) presents certain difficulties. They are explained by the presence of a large number of muscles and organs that are in complex anatomical and topographic relationships in various areas of the neck, both among themselves and with individual plates of the cervical fascia.

Distinguish trk^pl&sgtkm cervical fascia: superficial, pretracheal, ~prevertebral.

superficial plate,lamina superficidlis (fascia super- ficidlis - BNA), located directly behind the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. It covers the neck on all sides and forms fascial sheaths for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. In front and below, at the level of the border between the neck and chest, the superficial plate is attached to the anterior surfaces of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum, at the top - to the hyoid bone, above which it covers the group of suprahyoid muscles. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia, spreading over the base of the lower jaw, continues cranially into the masticatory fascia.

pretracheal plate,lamina pretrachealis (fascia propria, s. fascia media - BNA), expressed in the lower neck. It extends from the posterior surfaces of the manubrium of the sternum and clavicle below to the hyoid bone above, and laterally to the omohyoid muscle. This plate forms fascial sheaths for the omohyoid, group

inohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles. When the omohyoid muscles contract, the pretracheal plate is stretched in the form of a sail (Richet's sail), facilitating the outflow of blood through the neck veins.

Prevertebral plate,lamina prevertebralis (fascia prevertebralis, seu fascia profunda - BNA), located behind the pharynx, covers the prevertebral and scalene muscles, forming fascial sheaths for them. It connects to the sleepy vagina, vagina carotica, enveloping the neurovascular bundle of the neck (a. carotis communis, v. juguldris interna, P.vagus).

The prevertebral plate of the cervical fascia, continuing upward, reaches the base of the skull. It is separated from the posterior wall of the pharynx by a well-developed layer of loose fiber; downwards the plate passes into the intrathoracic fascia.

Some textbooks on human anatomy and topographic anatomy provide a description of the five leaves of the cervical fascia according to V. N. Shevkunenko. We cannot agree with this classification. The superficial plate of the cervical fascia (superficial fascia) lies under the subcutaneous muscle of the neck and does not form a bed for it. The subcutaneous muscle of the neck, being a mimic muscle in origin, is woven into the connective tissue base of the skin (dermis) with its bundles. It has only its own fascia. The so-called splanchnic fascia, its visceral layer, is nothing more than the adventitia of the internal organs of the neck: larynx, pharynx, esophagus, etc. The parietal layer of the splanchnic fascia is a compacted connective tissue plate formed around these movable internal organs. As is known, fascia serves as connective tissue covers for muscles; they develop and form simultaneously with muscles. The three plates of the cervical fascia, distinguished by the International Anatomical Nomenclature, correspond to three groups of neck muscles with which they develop: 1) the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which are of branchial origin; 2) the deeper infrahyoid muscles, originating from the ventral part of the myotomes, and 3) the deep muscles of the neck, developing similarly to the intercostal muscles.

Between the plates of the cervical fascia, as well as between them and the organs of the neck, there are spaces filled with a small amount of loose connective tissue. Knowledge of these spaces is important for understanding the spread of inflammatory processes localized in the neck. There are suprasternal interfascial space, pre-visceral space and retrovisceral space.

1Suprasternal interfascial space localized above the jugular notch of the sternum, between the superficial and pre-tracheal plates of the cervical fascia. It houses an important venous anastomosis connecting the anterior jugular veins - the jugular venous arch. The suprasternal interfascial space, continuing to the right and left, forms lateral recesses behind the beginning of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

2Previsceral space limited by the pretracheal plate of the cervical fascia in front and the trachea in the back.

3Retrovisceral space determined between the posterior wall of the pharynx in front and the plate of the cervical fascia in the back. It is filled with loose connective tissue, in which inflammatory processes can spread from the neck to the mediastinum.