Palaces in the outback. Big Murashkino. Palaces in the outback Who is most affected by the Sun

The material was provided by the Bolshemurashkinsky Historical and Artistic
museum for publication as part of the "Places of Remembrance" project

Big Murashkino. History of development

The first mention in the annals of Bolshoi Murashkino dates back to 1377. This year is officially and is considered to be the year of foundation. Although many scientists tend to believe that it was formed much earlier, around the middle of the 12th century. On this territory, where Murashkino is now located, the Mordvins "Erzya" lived, with the main city of Erzemas (now Arzamas). The legend about the founding of this city is still preserved among the people. Allegedly, the city was founded by one of the leaders of the Mordovian Murashko. The Mordovians had a belief: "to build on blood, de will stand longer." Early in the morning, the Mordovians gathered and began to wait: on the one hand, a girl with buckets appeared, on the other, a bull, and, as the legend says, the Mordvins, without hesitation, buried them both. So the city of Murashkin was founded, but it also received the name Bolshoy, because it was founded by the elder brother Murashko. The younger brother, three kilometers from the Bolshoi, built the village of Maloye Murashkino, which still exists today.

In August 1377, a shameful battle took place across the Pyana River between the Mordovians, Tatars, on the one hand, and the Russians, on the other, where the Russians were killed, Nizhny Novgorod and the entire Volga region were captured. Gorodetsky Prince Boris Konstantinovich went to defend the Volga region, having driven the Mordovians to the same Drunk and killed almost everyone, and in winter, together with his nephews, he went deep into the Mordovian lands, burned them, robbed them, killed most of them, took another prisoner and “create all the Mordovian land empty ". Here, most likely, after this, these lands began to be settled by Russians.

In 1478, there was a riot in Northern Novgorod led by Martha Boretskaya. Recalcitrant Novgorodians are sent to the Nizhny Novgorod province, incl. and in Bolshoe Murashkino. The exiles bring with them the secrets of leather and fur crafts. Potash production begins to develop (potash is ash for tanning leather). The fur industry reached its peak by the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Murashkinsky furs were highly valued in the world market. Merchant furriers participated in many exhibitions in Moscow, Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Buenos Aires, etc., where they received gold and silver medals for the quality of furs. And the merchant I.S. Panyshev (the people called him "Turk") was a supplier of furs to the Court of His Imperial Majesty. Merchants-furriers created the appearance of the village by setting up stone mansions, inviting Italian and German architects for this. In our village there were beautiful stone mansions, and in the county town of Knyaginino there were clay houses covered with straw.

In connection with the construction of stone mansions, brick factories began to be built on the outskirts of Murashkino.

By the middle of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. almost the entire population of Bolshoi Murashkino (men, women, children, as well as hired workers) was employed in fur production. With an abundance of sheepskin factories, all raw materials were imported. It was brought from all over Russia, as well as from Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Finland, etc.

In 1648 Bolshoi Murashkino was presented to the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, who immediately took care of its strengthening. So, by order of Morozov, in 1660 an earthen rampart was built, a wooden fortress with five thresholds and towers. A rather deep ravine was dug from the eastern side, and from the western side there was a natural mountain, at the foot of which the Sundovik River flowed. A wine and brewery was built inside the city. 13 iron squeakers with a charge of nuclei were installed on the shaft. In the years 1660-1670, the peasants paid a cash quitrent - 20 rubles per vyti, i.e. from 7-7.5 acres of land (in suburbs and villages - 15 rubles).

In addition, they paid state requisitions: yamsky, streltsy, polonyanichny money. For four years (1656-1660) only polonian taxes were collected in Murashkino - 246 rubles.

Along with this, taxes in kind were paid from vyti: pork meat - 2 pounds, goose and piglet, a bucket of raspberries, a quarter of walnut kernels, a collar and kerba flax (one hundred lobes), and from each house (from smoke) a hryvnia of cow butter and a pound each of butter and dried chicken. Five sazhens of firewood, a box of coals, 96 four ash (a quarter of 9 - 10 pounds) were also supplied from the vyti for everyday mills and distillation. Peasants and bobyls also worked with horses on buddy camps, the construction of roads, the construction of an earthen city, they gave a cart to Moscow to transport products, and also carried five barrels of potash to Vologda.

After the death of Boris Ivanovich in 1662, Murashkino passed to his widow Anna Ilyinichna, who in December of the same year ordered her clerks to count the bread on her estates. The result of this account was "books of sowing, supper and threshing, in the estate of Morozov." Three years later, Bolshoi Murashkino passes to Boris Ivanovich's brother, Gleb Ivanovich Morozov, two years later he dies, and Murashkino passes to his widow Fedosya Morozova. The same Fedosya, which is depicted in Surikov’s painting “Exile of the Boyar Morozova to Siberia”. Although I personally do not agree with the image in this picture, which depicts an angry, elderly, cursing woman. In fact, at the time when the noblewoman Morozova was exiled to Siberia, she was not yet 28 years old, and she was a meek, deeply pious widow woman who raised her little son. It must be said that at that time the noblewoman Morozova was one of the richest women in Russia. She had eight thousand serfs and three hundred servants. And for the sake of her faith and beliefs (let me remind you, she was an adherent of the Old Believers and Avvakum Petrov), she lost all her estates and went into exile.

