Alexey Adashev - close associate of Ivan the Terrible: biography, family. Alexey Adashev: characteristics of a historical figure The role of Adashev in the Livonian war

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, son of a boyar Fedor Grigorievich Adashev and brother of Daniil Fedorovich, played an outstanding role in the initial, bright period of the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. An example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century, Aleksey Adashev, with his kindness, charmed everyone around him. There is reason to think that he was several years older than Ivan IV. Aleksey Adashev was originally a solicitor and a sleeping bag, and in 1550 he became a bed keeper and head of the newly established Petition Order, where it was ordered to receive complaints from all the oppressed and offended. Adashev stood at the head of the court party (the Chosen Council), to which Ivan the Terrible temporarily obeyed after the Moscow fire on June 21, 1547.

During the conquest of Kazan, Aleksey Fedorovich Adashev took an active part in all events: he set up cannons against the city, dug under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. He negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, went to Kazan, first to plant, and then to reduce Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. In 1553, Adashev received the high rank of roundabout and, thanks to this, received an independent position in the Duma. Now he began to manage diplomatic relations, received ambassadors, led negotiations with them. In addition, he was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle.

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev at the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Adashev constantly lived in Moscow, traveled only with the sovereign and accompanied him everywhere on all campaigns; his influence continued to grow. From the death of the queen Anastasia Romanovna(August 7, 1560) a coup begins in the relationship of Adashev and the entire Elected Rada with the king. Ivan IV began to be weary of his advisers. Various misunderstandings arose between them and Grozny, among other things, on the issue of the conquest of the Crimea, which Adashev and Rada were striving for instead of the Livonian War conceived by the tsar. The situation became more and more tense, as a result of which Adashev, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 was sent to Livonia as the third governor of a large regiment.

In September of the same year, Adashev was left as governor in the recently taken Livonian city of Fellin, this was already an obvious disgrace. As a result of a parochial dispute that arose between Adashev and Polevoy, Ivan satisfied the latter and, thus inflicting a new offense on Adashev, transferred him to Dorpat. In 1560, Adashev's estates were assigned to the sovereign, and he himself was imprisoned. A fierce search began, ending with the extermination of all the boyars of the Adashev family with their closest relatives. Aleksey Fedorovich himself escaped execution due to the fact that he died (under unknown circumstances) in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561.

(dumny nobleman, falconer, bed keeper), head of the government of the Chosen Rada.

Year and place of birth unknown. Descended from the Kostroma nobles, was considered "a kind of not very noble, but kind" associated with the Moscow boyars.

He was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding in the position of “lie-keeper” and “movnik”, that is, he made the sovereign’s marriage bed and accompanied the newlyweds to the bathhouse. He gained great influence on the tsar during the Moscow fire of 1547, when the tsar began to draw close to himself people who were unborn, but devoted. Thanks to his talents and devotion to the autocrat, Adashev was among the leaders of the "Chosen Rada" - royal advisers, reasonable and perfect men (N.M. Karamzin), who actually became an unofficial government in the 1540s-1550s. Created in 1549, the Chosen Rada (led by Adashev, who had the status of a duma nobleman in it) pushed the Boyar Duma from governing the country for a while, and Adashev himself, "together" with the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester, advanced to the largest statesmen. The time of the Chosen Rada, led by Adashev, was a period of extensive and fruitful activity for both the tsar himself and his government. A number of reforms are associated with the name of Adashev and his government, which strengthened the tsarist power (the first Zemsky Sobor, the church Stoglavy Sobor was convened, "statutory charters" were granted, which strengthened the position of service people). Together with other members of the Chosen Rada, A.F.Adashev actively participated in the development of the Sudebnik 1550. In the same years, he was promoted to falconry.

In the early 1550s, the work begun at the end of the 15th century continued. creation of governing bodies of branches of state life - orders. The supreme control body - the Petition Order - the king put Adashev in charge. Adashev personally examined many of the petitions coming from the field. Sources preserved his personal characteristics (severe, domineering, he forced those who did not obey him to be brought to the service, “hindering him”). His contemporary, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, considered him "like an earthly angel", since Adashev was known as an ascetic, fair and deeply religious person. Surrounded by the tsar, he (along with Sylvester, Kurbsky and others) belonged to a circle of convinced reformers - oppositionists of the noble boyars and was therefore "very useful to the common thing" (A. Kurbsky).

Adashev pursued a policy of reforms that reflected the interests of significant circles of feudal lords and contributed to the centralization of power. He contributed a lot to the abolition of the feeding system and the implementation of military reform (the creation of a "selected thousand" soldiers from the nobles, who were provided with land near Moscow). A smart and energetic worker, he (as a bed keeper) was so close to the king that he became the keeper of his personal archive and the state seal "for urgent and secret matters."

Around 1550 he became treasurer, headed the financial department.

Supervised the writing of official bit books and Sovereign genealogy, as well as Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom.

