In those days, Lydia lay at the crossroads of many roads. All trade routes to the countries of the East and Ancient Greece passed through its territory. This is where the urgent need for trade facilitation arose. And this was a serious obstacle to heavy ingots, which acted as the money supply. The inventive Lydians were the first to think of making metal coins from electrum, which is a natural alloy of gold and silver. Small fragments of this metal, shaped like beans, began to be flattened, putting the sign of the city on their surface. These symbolic pieces of metal began to be used as a bargaining chip. The first Lydian coins got their name in honor of the Lydian king Croesus, who, according to the legends, possessed untold wealth. This is how the world saw kroeseids - the first metal money with an image.

Money turnover

A few decades later, the rulers of the Greek city of Aegina began minting their own coins. Outwardly, they were not at all like the Lydian cruseids and were cast from pure silver. Therefore, historians claim that metal coins in Aegina were invented independently, but a little later. Coins from Aegina and Lydia very quickly began to move throughout Greece, moved to Iran, and then appeared among the Romans, finally conquering many barbarian tribes.

Gradually, coins of many cities entered the market, which differed from each other in weight, type and value. The minted coin of one city could cost several times more than the coins of another, because it could be cast from pure gold, and not from an alloy. At the same time, coins with an image or emblems were valued much higher, because. distinguished by the purity of the metal and fullness. The stamp of the mint that minted money enjoyed unshakable authority among all residents.

Greek coins

On the territory of Ancient Greece there were several city-states: Corinth, Athens, Sparta, Syracuse, and each of them had its own mint that minted its own coins. They were of different shapes, various stamps were applied to them, but most often they were images of sacred animals or gods, who were revered in the city where the coin was minted.

So, for example, in Syracuse, the god of poetry Apollo was depicted on the coins, and the winged Pegasus soared on the coins of Corinth.

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Zhiguli of the first model, popularly known by the nickname "penny" - in fact, the legendary car in the history of the domestic auto industry, which even has Italian roots.

Today, the VAZ concern is rightfully the leader of the automotive industry in the Russian Federation. A large volume of products, a variety of models, and a good quality of cars ensure the success of the plant in the modern market. However, the owners of modern "Kalin", "Prior" and "Grant" would probably be interested to know how it all began.

The history of the birth of "penny"

In September 1970, an article appeared in the Pravda newspaper stating that the first small cars had left the assembly line of the Volga Automobile Plant, which had just been built in Togliatti. By the end of the same year, it was planned to produce about 20 thousand cars. The new car was called the VAZ 2101 Zhiguli. The people very quickly dubbed him a "penny". This event was preceded by a certain history.

The issue of building an automobile giant was decided, as, indeed, everything in the then USSR, at the very top. The initiator was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the country A. Kosygin, who received significant support from the General Secretary of the Communist Party (at that time the only and ruling in the country) L. Brezhnev.

One of the important economic reasons for making a positive decision was the commodity crisis in the country, which led to a surplus of cash from citizens, and mass auto production would help to “pump out” these finances from the population. In addition, selling cars abroad would help to balance the export-import balance of foreign trade. The search for a foreign partner was quite meticulous. The construction contract was awarded to the Italian concern Fiat. The Fiat-124 became the base model for the new Soviet small car.

By the way, by the time the contract was signed, this model was recognized as the best in Europe. The construction of the plant lasted from 1967 to 1970, when the first Zhiguli assembly line was launched. During this time, several Fiat 124 cars have passed comprehensive tests in the conditions of landfills and on the roads of the country. Based on the results of these tests, a new modification of the 124th model was created, which differed markedly from the "basic" version and even received the index R (Russia) in the name.

The first cars assembled at the VAZ were equipped mainly with Italian parts. Even the radiator grilles were supplied from FIAT, but instead of the company emblem, there was a ... "hole" in the allotted place. The emblem for the new car was simply not invented. I had to urgently solve the problem.

Documentation and sketches of the factory mark (the famous boat with a clearly readable letter "V" (Volga)) for its manufacture were sent to Turin, Italy. During 1970, the word Tolyatti was present on the trademarks on the machines, which was later removed due to the fact that it was impossible to correlate the symbolism of the brand name with the geography of the manufacturer.
Certain innovations were made in the design of the car.

