Ephedra extract effect on the body. Ephedrine: its effect on the body and potential danger. Dosage for Fat Loss

There is probably no one who has not heard about the positive effects of ephedrine on fat burning and energy expenditure. However, ephedra remains a very mysterious dietary supplement. There is a lot of talk about synthetic ephedrine, but it may not be comparable to its plant equivalent. Today we will try to find out what the science says about this herbal supplement.

Fat Burning Extract

Ephedra is the most popular thermogenic nutritional supplement. It is a herbal extract (isolated form) obtained from the mahuang plant, native to Europe, Asia and the United States. The synthetic substance ephedrine is obtained from its plant equivalent. Ephedrine, being a stimulant, is known in medical circles as a beta-2 agonist. However, recent research indicates that synthetic ephedrine also acts on beta-3 receptors, which are active mainly in white adipose fibers (De Matteis, 2002). Agents, natural or synthetic, that act on the beta-2 and beta-3 receptors are considered ideal for weight loss.

Ephedra is made up of five different substances called alkaloids. The best studied alkaloid is pseudoephedrine, which is the active ingredient in many drugs. The mahuang plant contains the following ephedra alkaloids: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine and methylephedrine. Ephedra is a dietary supplement with a typical alkaloid content of 6−8%.

Ephedra and ephedrine: what is the difference?

The sale of synthetic ephedrine in the United States is considered illegal, but the plant alkaloids ephedra are completely legal. Keeping in mind that ephedra alkaloids are almost identical to pure synthetic ephedrine, in this article we will review several published scientific studies. The goal is to determine whether the herbal equivalent has the same effect as synthetic ephedrine.

Mahuang in the United States is the main source of ephedra alkaloids for dietary supplements. In order to understand how these substances are metabolized in the body in terms of concentration, it is necessary to clarify the term "half-life". Half-life is the time it takes for the body to process half of the substance originally received. For example, if the half-life of a certain substance is 24 hours, then after every day exactly half of what was there the day before will remain in the body. After five such cycles, the substance used will completely disappear from the body.

The half-life of synthetic ephedrine (available in tablet form) is 5.74 hours (White, 1997). Recently, scientists at the University of Arkansas tested the half-life of the drug Ephedra Sinica. Participants in the experiment received only four capsules containing 19.4 mg of plant ephedrine (a total of 1500 mg of ephedra). This dose was chosen because in a previous half-life study the dose of synthetic ephedrine was 20 mg. A pharmacological laboratory found that the half-life of 19.4 mg of herbal ephedrine was 5.2 hours (White, 1997).

Another pharmacokinetic experiment by scientists at San Francisco General Hospital aimed to evaluate blood pressure and heart rate in response to a single dose of a proprietary herbal product, ephedrine with caffeine (Metabolift Thermogenic Diet Formula.). In addition, scientists measured the half-life and time of maximum concentration of the product (Haller, 2002). We are most interested in the half-life. One capsule of the product contained 10 mg of ephedra alkaloids and 100 mg of caffeine along with other excipients. For scientific purposes, Dr. Haller asked participants to take the equivalent of 23.7 mg of ephedrine alkaloids and 175 mg of caffeine.

Metabolift's mean half-life was 6.06 hours, and that of 23.7 mg ephedrine alkaloids was 40 minutes longer than 19.4 mg ephedrine alkaloids (6.06 vs. 5.2). Note that the doses in the experiments were different (19.4 mg and 23.7 mg). The study initiators concluded that the pharmacokinetic parameters of these ephedrine alkaloids were similar to those obtained during the study of synthetic ephedrine.

The researchers also found a statistically significant increase in systolic blood pressure at 60, 90, and 120 minutes after dosing, but the increase was not clinical because overall blood pressure remained normal. The observed changes in diastolic pressure were minor. In summary, a single dose of ephedra in a one-day study did not lead to clinically significant changes in blood pressure, but the half-life was similar to that of synthetic ephedrine.

Herbal ephedrine with caffeine: clinical studies

To date, several studies have been published on the properties of the herbal equivalent of ephedra with caffeine. In one of them, a research team led by Dr. Boozer observed the effects of a mixture of ephedrine and caffeine on 167 participants who were randomly divided into two groups for six months. The first received the herbal equivalent of ephedrine with caffeine, the second received a placebo. All participants were advised to eat as usual, but monitor their fat intake according to American Heart Association guidelines, and to walk for 30 minutes three times a week. All participants were examined in the laboratory initially daily, then once a month. Some of them carried devices with them at all times that measured their blood pressure throughout the day. In addition, participants kept a diary in which they recorded any symptoms that occurred. As in all such studies, the scientists recorded blood pressure and heart rate. All this helped to evaluate subjective and actual side effects.

It turned out that a mixture of herbal ephedrine and caffeine caused weight loss twice as large as placebo (about 5.3 kg versus 2.6 kg), and the ratio of fat loss was 11.6 to 1 (4.3% versus 2.7). %). The scientists also recorded slight changes in blood pressure and heart rate, but no arrhythmia. It should be noted that these small changes in blood pressure caused three people in the placebo group and two in the experimental group to refuse further participation in the study.

As for follow-up changes, there were no significant differences in blood pressure between the two groups. Among the side effects, the participants themselves noted dry mouth, increased heart rate and insomnia (especially in the experimental group), but other side effects were almost the same in both groups. The initiators of the experiment concluded that "herbal ephedrine with caffeine, taken as directed by a doctor by healthy but overweight people, in combination with proper diet and physical activity, can be effective in reducing weight without any significant side effects." However, scientists warn that their recommendations do not apply to people with various diseases.

Researching products from different brands

Another study by the same scientists was published earlier - in 2001 (Boozer, 2001). It was dedicated to the Metabolife product of Metabolife Inc., which acted as a sponsor. The eight-week experiment involved men and women who were overweight, but without any other diseases. They all received either Metabolife−356, which provided 72 mg of ephedrine alkaloids and 250 mg of caffeine per day, or a placebo. Initially, 67 people participated in the experiment, but only 48 (71.6%) reached the end, which is a common occurrence in clinical studies.

The results showed that if all participants ate and exercised the same way, taking a mixture of ephedrine and caffeine led to significant differences in weight and fat loss between the two groups. In fact, the weight loss in the Metabolife group was four times greater than in the placebo group. In terms of fat reduction, the difference reached ten times. Quite impressive!