He constantly participated in negotiations with foreign ambassadors, including the Kazan tsar Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552) and the Nogai Horde (1553). He pursued an active foreign policy, led the diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, and engineering work during the siege of Kazan in 1552.

In the spring of 1553, Tsar Ivan IV fell seriously ill, made a spiritual (testament) and demanded to swear allegiance to his young son Dmitry. The Tsar's will was challenged only by two courtiers - the tsar's cousin, Staritsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich, and the father of A.F. Adashev, okolnichiy Fedor Adashev. Personally, A.F.Adashev swore allegiance to Dmitry (as the tsar wanted), but his father announced to the sick Ivan IV that he did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule the country for Dmitry's infancy.

When the tsar recovered, his attitude towards the Adashev family changed dramatically. Despite past merits, A.F.Adashev was sent to diplomatic work and thus removed from the affairs of the capital. In 1555–1556, Adashev negotiated justifying the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. After the successful completion of this mission, he insisted on continuing the fight against the Crimean Tatars and developing this direction of foreign policy. However, Ivan IV preferred to start the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea (1558–1584).

Disagreeing with this decision of the king, Adashev nevertheless repeatedly participated, together with I.M. Viskovaty, in negotiations with Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), and then with Poland (1558, 1560) and Denmark (1559), that is, unconditionally carried out all the diplomatic missions of the king at the first stage of the Livonian War. However, despite such devotion, in May 1560 Adashev was sent by Ivan IV to an honorable exile - all in the same Livonia as a governor of a large regiment. The tsar's disgrace was caused by the painful suspicion of Ivan IV, which had grown at that time, and also by the fact that the policy of the Chosen One had already ceased to reflect the interests of the growing nobility. Adashev himself was increasingly turning into an oppositionist. Formally, his government fell as a result of disagreements with Ivan the Terrible in the conduct of foreign policy. In fact, the late 1550s drew a line under the long-standing rivalry between the tsar and the reformers who rejected violence and terror along the paths of centralization.

On August 7, 1560, the wife of Ivan IV, Anastasia Romanova-Zakharyina, died. The tsar believed the rumors that she was poisoned by people associated with A.F.Adashev, and exiled the suspect to Dorpat (Tartu). There, Adashev was placed under secret surveillance and died two months later under unclear circumstances (allegedly from a fever).

N.M. Karamzin wrote about Adashev: "This temporary worker is the beauty of the century and humanity." Many Russian pre-revolutionary historians evaluated Adashev as a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century. Immortalized on the Monument to the 1000th Anniversary of Russia in Novgorod (1862). Soviet researchers tried to emphasize the class character of the policy of the government led by Adashev.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

1561) - statesman, duma nobleman, okolnichiy, bed-keeper. From the Kostroma nobles. Since the end of the 40s. XVI century led the Chosen Rada. The state reforms of the middle of the 16th century are associated with his name. Combined government duties with courtiers. He headed the Petition Order, which directed and controlled the activities of other institutions and at the same time was the personal office of Ivan the Terrible. He led diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan Khanate. He supervised the compilation of the official Digit Book and the Sovereign Genealogy, edited the official chronicle. A supporter of the active eastern policy of the Russian state. Together with I.M. Viskovatym was in charge of Russia's foreign relations at the beginning of the Livonian War. He opposed the conduct of active operations of the Russian army in the West. He was governor in Livonia. He died in disgrace caused by the court struggle of court factions.

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Adashev Alexey Fedorovich

Adashev, Aleksey Fedorovich, a well-known favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of an insignificant serviceman Fedor Grigorievich A. "" This person, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and a model of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century, which is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around "" (N.P. Likhachev). For the first time, A. was mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3) in the position of a liar and a mover, i.e. he made the marriage bed of the sovereign and accompanied the newlywed to the bath. Together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester, A. began to use great influence on the tsar after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the tsar's uncle Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people. From that time on, the tsar, not disposed to the noble boyars, brought close to him two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and A. John found in them, as well as in Tsarina Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, the moral support and restraint of his spoiled from childhood nature. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and A. was the time of the government’s versatile activities (the convening of the first zemstvo council to approve the judicial officer in 1550, the convening of the church council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1557; the granting of statutory letters that determined self-government communities; a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people). In 1550, John granted A. a roundabout and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the relationship of the king to his favorite: "" Alexei! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds, and now I sought you beyond your measure for the help of my soul; although your desire is not for this, but I wished you, and not only you, but also others of the same kind, who would satisfy my sadness and look at the people handed to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who stole honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears: but consider everything attentively and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles. At the same time, he was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle and participated in compiling a set of digit books and the "sovereign genealogy". In 1553-1560, being inseparable from the tsar, according to Kurbsky, ""he was very useful to the common thing"". Adashev's diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan Tsar Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and A. at court created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Empress Anastasia. These enemies especially took advantage of the unfavorable circumstances for A. during the illness of the king in 1553. Dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, infant Dmitry. Aleksey A., however, swore unquestioningly to Dmitry, but his father, the devious Fyodor A., ​​directly announced to the sick tsar that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would govern Dmitry after his infancy. John recovered, and from then on the cooling of the king towards his former friends began. In May 1560, relations between the tsar and his advisers became so aggravated that A. found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorary exile in Livonia, the third governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. Upon the death of Empress Anastasia (died August 7, 1560), John's dislike for A. intensified; the king ordered to transfer him to Derpt and put him in custody. Here A. fell ill with a fever and died two months later. - See Kostomarova, "" Russian history in biographies "", vol. I; articles by N. Likhachev about A. in the Russian Biographical Dictionary (published by the Imperial Russian Historical Society, vol. I).