By 1670, Bolshoy Murashkino was transferred to the treasury and David Plemyannikov was appointed governor here. At that time, a peasant uprising was already underway, led by ataman Stepan Razin. His "charming letters" were sent all over Russia. They also reached Lyskov. Initially, 20 people rebelled in Lyskovo, they began to ask Ataman Maxim Osipov (one of Razin's associates, who had taken Kurmysh at that time) to come to them and establish their order. Osipov with the army moved to Lyskov, but on the way he turned into Murashkino. In Murashkino, the rebels were unfriendly, only a small number of residents, led by priest Maxim Davydov, met the rebels with crosses and banners and stayed with them. The rebels cut off the head of governor Plemyannikov, burned the prison and destroyed documents about the arrears of the peasants. They captured 13 squeakers and 1174 cannonballs located on the city rampart. After that, other residents joined the rebels. A large detachment moved to Lyskovo, where they were met with crosses. Residents who did not want to be at one with the rebels took refuge in the Makaryevsky Zheltovodsky monastery. On October 1, Osipov moved to the monastery and, standing behind the Volga, began firing at the monastery. At the same time, he sent the Cossacks with a message from Ataman Razin and a demand to surrender.

Archimandrite of the monastery Pakhomiy also sent messengers: one to Moscow with a message from Razin, the other to Nizhny to the voivode Golokhvostov with a request for help. Pakhomiy detained Osipov's envoys (and the envoys were sent three times). A week passed in the negotiations, and on October 8, armed Cossacks, residents of Murashkino and Lyskovo, crossed the Volga and besieged the monastery from all sides. They got scared in the monastery, it seemed to them that the siege was more than 30 thousand people, in fact there were no more than five thousand rebels. First, the rebels fired cannons at the monastery, then surrounded it with straw, firewood and set it on fire. The monks and those hiding in the monastery took communion and confessed, then, taking crosses and holy icons, they walked along the walls and prayed to God. Seeing that prayers did not help to pacify the rebels, they began to defend themselves in the monastery.

The annals of those events say: “... as if like a bear, when he is wounded, he rages fiercely; or wasps, if irritated, attack more viciously!...”. The defenders of the monastery became increasingly weak and discouraged, and then the monks carried the icon of the miracle worker Macarius, the patron saint of the monastery, along the walls. Many started up and shouted: “The miracle worker has come to our aid,” and began to repel the attacks with renewed vigor. As a result, the attackers retreated, leaving their wounded comrades behind, and the dead were thrown into a pit and set on fire.

The next day, at sunrise, Osipov sent the Murashkin priest Maxim Osipov to the monastery and proposed conditions under which he offered to release Pershka and his comrades, who had been sent by him, and promised to retreat, otherwise he would ruin and burn the monastery. Having gathered at the Council, they decided in the monastery to fulfill the requirements of Osipov, and he, in turn, keeping his promise, hastily retreated. But near Murashkino he met with another Razin chieftain, Mishka Chertousenko, in his detachment there were up to 15 thousand Cossacks, Tatars, Mordovians and Chuvash. Mishka persuaded Osipov to return to the monastery again. Crossing the Volga, they beat drums, fired cannons, frightening the defenders of the monastery. Out of fear, almost everyone fled, leaving the archimandrite with the monks to the mercy of fate. The groom, a Jew, who lived on humility in the monastery, defected to the side of the rebels and told them everything about the situation. Then the archimandrite and the brethren leave the monastery, and there remain the old treasurer, and Archimandrite Tikhon, who lived there in retirement. The rebels freely entered the monastery, plundering it all, despite the fact that there were still goods from the Makariev fair unsold by merchants. Those who remained in the monastery were not touched, they were only scared.

That month, when the rebels took the monastery in Lyskovo, the rebels were ruled by elected representatives of the people. The tsarist punitive troops under the control of Prince Shcherbatov were sent to pacify the rebels. And on October 22, 1670, a battle took place near Murashkino, where the rebels were defeated. For the participation of Murashkino in the uprising by the tsarist troops, it was looted and burned. Moreover, it was the royal army, and not the rebels, as was commonly believed for many years. There were gallows everywhere. Before the massacre, there were approximately 1500-2000 inhabitants here (there is no exact information). Near Murashkino, 136 people were killed; died - 62 people (probably not themselves, but were beaten to death); left with razintsy - 17 people; fled - 111 people; executed - 16 people; exiled to Siberia and other places - 5 people; imprisoned - 2 people; given to serfs - 2 people; taken to archers - 28 people; decrepit - 5 people (probably tortured); went to the monks - 1 person. Total losses - 385 people. These are the statistics of the tsarist government and, perhaps, the number of executed and dead could be underestimated. Along the entire rampart of the earthen fortress stood gallows with the executed to intimidate others.

Losses in the villages: Nefedyevo - 102 people (250 people remained after the massacre). Small Murashkino - 69 people (352 remained after the massacre). There were losses in other rebellious villages, and in total at least 1,000 people died on the territory of our region. In addition to Murashkino, the punishers burned other villages, and in Kartmazov, for example, they requisitioned 80 horses, 72 cows, 188 sheep, 17 pigs and 32 beehives. Here it should be noted that the requisition was carried out in all villages, and above all in the rebels. Witnesses of those days are stored in our museum: these are cannonballs, part of a cast-iron cannon, flails that belonged to the Razintsy and were found on the remains of the rampart.