In terms of general side effects, nothing serious was found. A side effect in medicine is defined as an undesirable medical event observed in a patient receiving a particular pharmacological drug, but not necessarily related to the use of that drug (Coen, 2002). The most common side effects of taking Metabolife were headaches, agitation and insomnia. The study concluded that the product tested caused significant weight loss, but longer periods of time were needed to monitor side effects.

Other testing confirmed the effectiveness of another product containing ephedra and caffeine (Kalman, 2002). This time the test was Xenadrin RFA, manufactured by Cytodyne Technologies. Thirty healthy overweight adults were divided into an experimental group and a placebo group. All were instructed to reduce their food intake slightly (to approximately 1800 kcal/day) and to exercise according to the recommended program three times a week. The Xenadrin RFA group experienced significantly greater reductions in weight and body fat percentage than the placebo group.

The study found no negative effects on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, blood sugar, liver or kidney function. The authors of the experiment concluded that based on the results of the test, this dietary supplement is safe and effective for weight loss. It should be taken into account that the participants in the experiment were selected according to certain criteria and the test results cannot be applied to all people.

Because certain substances, including ephedra, are known to cause cardiovascular spasms or cardiac arrhythmias, which can be fatal, a study was recently undertaken to determine whether a certain fat-burning product (Xenadri RFA) could have this effect on the heart (Kalman , 2002). By cardiovascular spasm we mean spasm of one or more coronary arteries, which can cause arrhythmia and/or disruption of blood flow to the heart (ischemia), or a heart attack, which, of course, is fatal. Such spasms are possible both in healthy arteries and in case of damage to them by atherosclerotic plaques. To determine whether Xenadrin RFA had similar effects on the heart (changes in blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, or abnormal heart function as measured by Doppler echocardiograms), subjects were subjected to a variety of tests. All of them were prescribed to adhere to the same diet and physical activity throughout the study.

Results showed that neither half nor full dose of Xenadrin RFA taken daily had a significant effect on cardiac performance or sleep compared with placebo. The authors concluded that, under test conditions, an herbal product containing ephedra and caffeine was as safe for the heart as a placebo. In a more recent study reported in 2002, researchers compared Xenadrin RFA and another drug, Xenical (Roshe Pharmaceuticals), for their effects on weight loss over a 12-week period (Colcer, 2002). The experiment involved healthy overweight women. The scientists asked them to follow a moderate diet (about 1,800 kcal/day), exercise three times a week, and take a daily multivitamin/multimineral supplement. All participants were approximately the same weight. After 12 weeks, the group using Xenadrin RFA lost about 4.58 kg, and the group using Xenical lost 1.63 kg. The results varied significantly, so the scientists concluded that under these conditions, Xenadrin RFA was a more effective fat-burning drug. No side effects were noted.

In 1999, the results of an eight-week test of the MuscleTech Research and Development company Hydroxycut were presented. The experiment involved 24 healthy overweight people. However, instead of two groups, the scientists split them into three: one received Hydroxycut and exercised, one received Hydroxycut and did not exercise, and the third received a placebo and exercised.

One of the goals of the experiment was to determine whether taking herbal preparations containing ephedrine with caffeine affects weight loss in the absence of physical activity. The load consisted of three workouts per week - 30 minutes of aerobics. The Hydroxycut group that did the exercises lost about 3.8 kg; weight loss in the other two groups was insignificant. Those who took Hydroxycut and did not exercise showed a significant reduction in food intake (-680 calories per day). Sixteen participants taking Hydroxycut showed no significant side effects - changes in blood pressure, heart rate or cardiogram, or the presence of sufficient fluid in the body. The authors concluded that much more attention should be paid to the appetite-suppressing effects of herbal preparations containing ephedra and caffeine, and the use of these drugs should be combined with exercise.

Another 12-week study looked at Hydroxycut in combination with aerobic exercise. During the experiment, 17 participants received either Hydroxycut or a placebo while exercising three times a week for 60 minutes (aerobic exercise). Blood pressure, heart rate and ECG were recorded. No specific side effects were noted, although headache was a common complaint.

In 2001, the journal Pharmacotherapy published a report on the results of taking Hydroxycut (Kockler, 2001). The report cited the case of a 22-year-old man who was hospitalized due to an unexplained seizure. Urine analysis did not show any drug abuse, but the patient's medical record indicated that the patient had taken Hydroxycut two weeks prior to this seizure. Moreover, the day of taking the last dose was not known.

The facts in the report suggest a link between Hydroxycut and similar conditions, but (and this is a big but) the authors never mentioned that these symptoms could occur in anyone. Given the lack of data on the above case and the fact that seizures of unknown origin occur in humans, this report may not be entirely fair to readers. It may also be noted that the published Hydroxycut test results refer to formulas that are no longer in use and cannot be applied to modern products, although the two main ingredients - the plant ephedra and caffeine - remain the same.

Cytodyne Technologies and MuscleTech Research and Development recently funded independent clinical trials. We can only hope that other companies will follow their example and pay for research into the safety and effectiveness of their products. It may happen that after some time the US Department of Health will oblige each manufacturer to conduct at least two independent clinical tests of the safety of any of its dietary supplements.

More about side effects

Like any other drug, herbal ephedra and caffeine or their synthetic analogues can cause unwanted side effects. Therefore, consultation with a doctor is very important for anyone wishing to implement a particular diet, nutritional supplement or training program. According to a publication in the New England Journal of Medicine: “Use of dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids may be dangerous for some people” (Haller, 2000). The following side effects are possible: dizziness, headaches, tremors, depressed mood, euphoria, insomnia, dry mouth, hypotension and hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia and constipation. You may also experience a rise in blood sugar and increased sweating.

Since ephedra and caffeine are stimulants, heart attacks may occur. According to CANTOX Health Services International, a dose of 90 mg/day, divided into three doses, is safe in terms of unwanted side effects. They usually occur at doses greater than 150 mg per day. (CRN, 2000). In most clinical studies, side effects appeared after three to four weeks of taking the drugs. CANTOX recommends not to exceed a dose of 90 mg of ephedrine per day. In addition, ephedrine is not recommended for use by people with high blood pressure, thyroid diseases, depression, diabetes, enlarged prostate, or ulcers of the digestive organs.