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Adashev Alexey Fedorovich

Adashev Alexey Fedorovich(1530s - early 1561) - a statesman, considered one of the leaders of Russian politics in the middle of the 16th century, possibly the author of the Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom. A. came from a wealthy court nobility. Rod A. had a fiefdom in Kostroma; the wealth of this family grew on the salt trade. A. appears at the court of Ivan IV in the early 1540s, after returning from Constantinople, where he was with the embassy with his father F. G. Adashev. The beginning of A.'s political career dates back to 1547. The outward expression of A.'s elevation is his rapid advancement through the ranks. According to the Discharge Book, in 1547 A. was a rynda (Ivan IV later called him a “batozhnik”), in 1550 he was a treasurer, in 1553 he was a solicitor and duma nobleman. A. takes an active part in the political life of the country. Starting from 1547, he was a participant in almost all the military campaigns of Ivan IV; A. is present at the most important court ceremonies; since March 1553, A. has been included in the “near Duma” of Ivan IV. According to A. M. Kurbsky, without the advice of A. and his supporters, the tsar could not "arrange or think anything." Cooling of Ivan IV to his favorite came at the end of the 1550s, although there are no sufficient grounds to consider A. an active opponent of the Livonian War and see this as the reason for disgrace. In May 1560 A. was sent to Livonia. After the death of Empress Anastasia, the tsar ordered that A. and his brother Daniel be left in the captured city. According to A. M. Kurbsky, A.'s opponents accused him of poisoning the queen. Then A. was exiled to Dorpat. In September - October 1560, the estates of Alexei and Daniel A. were transferred to the royal treasury. Soon A. died in Dorpat from a "fiery disease"; only this saved him from a violent death. Later, all of A.'s relatives were executed by Ivan IV.

A. - one of the conductors of the policy, which S. V. Bakhrushin and A. A. Zimin considered as a policy of compromise between the main groups of feudal lords. Although we know little about the creators of this policy (how applicable to them the expression of A. M. Kurbsky "chosen council" is a debatable question: Grobovsky A.N. The "Chosen Council" of Ivan IV: A Reinterpretation. New York, 1969) - it is clear that she was supposed to streamline the life of Moscow society and that A. played an important role in it. A.’s participation in the preparation of the verdict on the issuance of vacation pay (included in the number of additional articles of the Sudebnik of 1550 - line 12, chapter 160) and the tsar’s sentence “from the boyars about robbery” on January 18, 1555 is documented. A. undoubtedly worked to create Sovereign genealogy of 1555, which ended with the chapter "Rod Adashev". A., possibly, also participated in the compilation of the official code of discharge records - the Sovereign's discharge of 1556 and the Yard notebook of the 50s. 16th century Of great interest is the "Tsar's Sentence on Feeding and Services" (1555/1556), placed in the annals of Nikonovskaya (Obolensky's list) and Lvovskaya. According to A. A. Zimin, the "Sentence" is not a law on the abolition of feeding, but a monument of political journalism - a journalistic generalization of numerous practical measures in this area; The compiler of the "Sentence" may have been A.

A. was undoubtedly a very educated person. After the death of I. P. Golovin, who was married to A. Anna's daughter, many Latin and German books remained; S. O. Schmidt suggests that these are the remains of A.'s library. There is evidence of A.'s involvement in the official annals. In box 223 of the Tsar's archive, "the search of Prince Ondrey Petrovich Telyatevsky in Yuryev Livonsky about Olekseev's death of Adashev was kept, and the lists are black, wrote the memory that writing in the chronicler of the new years, which were taken from Oleksey." Box 224 contained "lists of what to write in the chronicler, new years have been tidied up from the summer of 7068." Thus, the chronicle, which was kept by A. (“lists”), reached 7068 (1559/1560) and was a continuation of the Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom. A. A. Zimin expressed a very convincing assumption that the compilation of the Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom should be associated with the name of A.; This assumption is confirmed by the witty considerations of B. M. Kloss, who proves that the Chronicler’s correction in the Obolensky list of the Nikon Chronicle was made by A.