In 1779, Murashkino ceased to exist as a city and fell out of sight for many years. The reasons for this, I think, were participation in the Razin rebellion and the fact that our land was the birthplace of the fiery archpriest Avvakum, and by this time he had been in an earthen prison for 10 years. And having appeared again in the chronicles, Murashkino is already called a village.

Bolshoye Murashkino is the birthplace of the great pastor of the ancient Orthodox church, Archpriest Avvakum, who was born in the village of Grigorovo, 13 km from Murashkino, in 1621 in the family of a priest. But as Avvakum himself said, although his father was a priest, he did not lead a very sober lifestyle. His mother, Mary (in monasticism Martha), on the contrary, was a very pious woman, “a fasting woman and a prayer book.” It was she who accustomed him to the “fear of God” and ordered him to stick to church books, not retreating a single step. And all his life Avvakum followed these instructions. He married early - at the age of 17, at the insistence of his mother, taking the orphan Nastasya Markovna as his wife. At the age of 21, he was ordained a deacon in the village of Lopatishchi, Nizhny Novgorod province. Two years later, he was promoted to the priesthood there, and in this rank, he serves there for eight years. Since Avvakum was brought up in the strict observance of the Law of God, he strictly follows these laws and calls his flock to do the same. But after all, most people are not sinless, and many do not want to admit this, so Avvakum's straightforwardness and denunciations were not to his liking. Conflicts begin with parishioners. On the one hand, his authority is growing and strengthening, on the other hand, he is making more and more enemies for himself. For his sermons and denunciations, he was repeatedly beaten, twice expelled from this place of service.

By royal decree, he is given the position of archpriest in Yuryevets, a town on the Volga. He stayed there for only eight weeks. One day, an angry mob would have killed him if the governor had not intervened. After resting for three days, Avvakum, leaving his wife and children, went to Kostroma, but did not find shelter there (Archpriest Daniel was expelled), he went to Moscow. Where many clerics, including the tsar, Alexei Mikhailovich, blamed him: “Why, did you leave the throne?”

Soon, Avvakum became one of the most influential clerics in Moscow. After all, he was familiar with both the tsar and the future Patriarch Nikon (in the world Nikita Minov, a native of the village of Veldemanovo, Nizhny Novgorod province; the villages of Avvakum and Nikon are not far from each other, 10 kilometers of a field road), with the then influential archpriest John Neronov. They all together were part of the "Circle of Zealots of Piety." After Nikon is elected patriarch, their paths diverge. Nikon implants innovations everywhere: books are being copied, three-fingered instead of two-fingered is being introduced, many rituals are performed differently. And so Avvakum becomes the main opponent of these innovations. He is not afraid to openly declare that this is a big mistake, and terrible times are coming for the Russian people. For protesting, refusing to serve in a new way, Avvakum is repeatedly put on a chain, beaten, and they try to force him to renounce his views in a good way, but he remains adamant. He and his family are exiled to Siberia, with the expedition of the cruel governor Pashkov (Abvakum describes all this in detail in his Life ...). Throughout his life, Avvakum was beaten, kicked, humiliated, in response he read sermons, but more often he prayed and never took his hand away from him, beating him. He only said: "... that this is not the work of human hands, but the work of the hands of the devil."

The archpriest appeared twice at the Councils: in 1666 and 1667, where he was stripped and anathematized, then exiled to Pustozersk. There he spent fifteen years in an earthen prison, where he wrote the autobiographical story "The Life of Avvakum, written by himself." In 1682, together with the prisoners of the Pustozero prison, by the royal decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, he was burned alive.

On June 5, 1991, in the village of Grigorovo - in his homeland - a monument to Avvakum was unveiled (sculptor V.M. Klykov). On December 15, 1993, a church was consecrated in Bolshoy Murashkino in the name of the Holy Martyr Avvakum.

Avvakum readings have already become traditional on Murashkino land, which are held once every three years and were held in 2002, 2005, 2008. As a result of two readings, collections were published. Avvakum readings are held by the Bolshemurashkinsky Museum of History and Art. It has existed since 1962 (on a voluntary basis). On July 7, 1962, the first Council of the Museum was elected, consisting of seven members. And on September 1, the museum opened its doors to visitors. The founder and first director of the museum was Nikolai Ivanovich Ratanov. From February 1, 1990 to February 28, 1993, the museum was a branch of the Nizhny Novgorod Museum of N.A. Dobrolyubov. On March 1, 1993, the museum becomes an independent unit. Since 1998, the museum has become a municipal cultural institution and a legal entity.

In 1998, the museum, consisting of four museums in the Nizhny Novgorod region, won a grant from the Soros Foundation under the project “Nizhny Novgorod Museum and Merchant Fair. A museum is a merchant, a merchant is a museum, or an attempt to take the best from the past. During the implementation of the project, the museum was replenished with new exhibits and materials related to the merchants. In 1999, the museum, consisting of three museums in the Nizhny Novgorod region, won a grant for the project "From merchant Nizhny to fabulous Macarius, or Journey to the Origins of the All-Russian Marketplace." According to the project, a tourist route was developed, which, with some changes, still works today: "Nizhny Novgorod - Bolshoy Murashkino - Old Believer Church in the name of the Holy Martyr Avvakum - Small Murashkino, with a visit to the same-religion church - Grigorovo".

