What does the income of the population depend on? Monetary incomes of the population and their composition. Population income statistics

Gross income is dominated by cash income, representing the amount of money that a household has to cover its expenses. Monetary income is formed from the following sources:

1) wages of household members received in the course of fulfillment of labor agreements upon employment, as well as bonuses, permanent salary supplements, payments by employers for social and cultural purposes: allowances, payment for transport services, vouchers, etc.;

2) income from entrepreneurial activity in the form of profit, dividends, interest on securities and deposits, rent, etc.;

3) state social payments (transfers) of pensions, allowances and other payments from the budget and off-budget social funds.

4) other receipts (insurance compensation, income from the sale of property, etc.).

The ratio between these three sources changed dramatically: under the conditions of the administrative-command system with state property, the main incomes of households were wages and payments from the budget. With the development of market relations, the role of the second source began to increase. However, even today wages remain the main income. The value of a particular type of source in a particular family is determined by its social composition. Thus, there are households where wages are almost 100% of cash income, for example, a working married family without children. There are households where money income is formed only through state social transfers. For example, retired spouses raising young grandchildren. The structure of household income is influenced by the place of residence - in the city or in the countryside.

In Kazakhstan, cash income from employment in total cash income in 2010 was 81%; of the volume of income from labor activity, income from employment accounted for 70.9%; from self-employment and entrepreneurship – 9.5%; social transfers - 15.5%; property income - 0.7%; financial assistance from relatives and other income - 3.4%.

In addition, the cash income of households is replenished from in-kind receipts (for example, products produced on subsidiary plots or services performed for their own consumption, as well as inventory received as incentives from employers or the state).

Employment income - wage; all types of incentive pay, salary increments; fees; premiums; payments: from profit, sick leave, severance pay; compensation for medical expenses received from the employer, in cash and in kind.

Income from self-employment- Income from entrepreneurial activities in cash and in kind.

Social transfers– pensions, scholarships, allowances, compensation payments, additional benefits, charitable assistance.

property income– dividends and winnings on shares and other securities; interest on deposits, for the use of amounts provided in the form of debt; winnings on deposits; income from the rental of housing, vehicles, equipment, land.

Sales income- income from the sale of real estate, various products and goods; food products received from a personal farmstead (subsidiary farm); rendered on the side of various services.

Other sources of income- alimony, receipts from relatives and friends.

Disposable cash income- cash income minus mandatory payments and contributions.

Real cash income- cash income, taking into account changes in consumer prices.

- cash income minus mandatory payments and contributions, taking into account changes in consumer prices.

Cash income can be nominal(before taxes and mandatory payments) and disposable(after payment has been made). Real cash income- cash income excluding changes in consumer prices. Calculated by dividing cash income by the consumer price index. Real disposable money income-cash income minus mandatory payments and contributions, excluding changes in consumer prices.

The classification of income is based on different criteria.

1. Depending on the source of income, they are divided into:

Salary and additional payment for labor activity;

Income from business activities; income from valuable

Rent for property transferred for temporary use

Insurance compensation;

Income from the sale of property;

Payments from state monetary funds (budgets, off-budget

cash funds);

2. Depending on the uniformity of income, incomes are distinguished:

Regular (wages, rent, etc.);

Random or one-time (gifts, income from the sale of property)

3. Depending on the reliability of receipts, incomes are distinguished:

Guaranteed (state pensions, state income

loans);

Conditionally guaranteed (wages);

Non-guaranteed (fee, commission).

In Kazakhstan, there is a significant differentiation in terms of average per capita income used for consumption. The ratio of their maximum and minimum values ​​by region per year: in 2005 - 4.8 times, in 2010. - 3.7 times. The differentiation of the subsistence minimum is much less, although it is also quite large - 1.4 times.

The growth of income used for consumption in 2010 amounted to. - 22.5%. However, the cost of living in 2010 increased by 6.5%, that is, the real increase in income used for consumption amounted to 16%.