Activities A. left a bright mark in the history of Russian social thought. If Ivan IV in a message to A. M. Kurbsky calls A. a “dog” and declares his non-participation in the events of the “chosen glad” (“the sovereign was the word, but he did not own anything”), then in other sources an enthusiastic characterization of A According to A. M. Kurbsky, A. "in some manners" was "like an angel." According to the Piskarevsky chronicler, when A. "was in time, and then the Russian land was in great silence and in prosperity and justice."

Lit.: Likhachev N. P. 1) The origin of A.F. Adashev, a favorite of Ivan the Terrible // Ist. vestn. SPb., 1890, v. 40, p. 378–392; 2) "Sovereign genealogist" and the family of Adashevs. SPb., 1897; Schmidt S. O. Government activity of A.F. Adashev // Uchen. app. Moscow State University. M., 1954, no. 167, p. 25–53; 2) The Russian State in the Middle of the 16th Century: The Tsar's Archive and the Chronicles of the Time of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1984, p. 165; Bakhrushin S.V."The Chosen Rada" of Ivan the Terrible // Bakhrushin S.V. Fav. tr. M., 1954, v. 2, p. 329–352; Smirnov I.I. Essays on the political history of the Russian state in the 1930s–1950s. 16th century M.; L., 1958, p. 212–231; Zimin A. A. 1) I. S. Peresvetov and his contemporaries. M., 1958, p. 29–41; 2) "Sentence" of 1555/56 and the liquidation of the feeding system in the Russian state // Ist. USSR, 1958, No. 1, p. 178–182; 3) The State Archive of Russia of the 16th century: Experience of Reconstruction. M., 1978, part 3, p. 525–527; Koretsky V.I. On the land holdings of the Adashevs in the 16th century. // IA, 1961, No. 5, p. 119–132; Andreev N. E. About the author of the postscripts in the front vaults of Grozny // TODRL. M.; L., 1962, v. 18, p. 117–148 (reprint: Andrey N. Studies in Muscovy. London, 1970, no. XI); Skrynnikov R. G. The beginning of the oprichnina. L., 1966 (Uchen. zap. LGPI named after A. I. Herzen, v. 294), p. 81–85, 119–127; Kloss B. M. Nikon's code and Russian chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries. M., 1980, p. 197–198; Kurukin I.V. To the study of sources on the beginning of the Livonian War and the activities of the government of Adashev and Sylvester // Source. research according to ist. feud. Russia. M., 1981, p. 29–48.

Add.: Grobovsky A. N. Ivan the Terrible and Sylvester: (History of a Myth). London, 1987, p. 59–61.