The museum is housed in a two-story merchant's mansion built in 1915, owned by merchant furriers, the Monev brothers. On the first floor there is a local history exposition, on the second - an exhibition hall. The exposition of the museum includes the following sections: archaeological, Razinsky rebellion, peasant life, church life, Murashkino of the times of B.I. . A separate room is dedicated to the development of fur production and merchants (the merchant's room). The museum contains collections of clothes - pre-revolutionary and Soviet period; coins, badges, gramophones, radios, watches, paintings, pre-revolutionary photographs, among which there are many photographs of M. Dmitriev and A. Karelin. The museum houses the largest collection of paintings by the Honored Artist of the RSFSR L.A. Khnygin.

For four years in a row, religious processions have been held on Murashkino land. After the liturgy in Murashkino, the faithful go to the village of Grigorovo, to the monument to Habakkuk and the cross, which was erected there in 2007. Procession all four times the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia led the ancient Old Believer Church Cornelius ...

In 1730, Bolshoye Murashkino again became a landowner's estate. It was presented to the children of the deceased Wallachian lord Dimitry Cantemir, princes Matvei, Sergei, Antiochus (later a famous writer) and Princess Mary. But in 1745, for some reason, it was taken from the brothers to the treasury. The share of Maria Cantemir remained with her and subsequently, by right of inheritance, passed to the brothers.

Another well-known owner of Murashkino is Prince Georgy Gruzinsky, who played a certain role in the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the difficult year of 1812. We know the following fact from his biography. Since the end of the 18th century, schismatics began to appear in Murashkino, and more and more indigenous people began to join them. They prayed in the old way, with two fingers, read the old liturgies, but obeyed the dominant church and were called co-religionists. So, for the construction of a common faith church in Murashkino, a piece of land was needed, moreover, for many years lying in vain. But he was in the use of three owners; the two agreed to cede an unnecessary piece to anyone, and the church warden I.I. Shestov (merchant and mayor) went to Prince Gruzinsky with a petition for a cession of his place in Lyskovo. When Shestov came to Gruzinsky, the latter did not even want to listen to him, but beat him like a commoner. Breaking free, Shestov went home. When the prince found out who and why came to him, he ordered to catch up and return him. Shestov was already halfway home when the messenger caught up with him and, after much persuasion, nevertheless returned. Prince Gruzinsky apologized to Shestov, granted his request and even offered to dine with him.

The rest (registered for the treasury) part of Murashkino was granted by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna in 1755 to Prince M.A. Beloselsky. In the same year, after his death, it passed to his widow, and later the estate was inherited by their son Alexander Mikhailovich Beloselsky-Belozersky (later envoy to Dresden and Turin). In general, all the owners of Murashkino never lived in it, they were all people who lived at the court and held high court positions. We are most familiar with Alexander Nikitich Volkonsky, who allegedly was in Murashkino and even wrote a book about it. Many local historians spoke about this, but they did not see her. And I was told about this by Irina Aleksandrovna Dementyeva, the daughter of our famous fellow countryman, Alexander Grigoryevich Dementyev (1904-1986), a Soviet literary critic, one of the authors of Russian language and literature textbooks, according to which more than one generation of Soviet children studied. He was friends with A. Tvardovsky, published a lot in the magazine "New World". After the Great patriotic war(1941-1945), began to live in Moscow. He constantly kept in touch with his small homeland, came, helped in any way he could, especially to the regional newspaper and the museum. He began to write a book about the history of Bolshoy Murashkino, but did not finish it. And it was he who had Volkonsky's book, which he gave to one of the museum workers, which disappeared without a trace.

Speaking of Prince Volkonsky, I cannot fail to mention that we have in our museum a free one, issued by the prince to his serfs Serebrennikov in 1859. From serfs, they soon become the largest industrial furriers, and Ivan Semenovich opens the School of Instructors in Murashkino, in which they taught leather and fur crafts, and this kind of educational institution was the only one in Russia.

A historical fact is known that on August 23, 1823, a big fire broke out in Murashkino, which destroyed 700 houses out of 800 available. There is a legend about the fire. The widow Marfa allegedly lived in Murashkino and allegedly always said that, they say, I would marry my only son, I would surprise the people. Preparing for the wedding, Martha was making moonshine in the courtyard of her house, it is not known what happened to her, but the fire that started quickly spread, as a result of which almost the entire village burned out, which really surprised the people. And this fire divides the life of Murashkino into two periods: before the fire and after. If there were no streets before the fire, the houses stood somehow, then after the fire streets begin to be built. If before the fire, rich women wore chic damask sundresses embroidered with pearls and expensive stones, then after the fire, all this goes on sale and for the restoration of burnt houses and temples.

The first parochial school in Bolshoi Murashkino was opened at the Pokrovskaya Edinoverie Church, on the initiative and at the expense of the trustee of the church, the Moscow merchant Ivan Ivanovich Shestov. The task of the school was to give the boy the most necessary knowledge: Russian and Slavic reading, writing and arithmetic. But, despite such modest goals, it played a major role in the history of public education in Murashkino, because, in the absence of other schools, all children studied in it and the total number of students reached up to 100 people annually. The school had a large library with up to 2000 thousand volumes of books (all books were purchased by Shestov). Every year at the end of the school year, the trustee gave gifts to especially diligent students.

There was a bazaar in Murashkino, which was held once a week. By the abundance of imported goods, it was considered one of the best in the province, especially in winter, when there were so many merchants that there was not enough space on the Market Square, and they were located on neighboring streets. There were rows: flour, meat, raw (where raw sheepskins were sold), wood chips, fish, vegetables, horses, etc. The weekly import of goods in winter reached up to 250 thousand rubles, and sales - 150 thousand rubles.