Suffice it to say that for the first time in the USSR, front disc brakes were installed on passenger cars, an upper camshaft was installed in the cylinder head, a number of changes were made to the design of the piston system, clutch, and suspension elements.

The “penny” was also distinguished by its high competitiveness in the world market. The buyer essentially received the same 124th Fiat, but at a much lower cost. And in the countries of the socialist community, a VAZ car could only be purchased on a first-come, first-served basis.

The production of the famous and beloved by the people "penny" was discontinued in the early 80s. More than 2.7 million cars of this model faithfully served and serve their owners to this day.

Money is the universal equivalent. All material values, objects, can be converted into money, because they have their price. The first money was metal coins.

They replaced natural exchange and led to the development of trade and relations between states.

Which country was the first to mint coins?

The most ancient coins date back to the 7th century BC. This is the end of the Bronze Age, when the states of the Mediterranean region flourished. You should consider the main countries in which the first coins were minted and find out who was the first to come up with money:

• The ancient Greek city-polis had a developed economy, a stable political system, they created overseas colonies. However, the first money on the planet was not invented by the Greeks;
• The Phoenicians were excellent sailors who explored Spain and reached the Canary Islands. But they began to mint their own money later and were not their inventors;
• The very first coins were minted in the Asia Minor state of Lydia, which was located on the territory of modern Turkey. The first money was made of a metal alloy of gold and silver.

The value of the first coins

It can be argued that the first coins were used precisely in trading operations. But along with this, they have become a sign of prestige and wealth. It was in coins that the rulers of the Ancient World accumulated their treasures.

After all, an alloy of gold and silver was expensive. Such money was simply not used in small transactions. They were the property of rich people and rulers.

Only later did cheaper coins begin to be minted. It was an alloy of silver with other metals - bronze, tin, and so on. With the development of the monetary business, trade operations grew, ties between countries strengthened. Coins became the universal standard for redemption, payment of debts and tribute.

At the same time, each state minted its own money, which made it difficult to determine their value. Therefore, merchants often focused on weight. And coins were often simply cut in half if they weighed too much.

The value of the coins was high, so only the death penalty was imposed for their forgery.

Where and when was gold coinage first minted?

Issue resolved and closed.

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The photo below shows the world's first Aegina silver coin, on the front side of which there is an image of a land tortoise - a symbol of the city of Aegina.

For many centuries, the means of payment were the objects of trade themselves, which initially performed the function of money. In the Bronze Age, the monetary equivalent was metal. With the development of production and trade, payment ingots made of precious metals (gold, silver) and copper become means of payment.

Payment bars made of precious metals and copper had a relatively small mass, at a low cost, they were different in shape and weight. The new means of payment was more convenient for trade than items intended for barter. These payment bars were weight money. However, weight ingots had to be weighed each time and their composition determined, which caused great inconvenience.

Only a legal tender, monopolized by the state, could guarantee the quality of the legal tender, the correct weight and chemical composition. The first monetary means of payment was a small piece of metal, where the state was responsible for the content of precious metals, which guaranteed the quality of the produced coins with its hallmark.

Coins, unlike payment bars, performed not only an economic function, but were also information carriers. The appearance of the first coins in circulation - as a means of payment, assigned to the state, its even greater role in the economy.

It is known that the first coins in the world appeared in the seventh century BC, in the ancient Lydian kingdom. These coins were made from a natural alloy - electrum. Outwardly, the alloy looked like amber, which was also called “electron” in another way. Alloy - electron, mainly consisted of silver and gold, which included impurities of other metals. Depending on the content of silver in electrum, the alloy had different color shades.

However, there are other versions related to the purpose of the world's first coin. It is believed that the first coins produced by the Lydian craftsmen were not originally a means of payment at all, but had a different purpose. There is evidence that they were first used as ritual objects, for offerings to the gods in temples. Another version, the first coin in the world, was made - not by Lydian craftsmen, but in China, in the middle of the second millennium BC. However, the very first coin in China was not made of gold and silver, but of copper.