In 2005, the average monthly nominal cash income per capita amounted to 15.8 thousand tenge, in 2010. - 40.5 thousand tenge, which is 2.5 times higher than in 2005. Real cash income in 2010 increased by 10.2% over the year. The average monthly nominal wage per employee in 2005 amounted to 34.06 tenge, in 2010 to 77.5 thousand tenge, having increased by 14.6% compared to the previous year, and the real one – by 7.0%. The wages of agricultural workers remain constantly low - 41.3% of the national average; for employees of the financial sector, wages exceed the average republican level by 2.0 times; in industry - 1.3 times; Gender differences persist: the average wage for men is 1.3 times higher than for women. The gap across regions is also significant - 3.2 times

Due to the specifics of economic development, there were differences in the level and structure of incomes of urban and rural households, the cash income used for consumption by the urban population is 1.45 times higher than that of the rural population (30.5 thousand tenge against 21.0 thousand tenge). tenge); Poverty is more common in rural areas - the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, in cities - 3.7%, in rural areas - 10.1%.

In 2005, incomes exceeded the subsistence minimum by an average of 2.6 times, in 2010 - by 3 times.

Given that labor incomes account for almost three-quarters of all monetary incomes of the population, and more than two-thirds of them are the incomes of employees, it should be recognized that unemployment can play a significant role in the amount of income. Calculations show that between the level of unemployment and poverty of the population relative to the subsistence minimum, there is a noticeable relationship in terms of the correlation coefficient. A 1 percentage point reduction in unemployment results in a 3 percentage point reduction in poverty.

In addition to production relations, there are other types of relations in the economy, in particular, distribution ones. They are realized in the income system of the population and other economic entities. In general, the category "income" treated as a flow of cash receipts per unit of time.

Population income- these are all material resources that households receive as a result of economic activity or as .

Income is received by the population in cash and in kind. The in-kind form of income includes products produced by households for their own consumption, transfers in kind (food, clothing).

Population income classification

There is a fairly complex system of income classification. But initially the income is in the form factor income.

Functional distribution of income

It was noted above that modern market economic theory operates with three groups, which are called "", "", "". For each factor of production, the ability to create both products and incomes is recognized:

Types and sources of factor (primary) income

Surely you have noticed that in different years you can afford to purchase a different amount of goods and services for a certain amount of money. For example, in 2010, for 1,000 rubles, you could buy 5 kg of meat, and in 2017, the money for you is much less, although the amount of money has not changed. All professional economists are well aware of this paradox. And that is why they distinguish between real and nominal income. Below we will find out what types of income there are, and also find out what is the dynamics of real incomes of the population of Russia.

Types of income

Income is a set of cash payments, goods and services that a person receives for a certain period of time (one year is most often taken for the billing period). Income has the following structure:

• Cash income. The sources of cash receipts do not matter - it can be wages, various state benefits and payments, rent, an increase in bank savings, income from the sale of agricultural products, cash gifts, and so on.
• natural income. Natural income refers to the totality of goods that a person receives directly, and does not buy for money. These can be agricultural products (vegetables, fruits and other products that a person himself or collectively produced as a result of his labor), various gifts, material assistance, and so on.
• indirect income. Indirect income refers to income that a person receives for free using various social infrastructure institutions. It can be treatment in a hospital, getting an education, raising a child in a kindergarten, and so on.

Economists distinguish between nominal and real income.

Under the nominal income means the total amount of cash receipts for a certain period. It is also important to remember that nominal incomes are calculated excluding taxes.

Why then introduce the term "real income"? How is real income different from nominal income?

The fact is that in different periods of time a person can receive the same nominal income, but on this income he can afford a different amount of goods and services. In simple terms, the real income of the population is a set of cash receipts, taking into account certain factors that affect the amount of goods and services that can be purchased for these incomes.