The needs of the sick population of three volosts, including Bolshoye Murashkino, were met by one outpatient emergency room, which was located in Murashkino. There was only one paramedic in charge of the rest and reception, there was no doctor. The zemstvo doctor lived in Knyaginino and came in the winter - once a week, in the summer - twice a week. At rest there was a pharmacy where medicines were given free of charge. According to zemstvo reports for 1888, it follows that medicines worth 634 rubles a year were supplied to Murashkinsky peace.

Only with the creation of a construction and administrative commission (in 1898), which included the richest merchant furriers, did the matter of improving medical care in the village get off the ground. And in 1901, Murashkino opened its own hospital with an outpatient clinic, a hospital, a maternity hospital, infectious diseases and therapeutic departments, which continued to function in these premises until 1979.

In 1915, the first women's gymnasium in the Knyagiginsky district was opened in Murashkino. At this time, the Murashkinskaya sheepskin and fur industry reaches its peak. But the merchant furriers were not entirely educated. Behind them were only parochial schools.... The merchants had neither accountants nor bookkeepers. Expenses and receipts were recorded themselves in the business books. But enterprises expanded, trade turnover grew, new ties were strengthened, and complex financial transactions had to be resorted to. The competition in the market was intense. Some merchants began to introduce the color of sheepskins with new chemicals, to introduce mechanized processes instead of manual ones. This is where the question arose about the need for further, expanded education.

One of the first to send their sons to Nizhny Novgorod to study at the Real School (commercial direction) were the Monev brothers (the owners of the house where the museum is located), the merchants Shaposhnikov and Danilov. But it was also necessary to educate the daughters. In 1913, merchants-industrialists began to ask the Knyagininsky Zemstvo Council to open at least a women's gymnasium in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino at first.

The matter with the opening was delayed, and the merchants turned to the landowner Prutchenko for assistance, who came to his estate in the summer (now the village of Sovetsky, his house on the banks of the Sundovik, rebuilt, still stands). Prutchenko was a wealthy and influential nobleman not only in the Knyagininsky district ... In the same year, the zemstvo council nevertheless agreed to open a pro-gymnasium.

In 1914, a large two-story wooden house was bought from one of the Knyaginin's landowners at the expense of industrialists and the zemstvo council. It was transported to Murashkino and placed on Staro-Lugovaya Street (the old building of the correctional school, which is now gone). By the beginning of the academic year, the head of the zemstvo council Bashkirov and his deputy Kubarovsky selected teaching staff. Kubarovsky's mother was appointed headmaster, teachers: arithmetic A.K.Vladimirskaya, French language A.V.Insarskaya, geography N.Razumovskaya, Russian language A.V.Skvortsova, who graduated from women's courses in Petrograd. O.D. Zasetskaya, E.A. Svetozarskaya became cool ladies. M. Troitsky was appointed as the teacher of the law, the deacon of the Tikhvin church A. Lyubimov was appointed as the singing teacher and clerk. Teacher of natural science and drawing M.G. Kovanova (later, Honored Teacher of the RSFSR).

At the end of August 1915, the grand opening of the gymnasium took place, to which Prutchenko came ... in a carriage drawn by three horses, and on September 1, classes began. There were four classrooms in the school: two on the second floor and two on the first. There was a small room. The teacher's room was on the ground floor, and above it was the boss's office and office. Here, in one of the large rooms, the boss lived.

In the first year of opening, three classes were recruited. Children of merchants-industrialists, medium handicraftsmen, a little from among small handicraftsmen and workers studied there. Peasant children were not taken to school. Education was paid, and students also had to have their own textbooks and wear uniforms. Classes started at 9 am. 10 minutes before classes, students were supposed to gather in the hall every day on a call. That's where the teachers came in. The students had to read and sing prayers, and then go to class.

On September 1, 1917, another class was opened, which was replenished with boys who transferred from the Knyagininsky city school and from the Arzamas gymnasium. After the October Revolution of 1917, the progymnasium ceased to exist, and on its basis, with changes in the program, in personnel, a free school was opened for all children.

Many documents testify that at the end of the 19th century a railway was supposed to pass through Murashkino. It is not clear why this did not happen, but there were rumors that this road was very unprofitable for our merchants (goods, raw materials became cheaper). So, after talking among themselves, they formed, went to Nizhny and gave a bribe to whoever needed it, as a result, the road passed through Smagino.

In general, the history of Bolshoi Murashkino is very rich and diverse, and one can talk about it for a long time. Merchants left us magnificent monuments of history and culture. These are merchant mansions with magnificent stucco inside, and our task is to preserve all this. But so far we are not very good at it. It remains only to believe in better times.

Excursions in Bolshoi Murashkino from private guides and travel agencies.
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The village of Bolshoye Murashkino located near the right bank of the Volga, ninety kilometers from Nizhny Novgorod. The settlement is ancient, people lived here many centuries ago. For the first time the village is found in the annals in 1377, which is considered the year the settlement was founded. In the fourteenth century, there was a border fortress built here to protect against enemy raids. Already in the 17th century, the village was considered a city, and in 1648. it was transferred into the possession of the boyar B.I. Morozov.

Since 1478, leather and sheepskin-fur crafts began to appear in the area, and ash for tanning leather was also produced here. By the 20th century, these crafts reach their peak. Now the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is part of the Bolshemurashkinsky district, which was formed in 1929.