Conclusion

Dietary supplement manufacturers would do well to conduct triple studies of synthetic ephedra with caffeine, herbal ephedra with caffeine, and placebo. The goal should be to elucidate the effect of the herbal equivalent on weight loss and body composition changes with fewer side effects. Such a study should involve more people (more than 120), and the experiment should last 3-6 months. The first company to fund such research will provide an invaluable service to the entire industry and will likely reduce the fear factor among consumers. Such research will help to better understand the effects of this fat-burning formula, increase the company's responsibility to consumers and improve its reputation. M.D.

Links:

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7) Boozer CN, Nasser JA, Heymsfield SB, Wang V, Chen G, Solomon JL. An herbal supplement containing Ma HuangGuarana for weight loss: a randomized, double−blind trial. Int J Obesity 2001;25:316−324.
8) A Guide to Clinical Drug Research. 2nd edition. Editors: Adam Cohen, John Posner, 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. Pg XI.
9) Kalman DS, Colker CM, Shi Q, Swain MA. Effects of a weight loss aid in healthy overweight adults: double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2000;61:199−205.
10) Kalman D, Incledon T, Gaunard I, Schwartz H, Krieger D. An acute clinical trial evaluating the cardiovascular effects of an herbal ephedra-caffeine weight loss product in healthy overweight adults. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1363−1366.
11) Colker CM, Swain MA. A randomized comparative study evaluating a non-prescription ephedrine-based dietary supplement vs. a prescription fat blocking medication for weight loss in healthy overweight women. Poster sessions; 2002 NSCA National Conference, Las Vegas.
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Pharmacological group: alkaloids
Pharmacological action: sympathomimetic, stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Acting on varicose thickenings of efferent adrenergic fibers, it promotes the release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft. In addition, it has a weak stimulating effect directly on adrenergic receptors. Causes vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator and psychostimulating effects. Increases total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) and systemic blood pressure, increases minute volume of blood circulation, heart rate and strength of heart contractions, improves AV conduction; increases skeletal muscle tone and blood glucose concentration. Inhibits intestinal motility, dilates the pupil (without affecting accommodation and intraocular pressure). Stimulates the central nervous system; its psychostimulating effect is similar to that of phenamine. It inhibits the activity of MAO and catecholamine-O-methyltransferase. It has a stimulating effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels in the skin, causing constriction of dilated vessels, thus reducing their increased permeability, leading to a decrease in swelling in urticaria.
Effects on receptors: alpha and beta adrenoreceptors (stimulant).

Ephedrine is one of the four active components of the ephedra plant. Ephedrine can stimulate weight loss by producing more fat available for fuel, as well as by increasing the heat used by the body. It is implied that ephedrine speeds up the metabolism in humans by 5%.

Description

Ephedrine is a stimulant drug that belongs to a group of drugs known as sympathomimetics. In particular, it is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist (selective beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist). In addition, ephedrine enhances the release of norepinephrine. The action of this compound is similar to the main adrenergic hormone in the human body - epinephrine (adrenaline), which also acts on alpha and beta receptors. When administered, ephedrine significantly increases the activity of the central nervous system and also stimulates other target cells.
Ephedrine can be used in sports.
When the amount of free fatty acids increases due to the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue, body temperature increases slightly (resulting in stimulation of metabolism), fat levels decrease and blood supply increases. Ephedrine is also believed to increase the anabolic effectiveness of steroids to some extent. The stimulating effect of this drug is also expressed in an increase in the force of contraction of skeletal muscles.

general information

Ephedrine is one of the four active components of the ephedra plant. Ephedrine can stimulate weight loss by producing more fat available for fuel, as well as by increasing the heat used by the body. Ephedrine is purported to speed up metabolism in humans by 5%. By increasing the heat used by the body, ephedrine also affects muscle cells and fat cells. Ephedrine also helps prevent muscle tissue breakdown in some cases. Ephedrine can enhance the properties of , and is usually included in the so-called “ECA” drugs (weight loss mixtures that include ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin). Ephedrine has virtually no side effects, except that it can cause an increase in blood pressure and also increase the level of glucose in the blood, but these effects disappear when you stop using the drug. Ephedrine in overdose is a hyperstimulant. Ephedrine is a well-studied and fairly safe compound, although not always effective. To increase effectiveness and reduce the risk of side effects, the drug should be taken taking into account physical activity and diet. Also known as Ephedra Vulgaris, Ephedraceae, ma huang.

Not to be confused with Ephedrone, Epinephrine

It is important to note! Ephedrine is a stimulant, and the ephedra plant is an even greater stimulant.

Pharmacological action: fat burner. Combines well with: methylxanthines such as caffeine and theopillin (found in green tea). Particularly effective for

The fight against excess weight

Need to suppress appetite

Ephedrine can also increase dopamine levels in the brain and should be combined with yohimbine with caution. If you have heart disease, ephedrine should only be taken under the supervision of your doctor.

Ephedrine: instructions for use

All recommendations for use below apply to the drug Ephedrine HCl. In ECA-type drugs, the daily dosage of ephedrine is 20-24 mg three times a day. Ephedrine alone has shown positive results on fat metabolism rate in human studies at dosages of 20-50mg three times daily. An increased dose (150 mg) may cause headaches and mild hand tremors in some users. Ephedrine is commonly consumed along with xanthine compounds - and sometimes. Caffeine significantly enhances the effect of ephedrine.

Story

Ephedrine is a long-established drug that has been used in the United States for many years, including as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, and to treat anesthesia-associated hypotension. In recent years, there has been increased scrutiny of the ephedrine market in the United States due to concerns that the drug can be used as a precursor to the production of methamphetamine. Given the high availability of ephedrine as an over-the-counter drug, clandestine factories have every opportunity to use it for their own purposes. A trend has developed towards large quantities of ephedrine being purchased at retail, and many states have been faced with the need to create legislation to control the sale of ephedrine and similar substances used to create narcotic drugs. In 2006, federal legislation was passed to restrict the use and distribution channels of ephedrine in the United States. With methamphetamine addiction (and related crimes) on the rise, some believe ephedrine may soon be added to the government's list of controlled substances. Despite strict measures, the substance is still available for sale without a prescription.

How shipped

Ephedrine (either ephedrine hydrochloride or ephedrine sulfate) is most often supplied in tablets of 25 or 50 mg each.