The following factors influence the level of real income:

1. Price index. Due to inflation, every year there is a depreciation of money, which leads to a decrease in the amount of goods and services that a person can buy for a fixed amount of money.
2. The level of taxes. Every month, most citizens of the Russian Federation make tax deductions to the regional and federal budgets, but the tax rate may change. Therefore, due to an increase or decrease in taxes, the amount of money that a person actually receives in his hands after paying all payments to the budget can change.
3. Payment for required services. Basically, utilities fall into this group.

You also need to understand that often these factors directly affect each other.

For example, when taxes are raised, many entrepreneurs will raise the prices of their goods and services in order not to go bankrupt. This will lead to higher prices, which will significantly affect the amount of goods and services that a person can purchase for a fixed wage.

Another example is tax cuts. The fact is that nominal income means the total amount of money excluding taxes. When the tax rate is lowered, a person will receive a larger amount in his hands. The difference will allow the purchase of additional goods and services, that is, in fact, real incomes will increase with tax cuts.

Remember that the real income of the population is always less than the nominal income at a fixed level of profit, since in all modern states there is a depreciation of money due to inflation.

Dynamics of real incomes

In order to understand the dynamics of the real incomes of the population of Russia, it is necessary to consider the question of the ratio of the rate of inflation growth and the growth of real wages. Why is this question so important? The fact is that in the media you can often hear that recently wages have risen, which means that the standard of living has risen. Indeed, if we turn to the statistics, we can find that over the past 10 years, wages have grown in almost all sectors of the economy.

But does this mean that the standard of living has risen?

This question is debatable and economists do not have a definitive answer. However, the following can be assumed:

If nominal wages rise faster than inflation (with fixed taxes and equal utility costs), then real income increases.

Consider an example. Suppose that the level of taxes in the country has not changed over the year and there has not been an increase in prices for utilities, and real wages have grown by 10%. Inflation for the year was 5%. Then the real wage growth was 10% - 5% = 5%.

In this case, economic growth occurs in the country, the population has more money. Surplus money is used either for new spending (buying things or services). Also, people can put money in a bank, which in turn will issue this money as loans to other people for business development, which will create new jobs, increase the variety of goods on the market, and so on.

If nominal wages grow slower than inflation, or grow at the same level (with a fixed level of taxes and an equal cost of utilities), then the real level of income of the population decreases or remains unchanged.

Let's say that in one country there were no changes in taxes and a rise in prices for utilities over the year, and real wages grew by 5%, and in another country the same thing happened, but real wages grew by 3%. Also assume that inflation in both countries was 5%. Then the real wage growth in the first country was 5% - 5% = 0%, and in the second country the real wage growth will be 2% - 5% = -3%.

In this case, in the first country, the real incomes of the population did not change compared to the previous year. And in the second country - have decreased. With a general increase in wages, the population becomes poorer.

When the tax rate changes, real income also changes. For example, with an increase in the tax rate, there is a double reduction in wages for employees - firstly, now the employee transfers a large amount of money to the budget, and secondly, entrepreneurs, having lost part of their profits, usually cut the salaries of their employees.

How have the real incomes of Russians changed lately? Numerous statistical studies show the following:

• In the nineties there was a serious collapse in real incomes. The collapse peaked in 1998, when real wages fell by 49% compared to the Soviet period. However, one must always remember that in the 1990s, economic accounting was rather poorly maintained, and there were also many underground industries. Therefore, a large number of salaries were not taken into account, so it is quite possible that the collapse was still somewhat smaller.
• In zero years there is a gradual real growth of incomes. The 2000s also saw a gradual macroeconomic stabilization. Real incomes grew by an average of 3-4% per year, although not all economists agree with this estimate. In 2008, the global economic crisis began, which led to a moderate drop in real incomes of the population.
• In the 1910s, due to various factors (the consequences of the global economic crisis, sanctions, and some others), real incomes again declined. Experts give different figures for the decline, but most economists are inclined to believe that the rate of decline in real incomes of Russians in 2016 amounted to 5% per year, and over the past 5 years, real incomes have decreased by a total of 15-20%.