Before the October Revolution, there were more than two dozen churches in the village and its environs, now there are much fewer of them, and in Bolshoi Murashkino there are only two - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Church of Avvakum the Holy Martyr (Edinoverie).

There are many interesting things for tourists in the village and its environs, and an inbound tourism program is being developed in the region. There are many buildings that are listed as monuments of history and culture, its own museum of local lore, located in an old mansion.

Video from Bolshoi Murashkino

What is interesting to see in Bolshoi Murashkino?

One of the main attractions of the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is its historical and art museum "Bolshoye Murashkino". It was opened to visitors in 1962. and since then it has been visited by a large number of residents of the village and surrounding settlements. The museum has more than eight thousand exhibits, ...

Bolshoye Murashkino Village Tours and Activities

During the review excursions around the village of Bolshoye Murashkino the tourist has the opportunity to see the most interesting buildings of the city, as well as architectural monuments and temples. For example, Svoboda Street is one of the main streets of the village, which is comparable to an open-air exhibition - there are so many architectural achievements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There are many stone merchant mansions built in a variety of styles - classicism, eclecticism, modern, etc.

For example, the house of the merchant Presnyakov, built in 1907. The building is distinguished by magnificent stucco molding in the style of decorative Art Nouveau. The house is included in the number of cultural heritage sites, partially restored. Manor D.I. Panyshev, built in the 19th century, is decorated in the style of provincial eclecticism, on the windows of the first floor there are metal shutters, as well as the house of V. Olenichev.

Next to Sovetskaya Street was Market Square and several churches. In particular, here you can see the Trinity brick church of 1805, built in the style of provincial architecture. In the 1930s, the temple was closed, for a long time it was empty, then a gym was located in it. In the 90s, the temple was returned to the church and restored.

History of Bolshoy Murashkino

The history of the village of Bolshoye Murashkino begins in 1377, when this settlement was first mentioned in archival documents. There is Murashkino in the list of the Nizhny Novgorod chronicler, which can be seen in the Nizhny Novgorod State Museum. In 1377 the village was bought by T.P.Novosiltsev from Nizhny Novgorod...

The climate of the village of Bolshoe Murashkino is similar to the weather conditions of the entire central European part of Russia. There are quite cold winters with a lot of snow and warm, average summers (average 75-93 days). In the village of Bolshoe Murashkino, serious seasonal fluctuations in temperature were also observed (for example, frost can hit -30.5ºС and lower in winter, and it can be hot in summer - from +30.4ºС and hotter).

Tourism events announcements

Village Bolshoe Murashkino: entertainment and active recreation

A large number of entertainment in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino organized during the celebration of the day of the village - in mid-August. Big Murashkino is more than 630 years old, and when the villagers celebrate the date of its foundation, an exhibition of flowers, vegetables, furs, concerts, and competitions are held.

In the period from July 10 to July 13, the traditional rock festival ParadOKs takes place in Bolshoy Murashkino (the venue changes periodically) on Klyuchik. Over the years, the format of the event has changed - this year it was combined with the Freedom Trophy trophy-raid. This event is usually referred to as a "rally", but it is an interesting off-road competition.

Transport features of Bolshoi Murashkino

represented by a bus station on the street. Soviet and Bolshemurashkinsky Motor Transport Enterprise. Buses depart from the bus station, which connect the village with Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Dzerzhinsky, Knyaginino, Sergach and other nearby settlements.

If necessary, a taxi in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino can be stopped on the street. However, the village is small, and it is quite comfortable to move around it on foot.

• the most prompt delivery;
• around the clock, seven days a week;
• to any region of Russia;
• we will pay for and pick up the goods from the supplier or at the airport;

If you need to urgently deliver a small cargo from Moscow to another region of Russia?! No problems!!! - The service "express delivery of small-sized cargo in Russia" is an efficient and reliable solution to your problem. Even if you need to deliver very important documents or secret product samples, you can entrust this to our company. Delivery is carried out according to the principle "from hand to hand".

After filling out the application, our driver comes to your office, apartment, picks up the goods and immediately goes to the place of delivery.

Urgent delivery of important documents from door to door

The question often arises - how to deliver documents or a valuable package from Moscow to Bolshoe Murashkino very quickly, conveniently, and most importantly with a guarantee of safety? Especially if there are no offices of transport companies in the desired locality. Call us - we will solve this problem.

Now many transport companies offer to send cargo along the route Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod region, but at the same time, in addition to direct transportation, cargo pickup, long-term clearance, and groupage cargo are added to the delivery time. Temporary losses can reach up to several days. At the same time, it is not always possible to count on 100% safety of your cargo, because your parcel will be in the back of a truck along with hundreds of such parcels.

Transportation of valuable and fragile items

Our transportation to Bolshoe Murashkino will be indispensable if you need to send fragile cargo or cargo that is difficult or impossible to pack securely. In addition, perhaps you have some special wishes or requirements - for example, you need to purchase some goods in Moscow and bring it to Bolshoe Murashkino, or you need to stop by another settlement on the way - any transportation details.

Urgent delivery of valuable parcels, goods or documents is in demand both among entrepreneurs and individuals who are interested in the fastest, and, most importantly, careful door-to-door delivery.

Sending only by separate transport. No groupage cargo! We only ship your order. Only in this case, you get a guarantee of the fastest possible delivery.