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Adashev, Alexey Fyodorovich

The son of the boyar Fyodor Grigoryevich, he is one of the most remarkable Russian people of the 16th century. The strong impressions made by the young Tsar Ivan Vasilievich IV from the terrible Moscow fire of June 21, 1547 and the popular revolt that followed it were sharply reflected in the history of the next decade, which became one of the brightest moments of Russian state life. The passionate nature of the royal youth temporarily submitted to the court party, the soul of which was the archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and Alexei Adashev. Both of these figures, according to their social status, did not stand at the head of the "chosen council", as Prince Kurbsky calls the newly promoted royal advisers, but led it, like the tsar himself, by the power of the charm of their personalities. Tsar Ivan himself calls them party leaders in a letter to Kurbsky. If some authoritative historians, like S. M. Solovyov and K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, point to the limited political horizon of the "chosen council" and note the pettiness of Sylvester, then regarding Adashev, as a person, it is impossible to pick up, it seems, evidence is not in his benefit. This person, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such a model of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century, that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around. No wonder Prince Kurbsky makes an enthusiastic review: "... and he (that Alexei) was very useful to the common thing, and partly, in some manners, like an angel. coarse and worldly people." The influence of Sylvester and Adashev was so strong, so incomprehensibly irresistible, that those who obeyed him subsequently explained everything by sorcery. During the disgrace that befell Sylvester and Adashev in 1560, they were convicted in absentia. The king's new advisers were afraid of personal interrogation; they were convinced and expressed it that "... these villains and enchantresses led by the great, will charm the king and destroy us, if they come!". The glory of Adashev spread beyond the boundaries of the Moscow State. When he was sent to Livonia, his mere appearance already made an impression: many cities, not yet taken, wanted to succumb to him "for his kindness." In 1585 in Poland, when asking the envoy Luka Novosiltsev about the "sovereign's brother-in-law", Boris Fyodorovich Godunov, they compared him with Adashev. Godunov, as the ruler of the earth and the merciful great, as "the neighbor is reasonable and merciful," reminded the influential Archbishop Stanislav Karnkovsky of the adviser to the "former sovereign" Alexei Adashev, who "ruled the Moscow state like that" and was a man of the same "prosperous". The ambassador himself had to explain to the foreigners that Godunov was no match for Adashev: "and the yaz told him: Alexei was reasonable, and he was not Alekseyev's verst: that is a great man, a boyar and a horseman, and our sovereign's brother-in-law ...". Aleksey Adashev was born into a rich, but not particularly well-born family of Kostroma estates. His father, thanks to his abilities and long service, moved out from among his relatives and managed to approach the court. It is not known how and when Fyodor Adashev managed to get his sons into the palace, but the very first mentions of Alexei Adashev in the sources speak of his closeness to the young Grand Duke. It was even suggested that Alexey Adashev was brought up together with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that in 1547 Adashev was already married to Anastasia Satina, one should think that he was several years older than the sovereign. The difference in age, in any case, was insignificant, which explains the rapprochement of Tsar Ivan with the young Kostroma "son of the boyars." Two brothers - Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev in the rank of the wedding of Ivan IV - on February 3, 1547, participate as solicitors and make the bed of the newlyweds. Alexei Fedorovich is, moreover, sleeping bag and according to the rite, he goes with the Grand Duke to the bath: "And in the soap room they washed with the Grand Duke: boyar Prince Yury Vasilyevich Glinskaya yes treasurer Fedor Ivanov son bitch; sleeping bags and movniki - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavskaya Yes, Prince Yurya Shemyakin yes Nikita Romanov Yes Alexey Adashev". It is impossible not to pay attention in this case to the nobility of all the "Movniks", except for Adashev, whose name is mentioned here for the first time. In the discharges in July 1547, Alexei Fedorovich is mentioned among rynd with the sovereign. These facts indicate the position of the young Adashev at the time of his rise: he was a room sleeping bag and a lawyer. As always, the sovereign's bed-keepers and the officials subordinate to them approached the special sovereign and acquired more or less importance in the court world, depending on their abilities and the degree of influence on the king. Aleksey Adashev was also recorded as Rynda in the category of the first campaign of Tsar Ivan near Kazan, but he is no longer among the Ryndas in the campaign of 7058 (1549-1550). The natural assumption that around this time Adashev was promoted and received a new appointment is confirmed by the facts. Prince A. M. Kurbsky calls Alexei Adashev false royal. This Polish term can refer to both the position of a bed keeper and the position of a sleeping bag. Was Adashev the bed-keeper of Tsar Ivan IV? In 1547, two bed-keepers are mentioned - Matvey Fedorovich Burukhin and Andrey Vladimirovich Mansurov. The first of them leaves the stage until September 1551, the second dies in 1551 and is replaced by Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov. It is quite possible that Aleksey Fedorovich Adashev replaced Burukhin in 1550, becoming on the same day both a bed-keeper and the head of the newly established Petition Order. This is precisely how historians interpret the famous speech of Tsar Ivan IV to the people, which has come down to us in lists and with undoubted distortions, at least, for example, in the words: "and on that day he came to roundabout Alexey Adasheva". Sources do not call Adashev a bed-keeper. In the ranks (handwritten) under the year 7061 in the king's retinue, they are marked: "solicitors were with the sovereign in the hut of the boyars- Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov"In view of the fact that Veshnyakov at that time was undoubtedly already in bed, one can think that in this case cooking connected to bedding. The "Royal Book", describing the oath of the boyars to the son of the sick tsar in 1553, adds: "Yes, which nobles were not with the sovereign in the Duma - Alexei Fedorov's son Adashev yes Ignatius Veshnyakov and the sovereign led them to a kiss in the evening. "Here again, neither Adashev nor Veshnyakov are designated by their positions, but their very comparison indicates that Adashev was the same as Veshnyakov, that is, a bed keeper. In the significant year of conquest Alexei Fedorovich took an active part in all events: he negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, he himself went to Kazan (and more than once) first to plant, and then to reduce Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. intelligence, knowledge and energy.Together with Prince Dmitry Paletsky, Alexei Fedorovich staged tours(August 29, 1552) against the city from the Arsky field; together with Prince Vasily Semyonovich Serebryany, he dug under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. A few months after his return from Kazan, the tsar fell ill in 1553 with a fever. In moments of terrible contention because of the oath, Alexei Adashev turned out to be a devoted servant: he unquestioningly swore allegiance to the infant prince. Perhaps it was this fact that delayed the fall of the "chosen one." Upon recovery, the tsar did not change at all in his attitude towards his friend: in the last months of the same 1553, Alexei Fedorovich Adashev was told devious. The new rank gave him an independent position in the Duma. Back in 1552, Adashev traveled with an important diplomatic mission to Tsar Shig-Aley in Kazan, but now he began to manage diplomatic relations in general, received ambassadors, excelled in negotiations with them. The circle of activities of this talented and likeable person expanded more and more. He was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle, preparing what to write in the "chronicler of the new years." One can hardly make a mistake if one ascribes to him an active participation both in the code of discharge books and in compiling the "sovereign genealogy", which was just completed by the Adashev family. From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Fedorovich constantly lived in Moscow, leaving only with the sovereign and accompanying him everywhere in all campaigns. The fame of Adashev spread more and more, his influence, apparently, grew stronger and stronger. A revolution in the fate of the Adashevs was being prepared slowly and imperceptibly. Aleksey Adashev's state activity did not last for many years, but it remained sharply noticeable, "for, as Karamzin put it, this famous temporary worker appeared along with the tsar's virtue and died with it ...". The death of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna (August 7, 1560) disrupted the usual normal course of Tsar Ivan's life and was the last, final push that destroyed the charm of the "chosen one". In recent years, this charm was based only on habit, and the tsar had long been weary of his powerful advisers, who were included in all. From the time of his illness in 1553, the sovereign harbored distrust of the "chosen council", and how could he trust her when she was almost in full force on the issue of succession to the throne for Prince Vladimir Andreevich. And then there were new misunderstandings. "Rada" insisted on the conquest of the Crimea, Ivan IV and Zakharyins aspired to the Baltic Sea and desired the complete conquest of Livonia. The state of affairs became more and more tense, Alexei Adashev could not stand it and, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 was sent to Livonia as the third governor of a large regiment (the first was Prince I. F. Mstislavsky, second M. Ya. Morozov). In September of the same year, by order of the tsar, the deceitful Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev were left by the governors in the newly conquered Fellin. It was already a clear fallout. Prince Kurbsky notes that Alexei was in Fellin an "antipath" (viceroy) "for quite a while." This is a lot of time - very relative. A few months later, Alexei Adashev was already imprisoned in Dorpat. A handwritten bit book explains the whole matter more precisely: "... both the sovereign tsar and the grand duke wrote to the boyar and voivode to prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky with comrades, and ordered in Villana ( in fellin) leave Okolnichev and governor Alexei Fedorovich Adasheva, Yes, Osip Vasilyevich Poleva yes Romana Alferyev. and Osip Polev on Alexei Adasheva sent to beat the sovereign with his forehead, that he menshi Alexei be out of place, and the sovereign ordered Alexei Adashev to be in Yuryev Livonsky, and Osip Polev the sovereign ordered to be in Villana and with him Roman Alferyev and Grigory Nazimov Novgorodian ... ". This place of discharges, which speaks of the only known case of Adashev's parochialism, explains the reason for the unexpected transfer of Adashev to Dorpat. Tsar Ivan did not begin to sort out the local case: he simply separated the arguing, thus satisfying the petitioner, but the very removal of Adashev from Fellin was a new insult to him, a new sign of disfavor. And indeed, the storm broke out with terrible speed: in early October 1560, the estates of Alexei Adashev were already unsubscribed to the sovereign, he himself was imprisoned and a ferocious search began, ending with the extermination of all the living Adashevs from their There is evidence that the daughter of Alexei Fedorovich, Anna, who was married to Ivan Petrovich Golovin, allegedly survived the pogrom, but this still requires documentary confirmation. Aleksey Fedorovich himself escaped execution, indignant and distressed, he could not stand the moral shock: fell ill with a fever and died in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561, having been ill with a "fiery illness" for no more than two months. This meek and pure personality stands out vividly among the rough mores of his time.