Conclusion

Now let's sum up the above.

The total amount of goods, services and money that a person receives over a certain period is called income. Income is formed both at the expense of cash receipts that a person stores or spends on certain goods and services, and at the expense of natural goods. Another source of income is various free services provided by the state.

The purely monetary part of income is called nominal income. Nominal income is calculated excluding tax deductions to the budget. Economics argues that for a fixed amount of money at different times you can buy a different amount of the same goods and services. This is due to inflation and changes in the tax burden. To emphasize this feature, economists coined the term "real income". Real incomes are nominal incomes taking into account the price index and tax deductions.

When comparing living standards, many journalists often only compare salaries. However, such a comparison will not be very correct, since both salaries and the level of prices for goods and services can change at different times. To avoid this shortcoming, it is necessary to pay attention to the growth of real wages, since they more correctly reflect the well-being of the population.

Real wages in the Russian Federation at different times differed quite a lot from each other. In the 1990s, real wages fell quite a bit compared to the Soviet period, but in the 2000s they began to grow again. After the global economic crisis and sanctions, real wages began to decline again, although the decline compared to the 1990s is not so significant.

This is the totality of all material resources that workers, employees and other persons receive for work in a particular area as a result of their economic activity or as transfers.

The essence of the concept

In a simpler form, we can say that income is the amount of money received in a certain unit of time for the performance of a certain work. For example, 20 thousand/month. Sources of income can be:

1. Salary (time and piece rate).
2. Other income of employees from enterprises in addition to wages: bonuses, remuneration, etc.
3. Income from entrepreneurial activities.
4. Income from the disposal of private property.
5. Income from the sale of another country's currency at a higher rate than the currency was purchased.
6. Other miscellaneous income.

Transfers

In addition to economic activities, income can come in the form of transfers. Let's explain this part in more detail.

Transfers are understood as the giving by one person of certain benefits to another for free. Also transfero translated as "move" or "carry". In this case, the transfer can be understood in a more general sense - a change in the location of funds in a certain form or only their owner.

For example, the state pays a pension to the elderly - this is a transfer. In addition, these incomes include:

1. Wealth. This category includes hereditary acquisitions: money, real and personal property, documents, etc.
2. Penalties.
3. Voluntary donations and contributions from individuals and legal entities.
4. Social benefits: unemployment benefits, single mothers, disabled people, funerals, child care, etc.
5. Social protection of the population (mandatory social insurance).

Population income level

For each country, the level of income of the population is important. It can be used to determine the welfare of the country with the greatest accuracy. Unlike per capita income, economists receive more detailed and truthful information, since indicators of average nominal, disposable and real income are used to assess the level of income:

1. Nominal - natural or monetary income received by a citizen of the country for a certain time for a certain job.

2. Disposable is nominal income minus mandatory payments to the state or private enterprises. Income that can be used by a citizen to meet needs.

3. Real - a certain amount of material goods (goods and services) that a citizen can purchase for the amount of real income for a certain time.

The term "income level of the population" is inviolably linked with the people's well-being, the degree of satisfaction of the spiritual and material needs of citizens. And most importantly, it is related to the standard of living of the population. So, for economists, the income indicators of the population have the following meanings:

• Comparison - comparison of the values ​​of individual indicators of income of citizens in a temporary or geographical (between different territories, between countries) interval.
• Studying the impact of social transformations (for better or for worse).
• Accounting for disparity in income between different segments of the population.

General form

Incomes are usually divided according to their type (form) and method of use. The population receives them in cash or in kind. The monetary form is wages, dividends, documents of value in the sale (the right to own private property, movable property). The natural form is expressed in one's own creation by households of objects necessary for life. For example, farmers grow carrots and potatoes (food) in their garden, or flax and cotton, which can be used to make clothes.