Urgent purchase and delivery of auto parts, goods from Moscow to Bolshoe Murashkino (Nizhny Novgorod region)

Redemption and prompt delivery of auto parts and other goods from Moscow and the region is possible. Our courier service will find and bring auto parts or units as soon as possible. We deliver goods and cargo daily, on weekends and holidays.

Urgent express delivery of small-sized cargoes to the regions of the Russian Federation

We guarantee that we will deliver your cargo to Bolshoe Murashkino as soon as possible, we will deliver it and hand it over from hand to hand. The distance Moscow - Bolshoe Murashkino (Nizhny Novgorod Region) is calculated using the navigator and the Yandex Map service and is 530 km. Of course, alternative delivery routes are also possible. The time required for transportation will be approximately 10 hours, while the timing can of course be discussed.

Depending on the details of your application, the price may be discussed additionally, but the base rate is 17 rubles per kilometer.

What, it would seem, interesting can be in locality with the name of Bolshoye Murashkino, an urban-type settlement (5.9 thousand inhabitants) near the shown Grigorov and Veldemanov, the native villages of the Raskol antagonists? Yes, you know, a lot of things - for example, a whole collection of merchant mansions worthy of a large city.

For the first time, Bolshoy Murashkino was mentioned in 1377 among the villages bought by the merchant Taras Novosiltsev from the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich, while popular rumor says that the fortress was founded by the Mordovian prince Bolshoy Murash, who fought with apparently his brother Small Murash. Since 1648, it has been the patrimony of the boyars Morozov, who in the 1660s built a whole fortress, which in 1671 was unable to protect the village from the raid of robbers. But the main thing is that since the end of the 15th century fur trade has been known here, founded according to legend by exiled Novgorodians, and for almost half a thousand years Bolshoye Murashkino remained a trading village where the famous Russian sheepskin coats were made, since 1779 - in the Knyaginisky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. In general, as in the case with, here we have a "shtetl in Russian", a trading town in a rural (since 1959 - PGTshnom) status, that is, without city rights and obligations. The end of fur history came under the Soviets: in 1932, for some reason, the fur factory was transferred almost to its historical homeland in the Pskov region, where it was destroyed by the war, but the population of Bolshoi Murashkino has remained stable - about 5 thousand people - for about two hundred (!) Years. In fairness, about the beauties of Bolshoi Murashkin, we dima1989 learned not on the spot (so they wouldn’t even stop by there), but from someone who had been yardkeeper (and here is Knyaginino, whose county Bolshoy Murashkino once belonged), but I can imagine how it would all look if we were accidentally brought here ... At the entrance to the village there is a fire station with a rare car at the pedestal:

On the main square - a typical recreation center made of silicate brick, built probably on the occasion of the formation of the Bolshemurashkinsky district in 1965 (or rather, restoration, the village was the regional center in 1929-63):

To the right of the last frame is the administration, the same dull silicate, but with a mosaic Soviet coat of arms:

The square is crossed by Svoboda Street, a sort of rural Nevsky Prospekt, and if its left (relative to frame No. 3) side is quite typical for the hinterland:

Then on the right, behind the very administration, something unusual begins:

Three-story on the corner - the largest house in the village of Ivan Panyshev (or maybe not Ivan, but Ilya or Innokenty there - there are only initials everywhere) built in 1910. There is a very colorful outbuilding nearby, behind which the rural distance is visible:

A sheep was grazing in the yard, reminding of the past - alas, I somehow forgot to take a picture of it:

By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 5 schools in Bolshoi Murashkino (3 parochial and 2 zemstvo schools), a hospital (1885), a telegraph office (1890) and perhaps the only Fur Craft School in the Russian Empire (1899), founded by a local merchant Serebryannikov and in In the 1930s, it was transferred as the Moscow Fur and Fur College to the Skhodnya near Moscow. Drain kite on a neighboring building:

The next house belonged to another Panyshev, apparently the brother of the owner of the three-story building:

He has a luxurious portal under the bay window:

The next house of the Monev brothers (1915) is the most modern here:

And after all, mansions comparable in scale can also be seen in modern villages, built by businessmen or even bandits, and no matter how much you cringe, in a hundred years many of them will become sights in the same way as these upstart houses of the early twentieth century:

Behind the first crossroads, the building somehow thins out - but it still cannot be called rural, rather a strong county town. Moreover, the surrounding county towns were completely dwarfed: Makaryev - 1.5 thousand, Knyaginin - 2.3 thousand (that is, these two Murashkino surpassed combined), Vasilsursk - 3.6 thousand, Sergach - 4.5 thousand (and these Murashkino surpassed each separately), so that in the southeastern corner of the Nizhny Novgorod region this landscape is the most county, except perhaps for the neighboring Lyskov (still, however, there is a very solid Arzamas, but it is on the other side):

Entrances. Now these are not mansions, but municipal housing with shops on the ground floor and the entrance to the apartments through a wooden extension:

Here on the Internet, some, it seems, do not even jokingly believe that they are deprived of citizenship in the Russian Federation for not using glassware, and Dima and I bought a bottle of vodka in one of these stores to wash the car glass with it.

And merchant palaces form two quarters among good-quality mansions - the second one is a little further from the main square and on the other side (that is, from frame No. 2 - to the left):

The police are now in Dementiev's house ... sorry, the police:

We somehow managed not to see the most beautiful Presnyakov's house in its details - so I refer to the Janitor.