Origin and structure of ephedrine

Composition (ephedra)

Ephedrine is found in the Ephedra Sinica plant, also known as Ma Huang or Chinese ephedra. This is especially important because there is an entire species of Ephedrea in the Ephedraceae family, and the fat-burning ephedrine alkaloids are found only in Ephedra Sinica. The ephedra species includes 50 plants that grow everywhere in the world, many of them are adapted to semi-arid and desert conditions, some to the humid and temperate climates of the Mediterranean and North America. Ma Huang (Ephedra Sinica), marketed as a fat burner, contains:

Ephedra plants from the Americas make up about half of all existing species and do not contain large amounts of ephedrine alkaloids, although anecdotally they may contain pseudoephedrine. According to some studies, ephedra plants from North America do not contain either ephedrine or pseudoephedrine.

Ephedrine: composition (ephedrine alkaloids)

Ephedrine as a molecule has two chiral centers, and due to this it has four variations (or four stereomers):

1R,2S (-)- ephedrine

1S,2S (+)- pseudoephedrine

1S,2R (+)- ephedrine

1R,2R (-)- pseudoephedrine

In addition, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine tend to lose a methyl group and become norephedrines, or methylate and create N-methylephedrine. Norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine are also known as phenylpropinolamine, or PPA.

Ephedrine: properties

Ephedrine can remain in the urine in a stable state for up to 9 months at temperatures from -20°C to 37°C, or for 15 hours at 60 degrees, which is equivalent to the temperature in the trunk or glove compartment of a car in hot weather. Ephedrine also appeared to be stable under 6 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing.

Structural characteristics

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine, similar in structure to amphetamine or methamphetamine. It has the chemical name (1 R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1phenylpropane1-0l.

Side effects

Ephedrine can cause a variety of unwanted side effects. The stimulating effect can cause hand tremors, tremors, sweating, rapid heartbeat, dizziness and a feeling of inner restlessness. When addiction occurs or the dose is reduced, these effects appear to a lesser extent. Simply put, if a person does not like the effects of , he is unlikely to like ephedrine, which has a stronger effect on the body. The mental and physical changes that occur as a result of taking this drug are very similar to the changes observed when taking. When using the drug, there is a noticeable decrease in appetite, which is usually perceived as a positive effect. Ephedrine is very often found in appetite suppressants. With regular use of ephedrine, headaches and increased blood pressure may occur. Users with thyroid disease, high blood pressure, or heart problems should avoid taking this drug. Ephedrine is a CNS stimulant with the potential for fatal overdose. Symptoms of overdose may include rapid breathing, abnormal blood pressure, palpitations, loss of consciousness, trembling, panic, extreme restlessness, severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Ephedrine use

Ephedrine is used (off-label) among bodybuilders and athletes as a fat burner. The drug is usually used several times a day during drying at a dose of 25 to 50 mg at a time.

Pharmacology

Digestion and absorption

A dose of 50 mg of ephedrine causes a decrease in the time it takes for a person to empty the stomach and reduces the time it takes for food to be absorbed. Systemic absorption Ephedrine directly interacts with muscle cells and induces thermogenesis in myocytes. Ephedrine is also able to reduce nitrogen excretion in the urine, which indicates that ephedrine has a muscle-sparing effect. Ephedrine may also increase thermogenesis due to its vasoconstrictor properties (vascular thermogenesis). Ephedrine supplementation increases plasma, glucose, and C-peptide levels, depending on the ephedrine content of the preparation. Methylxanthine drugs (such as caffeine and theophylline) are likely to enhance the effects of ephedrine. The dosage of ephedrine//theophylline at 22mg/30mg/50mg, respectively, turned out to be twice as effective as ephedrine alone, but the greatest effectiveness was shown by the mixture of ephedrine/caffeine 20mg/200mg, respectively, which led to the creation of the drug ECA, which contains ephedrine/caffeine/aspirin dosed 20mg/200mg/91mg respectively.

Impact on the body

Neurology

Ephedrine is the most effective stimulant during calorie restriction. The effect of stimulating brain activity is most powerful when ephedrine is combined with.

Fat mass and obesity

Ephedrine: action

Ephedrine is capable of simultaneously negatively influencing all three subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue, resulting in increased thermogenesis without significant activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor class, and may also be able to counteract the activation of agonists of these receptors.

Metabolic rate and oxygen consumption

Human studies have shown that oxygen consumption following an initial dose of ephedrine (20 mg) increases 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion in all cases (with additional activity in individuals without stimulant tolerance), although chronic ephedrine dosing slows the expected decline oxygen consumption 1-3 hours after administration. This suggests that ephedrine provides greater fat-burning benefits when used over a longer period (4-12 weeks) rather than intermittently, and it is possible that the mechanism behind this is increased beta-adrenergic sensitization. Ephedrine may increase metabolic rate independent of exercise; this is different from, which acts as a fat burner only in the presence of physical activity. By the way, this may be the reason that the combination of ephedrine acts in synergy with physical activity, leading to an increase in oxygen consumption. The combination of ephedrine is equally as effective (or even more effective) than 15 mg dexfenfluramine when taken over 12 weeks. It has been noted that caffeine can, however, increase the effect of ephedrine, regardless of exercise, and that this effect is also observed with green tea. This suggests that methylxanthine compounds (through an increase in adrenaline levels) cause an increase in the effects of ephedrine. Previous animal studies have shown a 10% increase in oxygen consumption with ephedrine supplementation, however human studies are more variable (3.6%, 10.7% (with) and 7.1%). In studies using indirect calorimetry, varying increases were observed, for example, 30.1 ± 5.4 kcal/3 hours with 20 mg ephedrine + 200 mg and 22.7 ± 7.7 kcal/3 hours with half-dose ephedrine. Metabolic rate, thermogenesis, and oxygen consumption are increased when taking ephedrine supplements. This increase is enhanced by the intake of other xanthine compounds. The effect is greater in obese people, and most of all during periods of caloric restriction. The increase in metabolic rate is estimated to be around 5-12%.

Ephedrine: fat burner

Some studies have confirmed that ephedrine (together with ) may have long-term beneficial effects in the fight against diencephalic obesity. Studies of overweight women have shown that three doses of ephedrine at a dose of 20 mg promote weight loss of 2.5 kg in 4 weeks and 5.5 kg in 12 weeks, regardless of changes in diet and exercise. It follows from this that the effect of taking ephedrine decreases over time (regardless of oxygen consumption). Studies have been conducted on drugs such as ECA, which showed that without deliberately restricting the number of calories consumed, obese people lost 2.2 kg of weight in 8 weeks, while the placebo resulted in a weight loss of 0.7 kg. After revealing the drug to the subjects, the result of 2.2 kg increased to 3.2 kg. When restricting caloric intake, over 16 weeks, EC reduced the weight of obese people by 3.4 kg more effectively than placebo, and 30-60 mg of ephedrine (together with 300-600 mg) over 20 weeks reduced weight in adolescents by 5.9 kg more. Moreover, the result of long-term use of ephedrine (5 months) is a constant reduction in weight (5.2 kg), compared with the control group (-0.03 kg). In some studies in which the difference in weight loss among subjects is not statistically significant, positive trends in body tissue composition are an important factor.