In-kind incomes of the population are produced and used by consumers. For example: this type is typical for farms, private plots, individual small towns and villages in any country. In-kind acquisitions should not be attributed only to countries with backward economies.

Monetary incomes of the population are used by citizens to purchase ready-made material needs. This is the purchase of necessary goods and services.

Real income

The real income of the population is a set of material goods, expressed in kind, that a consumer can acquire with his nominal income. Sometimes people confuse nominal and real income. Real earnings characterize the number of material goods purchased by a person, taking into account the variation in retail prices, tax percentages, etc.

To determine the real income of the population with the greatest accuracy, it is necessary to subtract the mandatory costs of paying direct and indirect taxes and mandatory payments from the total amount of all earnings (cash + natural). This refers to contributions, excise, VAT, overpayment for services, etc.

It is worth noting that the real income of the population is an indicator of the life of society in a given country. For example, capitalist relations are characterized by a rapid uneven growth of cash receipts and their sharp decline in certain periods. Such incomes of the population can suffer a decline for many reasons:

• Constant uncontrolled rise in prices for certain goods and services.
• Inflation (increase in the general price level).

During the formation of a social society, the general level of real incomes gradually increases. However, it is worth remembering that income is distributed unevenly. In particular, in Russia between 1940 and 1976, the income of farms and communities was much higher than that of the workers of any factory. But compared with the beginning of the 20th century, the total real income of the same workers increased by about 3.5 times. If we talk about the population as a whole, then almost 5 times.

Per capita income

According to entrepreneurs, income is the excess of the amounts from sales over the amounts needed for production costs. And production costs are considered not only the purchase of all necessary materials, but also the wages of workers, employees and managers. Thus, the average annual income of an individual in a country is per capita income. It is calculated based on the sum of all material assets for the year of persons of one class.

Per capita income was introduced into economic terms to indicate the wealth and economic position of a country. It can easily be used to determine the level of modernization and development of the country for any period of time.

An analysis of per capita income statistics in different countries of the world allows us to say with confidence that most of the world's population lives in countries with an average income that does not exceed $350.

However, per capita income gives too much of a big picture, does not consider individual details. For example, according to statistics, it is impossible to find out the purchasing power of different segments of the population by average incomes.

What about underdeveloped countries? The average European spends most of his income on providing for his life. These are clothes, food, rent, etc. But in underdeveloped countries, many people live on self-sufficiency (grow food, sew clothes, build housing) and, therefore, spend on it a little differently. This means that these points will not be reflected in the national income of an underdeveloped state.

And finally, per capita income statistics for a country cannot provide reliable information about the state of a country if it has a strong uneven distribution of income. It is about the contrast between the poor and the rich.

Nominal income

The simplest form of income - nominal income - represents the total amount of all income of an individual or enterprise from some activity. The nominal incomes of different segments of the population are formed according to certain patterns:

• Income in the form of wages, employees or income from property.
• Cash transfers from the state - transfers.
• Income generated through the financial credit system: government insurance, bank loans, etc.

Going back a few years, to the early 1990s, we can recall that at that time Russia had the lowest nominal incomes. According to the average statistics of Rosstat, monthly cash receipts did not exceed $22! Until about 1995, profitable conditions of extreme poverty persisted in Russia. But in 2006-2007, the Russian Federation again managed to return the economic situation of the population to the same level at which it was in 1990.

Population income

The country's economy rests unshakably on the income of each individual citizen. So, it is necessary to raise the standard of living to the highest possible. At the moment, the income of the population of Russia is distributed as follows:

1. Temporary and piecework payment - wages - 66.8%.
2. Social insurance payments - 18.2%.
3. Entrepreneurial income - 7.8%.
4. Disposal of property - 5.3%.
5. Income of other types - 1.9%.

The incomes of the population of European and CIS countries are distributed a little differently. In the West, many more people are engaged in entrepreneurial activities and fewer receive social insurance payments.