"Tales of Prince Kurbsky" (St. Petersburg, 1842), pp. 215, 188, 189, 92, 42, 62, 10 and 81. "Monuments of Diploma. Snosh.", Vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1851), art. 932-934. N. A. Polevoy, "History of the Russian people", vol. VI (M., 1833), p. 222, project 182; A. N. Yasinsky, "Works of Prince Kurbsky" (Kyiv, 1889), pp. 122-123. "Ancient Ros. Vivliofika", part XIII, pp. 33, 34, 38, 253, 293, 310-312 and 316; part XX, p. 38. In the so-called "thousandth" book of 1550, Alexei Adashev registered in first article by the son of a boyar from Kostroma. "Discharge. book." P. F. Likhachev under the year 7055. Ibidem under 7056, p. 177. Ibidem, p. 190 (7058). H. S. Artsybashev, "The Narrative of Russia", vol. II, book. IV, pp. 169-170. "Description of the Simonov Monastery" (M., 1843), p. 70. "Collection of the State. Gram. and Dog.", Part II, p. 45. "Royal Book", p. 80, 285, 286, 342. N. P. Likhachev, "On the origin of Adashev" ("Histor. Vestn." for 1890, No. 5), p. 383, approx. 2. Details of the diplomatic activities of Alexei Adasheva - see Nikon Chronicle, part VII; "Russian Chronicler" N. Lvov (St. Petersburg, 1792), part V, pp. 24, 36, 165, 167, 210, 221, 281, 286, 311; "Coll. Imperial Rus. East. General.", vol. LIX (edited by G. F. Karpov); I. Hamel, "Englishmen in Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1865), pp. 25, 26, 51, etc. "Acts of Archaeological Exped.", vol. I, 354; Ustryalov, approx. to the "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" research by A. N. Yasinsky. Handwritten ranks under the years 7063, 7064, 7065 and 7067; "Sinbirsky Collection", p. 3. Discharge book of P. F. Likhachev, p. 287. "Village of Novospasskoye" (P. Kazansky), p. 119-120.