Exercise and skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Ephedrine, as a beta-adrenergic agonist, may preserve muscle mass by reducing nitrogen output from the body (and titrating nitrogen balance in a positive direction). Studies show a decrease in urinary nitrogen after ephedrine use, and in at least one case there was no weight loss due to fat loss while increasing muscle mass, where the subject lost 4.5kg of fat and 2.8kg of muscle mass over the last eight weeks. These rates may increase when observing women who are initially obese. Skeletal Muscle enhances ephedrine's fat burning potential by 50% as it primarily targets brown fat stores and skeletal muscle itself.

Ephedrine in bodybuilding

In the study, nine healthy, trained men took 300mg and 60mg of Ephedra sinensis (unaware of the ephedrine content) 60 and 150 minutes before exercise tests - one set each of bench press and vertical row, however, in addition to increasing effort and concentration during exercise, the effect of taking the drugs was no different from the effect of taking 300 mg of sugar (placebo). Then another study was conducted to evaluate the energy return of weight-bearing exercise, this time increasing the dosage of ephedrine (0.8 mg/kg 90 minutes before leg exercise: multiple sets of bench press), and subjects who received ephedrine were able to do 3 more sets than those who received placebo (16 to 13), and in combination with the result increased by another 6 approaches (19 to 16), however, with a smaller increase in approaches (1 to 2, respectively); The researchers believe that fatigue may have played a role in the multiple sets, and that only the results obtained in the first phase of the study are significant (while the subsequent two phases, which included a two-minute break, are statistically insignificant). A single dose of 24 mg ephedrine administered to healthy, trained men did not produce any increase in energy. Dynamometer studies showed no increase in energy from consuming 60mg of Ephedra sinensis (along with 300mg), whereas ephedrine showed an increase in energy during the 30-second Wingate test (only at 5 and 10 seconds) for 90 minutes after administration of 1mg/kg. ; although this study has been criticized for its results being too small (less than 1% improvement over a 30-second period) and therefore not worth the risk of using high doses of ephedrine. Energy gains with lower doses of ephedrine were not significant, while higher doses (0.8-1 mg/kg) produced greater results when administered 90 minutes before exercise. However, due to unnecessary risks and side effects, the advisability of using high dosages is questioned by some researchers.

Physical endurance

In a speed cycling test (in which the placebo response resulted in 12.6 minutes), 1mg/kg ephedrine reduced fatigue by 19%, which is statistically insignificant, however, together with 5mg/kg, the effect increased to 39%, which is already more significant result. A similar result was achieved by other researchers using similar dosages, and an increase in heart rate and a decrease in the feeling of fatigue during physical activity was also noted. Another study was conducted - a 10-kilometer race with equipment (11kg) after taking 0.8 mg/kg ephedrine, which showed that running speed increased by 2.8% in subjects taking ephedrine compared to those taking placebo (same as taking and ephedrine), as a result, the running pace increased in the last 5 km, but the VO2max test did not show any significant changes; this is explained by an increase in serum free fatty acids and modulation of catecholamines (less adrenaline and more dopamine). Ephedrine has been reported to increase endurance during exercise, which may simply be due to an increase in serum free fatty acid levels and possibly a reduction in fatigue during exercise.

Interaction with hormones

Estrogen

Daily administration of 0.5 mg/kg ephedrine has an anti-estrogenic effect in mice and in this regard is more effective than Chinese ephedra and Synephrine.

The cardiovascular system

Blood pressure

Many human studies report small increases in systolic blood pressure ranging from 5 to 23 mmHg, with no effect on diastolic pressure. This effect was short-lived and was caused by exposure to ephedrine. Over a long period of time (8-12 weeks), ephedrine lowers blood pressure, although this is due to weight loss. Sometimes, however, blood pressure does not change. For people with high blood pressure who do not get it lower, taking ephedrine may be problematic, but it is believed that over time the blood pressure may decrease along with weight loss. Apparently, taking ephedrine in controlled dosages has no effect on heart rate. Its change is usually associated with either anxiety or an excessive amount of adrenaline, which is observed when taking ephedrine and.

Heartbeat and heart health

The study found a decrease in serum potassium levels with ephedrine (20 mg x 3). On average, this decrease ranged from 4.1 mmol to 3.7 mmol, although this figure decreased with continuous use of the drug. Other studies have shown a less significant increase in adrenaline levels, although this increase was not observed in the urine, but a decrease in nitrogen levels was observed, indicating an improvement in nitrogen balance, and therefore an increase in the ability of the muscles to store ephedrine (50 mg three times a day).

Cardiotoxicity and overdose

At high dosages (50 mg/kg body weight) of ma huang (ephedra) or 25 mg/kg ephedrine, clinical and biological signs of toxicity are observed. A dosage of 12.5 mg of Ma Huang per kilogram of body weight (equivalent to 6.25 mg/kg ephedrine) is associated with minimal signs of toxicity. A one-time forced dose of 25 mg of the drug per kilogram of weight (14 times more than the permissible norm for humans) is lethal for rats. According to tests in rats, cardiotoxicity is more pronounced in older individuals. )]

Lipoproteins and triglycerides

Ephedrine (in collaborative studies with ) lowers HDL-C levels during a low-calorie diet without significantly affecting total body cholesterol levels.