Initially, the Lydian masters - the ancient state of Asia Minor, did not know how to purify gold, so the first coins were made from a natural alloy of gold and silver. Such coins did not have an exact weight content of precious metals in the alloy, that is, they did not have an accurate sample. The drawing on these coins indicated only their belonging to coins. The first coins did not have a specific size, weight and did not meet the modern definition of a coin. It was only when coins acquired a standard of weight, clarity and size that they came under the modern definition of a coin. Such coins had an image in the form of a royal official seal: on the obverse - the head of a lion, and on the reverse - a bull. The designated royal seal guaranteed the quality of the coins produced in the state.

After the Lydian masters mastered the technology of refining gold, silver and gold coins began to be minted as a means of payment. It is assumed that the first silver coins were discovered and minted, not in Lydia, but in Greece. Many busy trade routes passed through the Lydian kingdom, which followed to Greece and the countries of the East. The Lydian kingdom carried on active trade with Greece.

The first silver coins were minted in the Greek city of Aegina. The monetary system in Aegina was based on silver. According to the Aeginian monetary system, mainly silver starters were minted. These silver coins were - Aegina drachmas. On the front side of the silver coins, there was an image of a land tortoise - as a symbol of the city of Aegina.

Minted silver coins in Aegina quickly spread throughout Greece and its colonies, and then they penetrated into Iran. Then, silver coins became popular with the Romans and many barbarian tribes.

The first silver coin was small, irregular in shape and looked like a silver cake. Such silver coins were very different from modern coins that exist today. On the silver coin was the sign of the city, which guaranteed its weight. On the reverse side of the silver coins, were left from minting - the spikes on which the coin was held during minting. Such a silver coin was cheerful, about six grams.

The ancient Greeks had their own coin account. A small silver coin was called a "obol", where six pieces made up a drachma, and two drachmas - a stator. Silver coins in different cities and at different times had different weights. The earliest silver coins in Greece were not inscribed at first. The image on silver coins was made only on the front side. Inscriptions on silver coins began to appear only in the middle of the sixth century BC, and various images on the front and back - in the fifth century BC. In Athens, silver coins were minted with the image of the head of the goddess Athena on the front side, and owls on its reverse side.

This is money issued and in circulation in the form of coins.

History of metallic money

The very first coins appeared in the II millennium BC in China. They were made from cast bronze.

The first gold coin of a habitual (that is, round) form for a modern person appeared in Lydia (today it is the territory of Turkey) in the 7th century BC. Then the coins quickly spread to the territory of other states - to Greece, Macedonia, the countries of Western Europe.

Around the same time, coinage began to be minted in the Mediterranean countries. This process was strictly controlled by the state. For the production of metal money in those days, gold, silver and copper were used.

Gold metal money from the 3rd century BC began to be minted in Rome. It should be noted that it was the Romans who began to call the metal money that was produced in the temple of Juno-Coin coins.

In Russia, metal money made of gold appeared during the time of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. The first Russian gold coin is Vladimir's gold coin, weighing approximately 4 g.

Throughout the VIII-XIV century - Silver was mainly used for the production of metallic money. In the XV-XVIII centuries. coins were in circulation, the minting of which was carried out both from silver and from gold.

XIX - ser. XX century historians characterize it as the time of the gold standard (“solar” metal became the universal equivalent, and silver coins turned into small change). Gold coins were the most popular in the 19th century, especially in Great Britain. This state, due to the presence of a large number of colonies and dominions, ranked first in the world in gold mining. The properties of the "solar" metal served as a transition to the active use of gold metal money. Gold coins are distinguished by uniform quality, high concentration of value, excellent preservation, and difficulty in mining and processing.

It was gold coins that were the main competitors to the US dollar. So the United States tried to cancel . The decision to exclude gold metal money from circulation was made at the Jamaica Conference in the 70s of the last century.

Classification of metallic money

Metal money is divided into two main types:

full-fledged (made mainly of precious metals);

defective (for the production of coins, aluminum and its alloys are mainly used).

Defective metal money is used as a bargaining chip.

Specialists note that the state issues small change coins with the so-called forced rate, that is, it deliberately assigns them an inflated face value. For example, in Russia, the production of a coin with a face value of 2 rubles costs the state only 79 kopecks.

Characteristics of metallic money

Metal money has the following characteristics:

obverse - the front side of the coin, where it is usually minted;

reverse - the reverse side of metal money (the place of minting religious or state symbols);

edge - the edge of a coin.

The minting of metal money is strictly centralized and is carried out exclusively by state mints.

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