N. Likhachev.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fyodorovich

The son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigoryevich Adashev, glorified his name in the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3) in the position false and movnik , i.e., he made the marriage bed of the sovereign and accompanied the newlywed to the bath. Together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester, Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the tsar after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the tsar's uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, regarded as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral upheaval in the young, impressionable tsar. Here is what he himself says: "Fear has entered my soul and trembling in my bones, my spirit has humbled myself, I have been touched and have known my sins." From that time on, the tsar, not disposed to noble boyars, brought two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev, closer to him. John found in them, as well as in Empress Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, the moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled from childhood, and directed his thoughts to the good of Russia. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was the time of the government’s broad and beneficial activities for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Sobor to approve the judicial code in 1550, the convening of the church council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1862 and Astrakhan ( 1654); the granting of statutory charters that determined the independent courts of the communities: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553). There is no doubt that John, endowed by nature with brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with a consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter must recognize great historical merits. In 1550, John granted Adashev to the circle and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the relationship of the king to his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds and now I sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul, although your desire is not for this, but I desired you, and not only you, but others like you, who would satisfy my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. you should accept petitions from the poor and the offended and analyze them carefully.Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who have stolen honors and ruined the poor and weak with their violence; in spite of the false tears of the poor, slandering the rich, with false tears, who wants to be right: but consider everything attentively and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles. In the internal affairs of the state, Adashev's activities can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: "he was very useful to the common thing."

Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan Tsar Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), Nogais (1653), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Empress Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the unfavorable circumstances for Adashev during the illness of the tsar in 1553. Dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual one and demanded that his cousin Prince Vladimir Andreevich Storitsky and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, baby Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, exposing his own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself. Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Aleksey Adashev, however, swore unquestioningly to Dmitry, but his father, the deceitful Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick tsar that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule after Dmitry's infancy. John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, the supporters of Sylvester now lost the favor of Empress Anastasia, who could suspect them of unwillingness to see her son on the throne. However, for the first time, the tsar did not show a hostile feeling, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting a powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in the same 1533 he granted Fyodor Adashev a boyar hat. The tsar's trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in the same 1553 with the tsarina and son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, transmitted to Tsar Adashev, was fulfilled, and secondly, John met during this trip with the former Bishop of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, a favorite of Father John, and, of course, Vassian's conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party. From that time on, the tsar began to be weary of his former advisers, all the more so because he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised him to conquer the Crimea. Painful suspicion of John, intensified by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept effort to maintain influence on the king with a thunderstorm of God's wrath gradually made a complete break between John and his former advisers. In May 1560, the attitude of the tsar towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorary exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Empress Anastasia († August 7, 1560), John's dislike for Adashev intensified; the king ordered to transfer him to Derpt and put him in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him, perhaps, from further vengeance of the king. See "Tales of Prince Kurbsky", ed. Ustryalov, Karamzin, "Ist. state. ross." vol. VIII; Solovyov, "History of Russia" vol. VI, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "Russian ist.", vol. II, Encyclopedia. words. 1861, vol. I, Kostomarov, "Russian History in Biographies", vol. I, XVIII.

(Brockhaus)

Adashev, Alexey Fyodorovich

roundabout and favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible; † 1561 in Dorpat.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fyodorovich

A favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, an insignificant Kostroma patrimony, after the Moscow fire of 1547, together with Sylvester, a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, he became one of the leaders of the Chosen Rada, a council elected by the boyar duma and having a great influence on the foreign and domestic policy of Grozny. In the "Chosen Rada" A. was a representative of the interests of the small service nobility, in need of new lands. The range of A.'s activities was very diverse: he - by decree of the king - accepted petitions from the poor and offended, conducted diplomatic negotiations with Kazan, supervised engineering work during its siege; at the same time he was collecting material for the royal official chronicle, compiled Pedigree and vault bit books, in charge of the reception of foreign ambassadors. A.'s closeness to the tsar, tearing him away from his class, little by little made A. a "boyar man" and, together with the disintegration of the nobility and merchant bloc, prepared his fall. In 1560, A. fell into disgrace: he was sent as governor to Fellin, and then to Dorpat, imprisoned, where he died (1561); his estates were "subscribed to the sovereign," that is, confiscated.

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In the position of a liener and a mover, that is, he made the marriage bed of the sovereign and accompanied the newlywed to the bath.

Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the tsar's uncle Prince Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people.

These events, regarded as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral upheaval in the young, impressionable tsar. Here is what he himself says: “Fear has entered my soul and trembling in my bones, my spirit has humbled myself, I have been touched and have known my sins.”