The highest level of income is noted in the countries of North America - Canada and the USA, as well as in Australia. The average monthly income of residents of these states reaches 3,000 dollars.

The lowest level is in Central and South Africa. There is no reliable information about the incomes of many territories, and in other states the average statistical income hardly reaches $100. However, it is worth remembering that agricultural production reigns on this continent, but it is not taken into account in the calculation.

The growth of incomes of the population is the main task of the economy of any state. Each country at a certain moment of its existence experienced strong economic crises, unrest in society due to lack of resources, etc. But the rulers of all territories of the Earth, without exception, strive to improve the life of the population and increase the average level of income.

How is income distributed?

The primary distribution of income, in economics it is also called functional, begins with their distribution among the owners of production factors. In different periods in different countries, different systems for the formation of income distribution have operated and operate, but in general there are four main aspects:

1. Appointment by equalization, or egalitarian distribution, is an attempt to equalize the incomes of all segments of the population. However, this aspect cannot be considered successful. Since the physical and mental abilities of individuals in one country vary greatly, egalitarianization will give rise to a situation where one works and the other eats.
2. Distribution by market method. A more equitable way of distributing income based on the public benefit of the product produced and sold by the entrepreneur. So it is impossible to establish an absolute balance in income, but their distribution will be fair.
3. With the help of accumulated property. Such a distribution of incomes of the population is manifested in the receipt, accumulation and inheritance of any part of the accumulated property: houses, securities, money, etc.
4. Privileged distribution, most developed in countries with backward democracies. The simplest type of distribution, where wealthy officials and rulers autocratically redistribute income in their favor: they arrange higher salaries, pensions and other benefits.

Many people, living quietly within their own country, do not notice how the economic system guides them. And it is very good that an ordinary person does not notice how the state interferes in the market economy.

If the majority of people feel that incomes are distributed dishonestly, that someone is in charge of them, and that the own efforts of workers do not bear any fruit, this is fraught with discontent of the lower strata.

Population spending

If the citizens have incomes, the expenses of the population also take place. In well-developed countries, the income of any person should be greater than the costs. Then a full and progressive existence of each individual of society is possible. At the moment, in Russia, most of the population lives in this way. But it wasn't always.

In economics, there is such a thing as a decile coefficient, or stock coefficient, characterizing the degree of stratification of society (the difference between the richest citizens and the poorest). When taken for ratios, the total income of 10% of all the richest citizens of the country and the poorest, this coefficient should not exceed 9-10 (according to UN recommendations).

In the early 90s, after the collapse of the USSR, the decile coefficient was officially equal to 16, but in fact its threshold reached 28-32. This means that the incomes of the poor in Russia were more than 3 times lower than the subsistence level.

Such a difference between the earnings of the rich and the poor allows us to understand that not in the distant past, the economy of the Russian Federation experienced a real collapse and had to rise from the ruins.

Low incomes of the population threaten the country's economy with a state budget deficit. If the nominal income of an individual is less than the sum of the cost of the necessary material goods, then what can we say about the payment of direct and indirect taxes and the level of development of the state?

The main reason for low state revenues is the one-sidedness of demand. When only goods of one product are in demand on the market, and other producers store a product unsuitable for the masses, a two-sided situation arises. If you look at one angle, then the income of a sought-after producer will go up, but, on the other hand, this same reason is considered the main prerequisite for monopolies, due to which there is a strong contrast between the rich part of the population and the poor. In no case should this be allowed, therefore, the state monitors demand and supply in the market especially carefully.

Thus, one of the main tasks of the Ministries of Finance in Russia and their counterparts in other countries is to increase the subsistence minimum, the average wage and reduce the decile coefficient as much as possible.

Let now not all the aspirations of economists and ideologists can be implemented in practice, or at least draw up a project for their introduction to the masses. But if we compare the current standard of living and the one in which people were obliged to exist in the middle of the 20th century or even earlier, at the end of the 19th, then we can say with confidence that the economy of the leading countries of the world is progressing at an incredible speed. For example, after the collapse of the USSR, it took Russia about 10 years to return to the previous standard of living. Since then, our state has been progressing economically.