Nutrient interactions

Ephedrine, caffeine, aspirin (ECA)

ECA-type drugs were first proposed in 1989 and tested in 1990 as dietary supplements that interact with each other. By that time, it was already known that xanthine compounds (including caffeine), together with 22 mg of ephedrine, accelerate metabolism by approximately two times, and cause a decrease in appetite in animals. Caffeine can speed up metabolism on its own, however, when combined with ephedrine, they enhance each other's effects. The combination of the two drugs is associated with a more effective acceleration of metabolism than taking both drugs separately. This is thought to be due to adenosine antagonism, while the other theory (phosphodiesterase inhibition) is likely to fail in vivo due to the low cellular concentration being insufficient for significant inhibition. Caffeine acts synergistically with ephedrine in vivo and is widely used in weight loss studies in conjunction with diet or exercise, and some researchers believe that this combination is necessary to differentiate the fat-burning effect of ephedrine from placebo. This may be of minor importance in those who are not affected by ephedrine without co-administration of xanthine compounds. Simply put, those who do not respond to ephedrine respond to the combination of ephedrine and xanthines. It has been estimated that the combination of ephedrine and xanthines is 64% more effective than each individual. This effect is achieved by pharmacodynamic enhancement, and the combination of drugs does not alter their pharmacokinetic profile in any way. According to the study, the combination of ephedrine does not affect diastolic blood pressure, whereas each drug alone has such an effect. This suggests that the drug combination does not affect systolic blood pressure more than either drug alone. Aspirin has an indirect effect through ephedrine, since aspirin by itself is not as effective in influencing weight change. Ephedrine reduces the weight of animals by 18%, while ephedrine in combination with analgin - by 27%. This combination works through prostaglandin inhibition, resulting in the release of epinephrine when taking ephedrine. Aspirin (together with ephedrine) is not able to significantly increase the thermic effect of food. The combination of ephedrine (25-50 mg), (200 mg) and (300 mg) (“ECA”) is widely known to be an extremely powerful fat burner and has a wider range of uses than ephedrine alone. In this combination, ephedrine acts as a powerful thermogenic stimulant. Helps inhibit lipogenesis by blocking the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids. The athlete can monitor body temperature as a marker for the proper operation of this combination. As a rule, when taking ECA, the temperature increases by 1 degree, which does not cause any noticeable discomfort. The combination is taken 2-3 times a day for several weeks. When body temperature returns to normal, ECA is discontinued because its effectiveness decreases. In order for the drugs to start working at an optimal level again, it is necessary to take a break of at least 4-6 weeks.
Ephedrine is also used by some professional athletes (including powerlifting) as a stimulant before training or competition. Small increases in strength and energy can improve anaerobic performance and the final performance of major lifts. The drug is also believed to enhance brain activity, resulting in increased energy and improved ability to focus on necessary tasks. To produce these effects when needed, ephedrine is usually used in doses of 25-50 mg. It is important to note that this compound is not used continuously, as its effects diminish with habituation. In most cases, the drug is taken only 2 or 3 times a week, usually on days of special importance.
After several weeks of using the drug, it is better to take a break (at least for 1-2 months) to maintain its effectiveness at an optimal level.

Nicotine

Ephedrine and caffeine have been used in studies for weight loss in smokers, smoking cessation has been tried together to reduce weight gain, and although there has been some progress, ephedrine has not been particularly effective in promoting weight loss.

Safety and toxicity

With proper supervision, the combination of ephedrine and is safe for adolescents (14-17 years of age). Some observations suggest that the effects of the drugs are no different from the placebo effect, although a meta-analysis showed a range of 2 to 3.5 units and found that the benefits of such therapy exceed the costs of it. When consuming 20mg/200mg ephedrine/three times daily for 24 weeks, no clinically significant withdrawal symptoms were observed.

Clinical observations

It should be noted that, according to multiple measures obtained during the study of subjects tolerant to ephedrine and patients who did not develop tolerance, no significant differences in the functioning of the cardiovascular system were observed. Moreover, a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 284 case reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration found that there was an association between ephedrine/ephedra use and increased heart rate, but the case reports were not sufficient evidence to support this. draw general conclusions. More serious side effects were identified in a review of the Drug Administration's side-effect data, but the information could cause public panic. This analysis identified only 284 eligible cases out of 18,000 (assuming ephedrine was taken 24 hours before examination). It follows that 98.5% of non-medical cases are caused by hypochondria, although this does not exclude the possibility of actual harm. In people with a history of drug use, ephedrine can cause stroke. There was at least one case of heart damage in a 44-year-old man, but the numbers were skewed by the use of many different drugs. Another case report involved the use of ephedra, xenadrine, and hydroxycut for 2 years, which caused a coronary artery aneurysm, although this was due to xenadrine rather than ephedrine. One case report linked ephedrine to the formation of kidney stones. Ephedrine alkaloids accounted for 95% of the weight of kidney stones in a man with one kidney who was taking 4 medications and had a history of kidney failure. However, there have been “more than 200” other cases of kidney stones containing ephedra alkaloids. On at least one occasion, ephedrine has been used to commit suicide. The exact dosage is unknown, but it was significantly higher than the dose recommended for therapeutic purposes.

Most people on this planet have certainly heard about the positive effects ephedrine has on energy expenditure and fat burning. However, even now, ephedra is still a very mysterious dietary supplement. There is a lot of information about synthetic ephedrine, but it is even ridiculous to compare it with its plant equivalent. Let's figure out what science knows about this interesting herbal supplement.

Fat burning extract

Ephedra is the most popular thermogenic nutritional supplement. Ephedra is a plant extract that is extracted from the plant mahuang, which grows in Asia, Europe and the United States.

The synthetic drug ephedrine is obtained from its plant equivalent. In medical circles, the stimulant ephedrine is known as a beta-2 agonist. However, the results of recent studies suggest that synthetic ephedrine also affects beta-3 receptors, which are mainly active in white adipose fibers. Natural or synthetic agents that act on the beta-2 and beta-3 receptors are considered the best for weight loss.

Ephedra consists of five different substances called alkaloids. The most studied of these is the alkaloid pseudoephedrine, which is one of the active ingredients in many drugs. The mahuang plant contains the following alkaloids: ephedrine, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and norpseudoephedrine. Ephedra is a dietary supplement that typically contains 6-8% alkaloids.

What is the difference between ephedra and ephedrine

Many countries, such as the United States, have banned the sale of synthetic ephedrine. But the distribution of plant alkaloids is allowed. Knowing that the alkaloids contained in ephedra are exactly the same as those in pure synthetic ephedrine, let's look at whether the plant equivalent has the same properties as synthetic ephedrine. Moreover, more than enough scientific research results have been published.

In North America, the mahuang plant is the main source of alkaloids, which are subsequently used in the manufacture of food additives. In order for us to understand how these substances, in terms of concentration, are metabolized in the body, it is necessary to understand what the term “half-life” means. The half-life is the time it takes the human body to process half the amount of a substance originally received. For example, if it is said that the half-life of a substance is 24 hours, this means that exactly 24 hours later, exactly 50% of the amount that was the day before will remain in the body. After completing these five cycles, the substance will completely disappear from the body. Will fall apart.