The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was the time of the government’s broad and beneficial activities for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Sobor to approve the judicial code in 1550, the convening of the church council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan (1556); the granting of statutory charters that determined the independent courts of the communities: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553).

There is no doubt that Ivan IV, endowed by nature with brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with a consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore behind the latter must recognize the great historical merits.

Adashev’s diplomatic activity also stood out in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan Tsar Shig-Aley (and), Nogais (), Livonia (, ,), Poland (, ), Denmark (). The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Empress Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the unfavorable circumstances for Adashev during the illness of the king in 1553.

Dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual and demanded that his cousin Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, exposing his own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself.

Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Aleksey Adashev, however, swore unquestioningly to Dmitry, but his father, the devious Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick tsar that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule for Dmitry's infancy.

John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. In the same way, Sylvester's supporters now lost the favor of Empress Anastasia, who could suspect them of unwillingness to see her son on the throne. However, for the first time, the tsar did not show a hostile feeling, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting a powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in 1553 granted Fedor Adashev a boyar hat.

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See what "Adashev, Alexei Fedorovich" is in other dictionaries:

- (? 1561), roundabout (from November 1553), bed-keeper; member of the Chosen Council. Brother of D. F. Adashev. Headed the petition order. From the end of the 40s. led eastern Russian politics, from the mid-50s. all diplomacy. The initiator of the reforms of the middle ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (d. 1561) Kostroma nobleman, under Ivan IV, headed the government, known as the Chosen Rada. Together with I. M. Viskovaty (see), A. led foreign policy and conducted direct negotiations with Kazan, the Nogais in the 1550s ... Diplomatic Dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

- (? 1561), duma nobleman, roundabout (from November 1553), bed-keeper. From the Kostroma nobles. From the end of the 40s. 16th century led the Chosen Rada. The state reforms of the late 40s and 50s are associated with his name. XVI century, determined for a century ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia) Wikipedia

Adashev A. F.- ADYASHEV Alexey Fedorovich (? -1561), okolnichiy, from con. 40s member of the Chosen Rada (actually pr va Rus. state va). Brother of D. F. Adashev. Russian led. policy in the East, with ser. 50s all diplomacy. The initiator of reforms that strengthened ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Monument to the Millennium of the Russian State ... Wikipedia

Data on the time and place of birth in the biography of Alexei Fedorovich Adashev has not been preserved. It is known that he came from a not very noble family of Kostroma nobles associated with the Moscow boyars.

The first information about Alexei Adashev dates back to 1547 and is associated with his participation in the royal wedding as a liar, that is, responsible for the bed of the newlyweds. He received a special place under the tsar during the Moscow fire of the same year. It was at this time that he was looking for people who were not very well-born, but devoted. Extraordinary abilities, and most importantly, devotion helped Adashev to become one of the leaders of the Chosen Rada, which eventually became an unofficial government. The elected council decided many issues on the leadership of the country and for a while pushed the Boyar Duma out of control. Adashev and the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin Sylvester, in fact, became the largest statesmen of that time. This period is associated with a wide and fruitful activity of the king and the government.

It was Adashev who became the initiator and conductor of a number of reforms that strengthened the royal power and strengthened the position of service people.

The elected council and personally Adashev participated in the development, and at the same time Alexei Fedorovich was promoted to falconer.

At that time, Adashev also headed the supreme control body - the Petition Order. He personally considered many petitions coming from the field. The surviving data characterize him as a stern and imperious leader.

Adashev's policy contributed to the military reform and the abolition of feeding. The tsar's trust in Adashev was so great that Alexei Fedorovich was entrusted with the custody of his personal archive and the state seal.

In addition, Adashev became the chief treasurer, heading the financial department, supervised the writing of official discharge books and the Sovereign's genealogy, as well as the Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom.

Adashev also proved himself to be an excellent diplomat. His participation in negotiations with foreign ambassadors led to positive results. He was also involved in the preparation of diplomatic decisions on the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates.

Relations between the tsar and Adashev cracked after the illness of the former in 1553. The problem was who to swear to in the event of the death of the king. Alexey Adashev fulfilled the will of the sovereign and swore allegiance to his young son Dmitry. However, Adashev's father, Fyodor, said that he would not obey the Romanovs, who rule the country due to Dmitry's infancy.

The king did not like this, and after his recovery, his attitude towards the Adashev family changed, and not for the better. Gradually, Adashev moved further and further away from public administration and, despite past merits, transferred to diplomatic work. At first, he negotiated the rationale for the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate, and later - about the outbreak. The royal disgrace was largely connected with the increased suspicion of Ivan the Terrible, and also with the fact that the Chosen Rada no longer fully reflected the interests of the growing nobility.

After the death of his wife Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, Ivan IV drew attention to rumors that Adashev's people were involved in her death. By order of the king, Adashev was exiled to Derpt (Tartu), where he was secretly monitored. Two months later, Adashev died under unclear circumstances. This happened in 1561.