This is already on a parallel street (I think Soviet). And after all, the buildings of the same schools, the fur technical school, the hospital could not have survived ... Alas, I did not find the exact addresses (and, of course, the fur one would be interesting), but any of the buildings from these shots may turn out to be the same.

Above the current main square is Market Square, and judging by the abundance of actively removed garbage, its name is still relevant today (or maybe the local merchants just noted something, “two bayans were already torn and the bathhouse was burned”). There are also two churches - Preobrazhenskaya (1821) mutilated by the Bolsheviks:

And quite decent looking Troitskaya (1805):

A little to the side (May 1 Street, 12), on another square, a remake temple, the Old Believer Avvakumovskaya Church, reminiscent of its dedication that neighboring Grigorovo is the birthplace of the rebellious archpriest, the founder of the Old Believers and Russian novels.

Sometimes it is indicated as the former Nikolskaya Edinoverie, but obviously a new building, so most likely the Nikolskaya Edinoverie Church (1881-85) was this sad building nearby:

In total, there were 11 churches in Bolshoi Murashkino before the revolution, only 2 of the same faith (but there seemed to be no Old Believers). We still haven't found the abandoned

The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays give the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is detrimental to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the Sun, meteorologists calculate the ultraviolet radiation index, which characterizes the degree of its danger.

What UV radiation from the sun is

The ultraviolet radiation of the Sun has a wide range and is divided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.

• UV-A. Longwave radiation range
  315–400 nm

  The rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric "barriers" and reach the Earth.

• UVB. Medium wave radiation range
  280–315 nm

  The rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.

• UVC. Shortwave radiation range
  100–280 nm

  The most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone without reaching the Earth.

The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effect of the Sun. However, these saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone occurs in spring, and the minimum - in autumn. Cloud cover is one of the most variable weather characteristics. The content of carbon dioxide also changes all the time.

At what values ​​of the UV index is there a danger

The UV index gives an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun on the Earth's surface. UV index values ​​range from safe 0 to extreme 11+.

• 0–2 Low
• 3–5 Moderate
• 6–7 High
• 8–10 Very high
• 11+ Extreme

In mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values ​​(6–7) only at the maximum height of the Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, during the year, the UV index reaches 9...11+ points.

What is the benefit of the sun

In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is essential. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, vitamin D, necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.

Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.

Happiness hormone serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.

Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and performs anti-rickets functions.

Why is the sun dangerous?

When sunbathing, it is important to understand that the line between beneficial and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive sunburn always borders on a burn. UV radiation damages DNA in skin cells.

The body's defense system cannot cope with such an aggressive impact. This lowers the immune system, damages the retina, causes skin aging and can lead to cancer.

Ultraviolet destroys the DNA strand

How does the sun affect people?

Susceptibility to UV radiation depends on skin type. The most sensitive to the Sun are people of the European race - for them, protection is required already at an index of 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.

At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans, this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.

Who is affected the most by the Sun?

people with light
skin tone

People with many moles

Residents of the middle latitudes while relaxing in the south

winter lovers
fishing

Skiers and climbers

People with a family history of skin cancer

In what weather is the sun most dangerous

The fact that the Sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather is a common misconception. You can also get burned in cool cloudy weather.

Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not at all reduce the amount of ultraviolet to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloudiness significantly reduces the risk of sunburn, which cannot be said about traditional beach holiday destinations. For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get burned in 30 minutes, then in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.

How to protect yourself from the sun

To protect yourself from harmful rays, follow these simple rules:

Get less exposure to the Sun during the midday hours

Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats

Use protective creams

Wear sunglasses

Stay in the shade more on the beach

Which sunscreen to choose

Sunscreen varies in terms of sun protection and is labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.

For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7%) of the UV rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of cream 50, only 1/50, or 2%, affects the skin.

Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. However, it is important to understand that no cream is capable of reflecting 100% of ultraviolet light.

For everyday use, when the time spent under the Sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For tanning on the beach, it is better to take 30 and above. However, for fair-skinned people, it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.

How to apply sunscreen

The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe for a long time, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.

Please refer to the cream instructions for how much to apply.

How to apply sunscreen while swimming

Sunscreen should be applied every time after bathing. Water washes away the protective film and, reflecting the sun's rays, increases the dose of ultraviolet radiation received. Thus, when bathing, the risk of burning increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.

Excessive sweating and rubbing with a towel is also a reason to re-protect the skin.

It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide full protection. Sand, water, and even grass reflect up to 20% of UV rays, increasing their impact on the skin.

How to protect your eyes

Sunlight reflecting off water, snow, or sand can cause painful retinal burns. Use sunglasses with an ultraviolet filter to protect your eyes.

Danger for skiers and climbers

In the mountains, the atmospheric "filter" is thinner. For every 100 meters of altitude, the UV index increases by 5%.

Snow reflects up to 85% of UV rays. In addition, up to 80% of the ultraviolet reflected by the snow cover is again reflected by the clouds.

Thus, in the mountains, the Sun is most dangerous. Protecting the face, lower part of the chin and ears is necessary even in cloudy weather.

How to deal with sunburn if you are burned

Treat the body with a damp sponge to wet the burn

Lubricate the burnt areas with anti-burn cream

If the temperature rises, consult a doctor, you may be advised to take an antipyretic

If the burn is severe (skin is very swollen and blisters), seek medical attention.