So, synthetic ephedrine, which comes in tablet form, has a half-life of 5.74 hours. Recently, specialists working at the University of Arkansas found out what the half-life of plant ephedrine is. Participants in the experiment were given 4 capsules containing 19.4 mg of Ephedra Sinica. The scientists chose this dose because in a half-life study that had previously been conducted with synthetic ephedrine, its dose was 20 mg. During the experiment, doctors found that plant ephedrine, which was taken in almost the same dose as synthetic ephedrine, had a half-life of 5.2 hours.

A very interesting pharmacological experiment was conducted by scientists working at San Francisco General Hospital. Their goal was to evaluate heart rate and blood pressure in response to a single dose of Metabolift's popular herbal product Thermogenic Diet Formula, which is patented in the United States. Scientists also measured the time of maximum concentration of the product and its half-life. Since we are primarily interested in the half-life, we will focus on it.

One capsule of the product contained 100 mg of caffeine and 10 mg of ephedra alkaloids mixed with several accompanying ingredients. For scientific purposes, other participants in the experiment took the equivalent of 175 mg of caffeine and 23.7 mg of ephedrine alkaloids.

The average half-life of Metabolift was 6.06 hours. For 23.7 ephedrine alkaloids, the half-life was 40 minutes longer. However, it should be noted that the doses of the drug during the experiment were different. After conducting the experiment, scientists came to the conclusion that these ephedrine alkaloids have pharmacological parameters almost the same as those obtained when studying synthetic ephedrine.

The scientists also found that after 60, 90 and 120 minutes after taking the drug, a statically significant increase in systolic blood pressure was observed. But such an increase is not clinical, since the total blood pressure does not go beyond normal limits. Diastolic pressure changed slightly. So, one dose of ephedra did not lead to clinical changes in blood pressure. And the half-life turned out to be approximately the same as that of synthetic ephedrine.

Clinical studies of herbal ephedrine with caffeine

To date, you can find several published works that present the results of studies of the properties of a mixture of caffeine with the plant equivalent of ephedra. In one such study, scientists tested the effect of such a mixture on 167 volunteer participants. They randomly divided them into two groups. The first group took the herbal equivalent of ephedrine mixed with caffeine. The second group took a placebo. All participants in the experiment ate as usual, but monitored their fat intake. They also walked for 30 minutes three times a week. Initially, all participants in the experiment were examined daily in the laboratory. Then inspections were carried out once a month. Some of the participants wore devices that measured blood pressure throughout the day. Participants kept diaries in which they recorded heart rate and blood pressure readings. All this further helped scientists evaluate side effects and subjective effects.

As a result of the experiment, it was found that taking a mixture of caffeine and herbal ephedrine caused weight loss approximately 2 times greater than placebo. And the amount of fat lost is 11.6 to 1. Scientists also recorded slight changes in heart rate and blood pressure, but no arrhythmia was noted. It should be noted that 5 people refused to participate in the experiment because they were afraid of a slight increase in blood pressure. There were no further significant differences between the two groups in blood pressure. Participants in the experiment noted some side effects that appeared in two groups: increased heart rate, dry mouth and insomnia.

As a result, the scientists organizing the experiment came to the conclusion that if a healthy, but overweight person, as directed by a doctor, takes herbal ephedrine mixed with caffeine, and combines this with physical activity and diet, it can be very effective without serious side effects. effects.

to be continued

Description of ephedra

Ephedra is a perennial evergreen plant and is a shrub. Its branches are numerous, green and smooth. Stems are straight, with a woody surface. The plant blooms with small flowers collected in small spikelets. This period begins in May or June. Ephedra habitats are the Caucasus, Western Siberia and the southern regions of the European part of Russia. The plant loves semi-desert plains and wastelands, areas with soil of moderate moisture.

Useful properties of ephedra

This wonderful plant has been known for a long time, it was used by oriental healers, and gradually became known throughout the world over several millennia. Today, young shoots of wild shrubs are collected for the preparation of medicines. Many birds feed on cone berries.

In Asia, the ash of the stems is included in chewing tobacco. The whole plant is saturated with alkaloids, especially in young shoots. Most of these substances contain ephedrine. The presence of ascorbic acid and tannins was also detected. Pyrocatechin and phlobafen are present.

Application of ephedra

Ephedra is perhaps the only plant source of ephedrine, a medicinal substance that can stimulate the respiratory center and relax the smooth muscles of the bronchi. Due to its special properties, ephedra stimulates the central nervous system and increases blood pressure. Indications for use: infections with microorganisms, various injuries, intoxication, postoperative inflammation, blood loss.

As an antagonist, ephedra is used for poisoning with drugs of narcotic properties. Its use is useful for the prevention of lung diseases and allergic manifestations. The stimulating properties and ability to excite the nervous system make ephedra a choice for treatment. In folk medicine, ephedra is indicated for diseases of the digestive tract, gout, hypotension, nosebleeds and lungs.

Ephedra decoction: 8–10 g of crushed herb is simmered over low heat in 600 ml of water until the liquid becomes 1/2 of the original volume. Take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Ephedra infusion: 2 g of raw materials must be infused in 1 glass of boiled water, the resulting medicine is the daily norm.

Ephedra tea recipe: Brew 1 teaspoon of crushed raw material in two glasses of boiling water, leave for 10–15 minutes and drink 1/2 glass 2–3 times a day for colds, asthmatic symptoms and low blood pressure.

ephedra extract

The extract from the plant is obtained by evaporating the decoction or infusion to half the original amount of liquid. The concentrated extract, which has healing properties, suppresses appetite and promotes fat burning, so it is used in treatment.

Ephedra horsetail

This highly branching shrub grows in Central Asia, in the mountains of the Eastern Tien Shan, in China, reaching Altai and Sayan, Dagestan and Azerbaijan. Green twigs used in folk medicine can be cut all year round, preferably in winter, when the plant contains the highest concentration of beneficial substances, in particular alkaloids. Ephedra is prescribed as a hemostatic agent and helps with nosebleeds. The vasoconstrictor properties of ephedra are used for pharyngitis.