You should not confuse different types of income of individuals, but you definitely need to know that each person is able to contribute to the development of the country's economy and help it rise to the top of the world economic industry.

The income of the population is a set of monetary and natural resources received or produced by households for a certain period. The income of the population includes: wages, pensions, scholarships, allowances, income from the sale of goods produced in one's own household, cash receipts in the form of fees for services rendered, royalties, income from the sale of personal property, renting it out. Their role in human life is great, since the level and structure of consumption of the population are inextricably linked with the amount (size) of income.

Incomes are divided into monetary and in-kind. Cash income of the population (the most common form of income) includes all receipts of money in the form of payment for employees, income from entrepreneurial activities, pensions, scholarships, various benefits, income from property in the form of interest, dividends, rent, amounts from the sale of securities, real estate , agricultural products, livestock, various products and other goods (including sales on the informal market), income from various services provided to the outside, etc. When conducting budget surveys of families conducted by state statistics bodies, their monetary income does not take into account increases in deposits in savings bank in contrast to the monetary income and expenditure of the population.

In-kind income - all receipts of products produced by households for their own consumption: agricultural products, livestock, poultry; various products, services and other products in natural form (pieces, kg, m, sq. m, cub. m, hour.) for personal, family consumption (i.e., not having a commodity form).

In the process of realizing income, part of it goes to the consumption of material goods, and part - to the consumption of services. The structure of consumption is affected not only by an increase in monetary income, but also by a change in the structure of the population, an increase in its educational and cultural level.

To characterize the level of well-being in a country, aggregate incomes are of no small importance, the growth of which at constant prices and taxes (or at least their insignificant increase compared to the increase in incomes) indicates an increase in the ability to satisfy needs.

It is the total income that is the main indicator of the material well-being of the population, including all types of cash income, as well as the value of in-kind receipts received from personal subsidiary plots and used for personal (household) consumption. In addition to the monetary component, total income includes the cost of free services received at the expense of the federal and municipal budgets, as well as enterprise funds (health care, education, preschool education, subsidies for housing, transport, food, etc.)

In the structure of the total income of the population, receipts from personal subsidiary plots account for about 25% of the total amount, which indicates the use of total income as one of the main indicators for analyzing the standard of living of the population, according to which, in terms of average per capita, the distribution of the population is calculated annually.

It is necessary to distinguish between nominal, disposable and real incomes. Nominal income characterizes the level of monetary income, regardless of taxation and price changes. Disposable income is nominal income minus taxes and other obligatory payments, i.e. funds used by the population for consumption and savings. To measure the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator “real disposable income” is used. Real disposable income (RDI) is calculated taking into account the price index, tariffs and represents the real purchasing power of nominal income. They are calculated as follows:

RRD \u003d (ND-NP) x Jpsd,

WhereND - nominal income (rubles);

NP - taxes, obligatory payments (rubles); psd - the purchasing power index of money (an indicator inverse to the price index).

Considering the problem of the structure and formation of income, it is necessary to distinguish between labor and non-labor income. Until recently, under the conditions of command and directive methods of managing the economy, it was customary to attribute to labor income income received as a result of labor activity at state and cooperative enterprises and organizations. All types of income received outside the official state channels were characterized as unearned. Meanwhile, in the problem of dividing total income into labor and non-labor, especially in the context of a variety of forms of ownership and forms of management, very significant new points appear. First of all, we are talking about such types of income as income from business activities and income from property. Receipts to the family budget from self-employment in the production of products and the provision of services to the population, of course, have a labor basis, and therefore relate to labor income. The same applies to income received from the sale of marketable products produced in a personal subsidiary plot (on a household or garden plot). Individual labor activity, which is both the main and auxiliary occupation of citizens, is a link in the social division of labor, this labor is an integral part of total social labor.

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