Ephedra dvukoloskovaya

Ephedra bispica is found in the European part of Russia, grows in the Caucasus, western Siberia, in the forest-steppe regions of southern Ukraine, and in the steppe expanses of Crimea. This dioecious plant is a shrub, bright green, with narrow, furrowed appearance and slightly rough stems and branches. The leaves are very small, opposite. Flowers are collected in spikes. The fruits are fleshy, round, cone-shaped red berries.

Ephedra decoction: 1 tablespoon of the herb should be boiled for 5 minutes in 400 ml of water. With dermatosis, the resulting remedy performs skin treatment, this procedure eliminates.

The content of the article:

Probably, many athletes who want to use the results of scientific research to organize effective training know about Professor V. Seluyanov. In one of his many interviews, he said that American bodybuilders actively use ephedrine-based fat burners in preparation for competitions during cutting courses.

Previously, they actively used the well-known ECA mixture, which, in addition to ephedrine, also contains caffeine and aspirin. Now there are a large number of fat burners based on this substance on the market, and they can have significant differences in composition. Today you will learn not only about ephedrine analogues for bodybuilding, but also why this ingredient is so popular in bodybuilding.

Reasons for the popularity of ephedrine in sports

Ephedrine has a thermogenic effect and produces a stimulating effect on the nervous system. For a long time, this substance has been actively used by athletes to fight fat in preparation for competitions. The molecular structure of ephedrine is very similar to amphetamines and methamphetamines, which explains the power of its effect on the body.

For more than two decades, fat burners based on ephedrine have been used in sports. They appeared on the market almost immediately after scientists discovered the strong fat-burning properties of this substance. At first, additives based on the ECA mixture, which we already mentioned above, were actively used. Ephedrine analogues are now actively used for bodybuilding, but more on that below.

Fat burners based on ephedrine have a number of positive effects, for which they are valued by athletes. First of all, this relates to their ability to accelerate the secretion of catecholamines, which sharply increase the rate of fat tissue reduction. We also note the presence of a thermogenic effect, leading to an acceleration of metabolic processes. As a result, athletes can train with greater intensity, which directly affects the effectiveness of training. Add to this a decrease in appetite and the question of why ephedrine has become the most popular fat burner will disappear by itself.

At the same time, now on the market you will not be able to find supplements based specifically on ephedrine, since this substance is banned. Scientists have proven that they can be used in the production of drugs, and the production of fat burners based on this substance has been discontinued. But very quickly, sports nutrition manufacturers found a replacement for synthetic ephedrine. Now they actively use ephedra, which is of plant origin. Moreover, scientists have discovered that in some respects the natural substance is superior to the synthetic one.

As a result, essentially the same ECA mixture is actively used today, but all artificial ingredients have been replaced by plant-based ones. Most bodybuilders believe that ECA supplements are the best way to cut. Moreover, the reduction of adipose tissue when using these drugs occurs even without the participation of physical activity. Numerous studies have found that without exercising and using fat burners with ephedra, a person is able to lose about three kilos of fat every month. It is quite clear that with physical activity the results will be even more impressive.

We have already said that ephedra has a fairly large list of positive effects, but at the same time, when using it, negative ones can also appear. First of all, it is increased irritability. Sleep disturbances, nausea, increased blood pressure, etc. are also possible. However, all these troubles are possible only if there is an overdose or individual intolerance to the substance.

The most common ephedrine analogues for bodybuilding

Manufacturers of fat burners are constantly looking for new products that are no less effective than ephedra. If you have studied the compositions of modern fat burners, you have probably seen names such as geranium, geramine, cell extract and DMAA. Underneath them lies the same component - methylhexamine.
This substance is the most effective analogue of ephedrine for bodybuilding, and its fat-burning properties were discovered relatively recently at the very beginning of this century.

Like ephedrine, it was an artificial ingredient that first came onto the market. Scientists quickly established that it has a large number of side effects, and the use of methylhexamine in the production of sports nutrition was prohibited. However, the situation repeated itself again and today geranium extract is actively used. This substance is of a plant nature and is not inferior in effectiveness to the synthetic analogue of ephedrine for bodybuilding.

At the same time, some unscrupulous manufacturers of fat burners continue to use a synthetic substance. This can only be determined through special tests. The history of the appearance of DMAA in sports is quite interesting. It all started with the creation of a drug that was intended to eliminate nasal congestion. However, this drug was produced for a short period of time, as the side effects outweighed the positive properties.

When ephedrine (synthetic) was banned, sports nutrition manufacturers needed to find an alternative in a short time. The attention of researchers was attracted by methylhexamine, which soon began to be actively used. But again, this did not last long, since the side effects turned out to be very serious. Now synthetic DMAA is banned, but in its place a plant substance has come - geranium extract.

The mechanism of action of DMAA on the body

Scientists currently cannot tell exactly how this substance accelerates lipolysis. This is known to occur by accelerating the production of powerful stress hormones such as norepinephrine and adrenaline. For these substances, methylhexamine is a kind of reuptake inhibitor.

In our body, during the synthesis of any substances in large quantities, they are broken down into those more necessary at a given time or stored. If norepinephrine has been produced in large quantities, the body will try to remove the excess from circulation, and DMAA slows down this process.

When using methylhexamine, the frequency of contractions of the heart muscle increases and blood pressure increases. This can lead to the development of hyperventilation. Simply put, a large amount of oxygen enters the blood, which cannot be used by the body. As a result, excess oxygen travels in the bloodstream and oxygen starvation occurs, which can be very dangerous to health.

It should be said right away that if you have problems with the functioning of the cardiovascular system, then you should definitely refuse to use this ephedrine analogue for bodybuilding.

Scientists have not yet established the exact duration of the course of this substance. However, you should not carry out long cycles. A single dosage ranges from 20 to 50 milligrams, and you should take methylhexamine a maximum of twice a week if you do not want to risk your health.

Negative effects of methylhexamine

This is a very effective analogue of ephedrine for bodybuilding, but you need to be careful with its use. Under no circumstances should you exceed the recommended dosage, much less mix this component with other stimulants. There have been known cases of death from taking DMAA.

This is how several servicemen died in the United States Army. Considering the fact that people in the USA serve only of their own free will, the selection process there is very strict. All soldiers must be in excellent health and at the same time have good initial physical fitness. There are also known cases of death from the use of methylhexamine among athletes.

Of course, the effectiveness of any substance largely depends on the characteristics of the human body. The leading cause of death from DMAA use is stroke. It is possible that those who died from this substance had a predisposition to this disease or they also used other stimulants.

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