Heroism of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War. Patriotism is the source of the spiritual strength of the Russian people False patriots in the novel

Oleg Anatolievich

The patriotic spirit of the Russian people manifested itself already in the first months of the war. Only in Moscow were formed 12 divisions of the people's militia and 25 destruction battalions. Front-line writer K. Simonov then said about Moscow: A city that looks like a Russian person, as invincible as the Russian person himself". Moscow power, they said at that time, is a grave for the enemy. We will rise as one, but we will not surrender Moscow.

The patriotic impulse of the Russian people manifested itself in numerous cases of heroism in various areas of national life, both among the military and among civilians.

Captain's plane N. F. Gastello On June 26, 1941, during the bombing of an enemy tank column on the Radoshkevichi-Molodechno road, he received a hole in the gas tank. There was a fire. Then Gastello, together with the crew (lieutenants A. A. Budenyuk, G. N. Skorobogatov and senior sergeant A. A. Kalinin) decided not to leave the plane on parachutes. The burning vehicle was aimed at a cluster of tanks, motor vehicles and gas tanks, which exploded along with the aircraft, destroying many dozens of German soldiers and a large amount of military equipment.

Another pilot V. V. Talalikhin, Aug 7 1941 in an air battle rammed an enemy bomber, destroying it. Subsequently shot down another 5 enemy aircraft. Oct. 1941 died heroically in an air battle.

A brilliant example of the mass heroism of a Russian soldier was shown by the fighters of the 316th Infantry Division under the command of General I.V. Panfilov. In the battle near Moscow in Oct.-Nov. In 1941, the soldiers of this division entered into heavy defensive battles with superior enemy forces west of Volokolamsk. On November 16, when the Germans launched a new offensive to capture Moscow, 28 Panfilov fighters, led by the commander V. G. Klochkov occupied the defense in the area of ​​​​the Dubosekovo junction near Volokolamsk. Before the battle, the commander addressed the soldiers with the words: Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat, behind Moscow ". In a 4-hour battle, the Panfilov heroes knocked out 18 German tanks, but almost all were killed, and on November 17. their general was also killed. For heroism in battle, the division received the name of the Guards with the assignment of the name of I.V. Panfilov.

The war gave more and more examples of the heroic self-sacrifice of Russian soldiers. Infantry school cadet A. Matrosov voluntarily went to the front as a private. Feb 23 1943 in the battle for the village of Chernushki (Kalinin Front) broke through to the enemy bunker and closed the embrasure with his body, sacrificing himself to ensure the success of his unit. Matrosov saved the lives of dozens of his comrades who found themselves under targeted enemy fire. Taking advantage of the confusion of the enemy, the Russian soldiers went on the attack and drove out the invaders.

A special form of the patriotic movement was the partisan struggle behind enemy lines, which could not be stopped by the brutal repressions of the occupiers. Even before the outbreak of hostilities, the German leadership prepared a document stating that civilians suspected of crimes against German troops should be shot without trial, that German soldiers for crimes against the civilian population should not be prosecuted. On July 23, Field Marshal Keitel issued an order stating: " Considering the vast expanses of the occupied territories in the East, the available armed forces to maintain security in these territories will only be sufficient if all resistance is punished not by the prosecution of the perpetrators, but by the creation of such a system of terror on the part of the armed forces that will be sufficient to in order to eradicate from the population any intention to resist. Commanders must find the means to carry out this order through draconian measures.". The immeasurable cruelty of the German invaders gave impetus to the general partisan struggle against the conquerors. For the national humiliation of the Russians and cruelty towards them, the German invaders paid with the blood of tens of thousands of their soldiers who died at the hands of the people's avengers.

By the end of 1941, several hundred underground organizations and more than 2,000 partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, providing great support to the Russian army. The partisans smashed the headquarters, attacked the garrisons, blew up warehouses and bases, cars and trains.

Already during the winter offensive of the Russian army of 1941-42, partisans, in cooperation with the troops, struck at communications, enemy headquarters and warehouses, participated in the liberation of settlements, directed Russian aircraft at enemy targets, and assisted airborne assaults. In Jan. 1942 in the Znamenka region, Smolensk partisans liberated 40 villages and villages and assisted the 4th Airborne Corps in landing and conducting combat operations, and in February. carried out an attack on Dorogobuzh, expelling the invaders from it.

During the summer battles of 1942, the partisans diverted 24 enemy divisions, 14-16 of which were constantly used to guard communications. In Aug. 148 crashes of military echelons with soldiers and equipment were made in Sept. - 152, in Oct. - 210, Nov. - 238.

In contrast to the Patriotic War of 1812, in the fighting of 1941-45, only a small part of the partisan detachments fought spontaneously and independently, while their predominant number was controlled from Moscow. By 1943, the partisan movement was centralized to a strategic scale, carried out under the unified leadership of the partisans' combat activities, stable communications between partisan headquarters and detachments, and interaction with units of the Russian Army.

A striking example of the successful interaction of the Russian army with partisan detachments was the Belarusian operation of 1944, during which the partisans became, as it were, the fifth front, along with the four advancing fronts of the regular Russian Army.

In June 1944, 150 partisan brigades and 449 detachments with a total strength of more than 143 thousand people, not counting the reserve of 250 thousand people, concentrated in the Belarusian forests. (including 123 thousand armed). Most of the reserves of the German Army Group Center were shackled by the fight against the partisans. During the preparation of the operation in May-June, the partisans identified and confirmed information about 287 enemy units and formations located in the rear, 33 headquarters, 900 garrisons, defensive lines 985 km long, 130 anti-aircraft batteries, 70 large warehouses; established the composition and organization of 108 enemy military units, discovered 319 field postal stations, 30 airfields and 11 landing sites; recorded the passage and composition of 1642 echelons, captured 105 operational documents.

On the night of June 20, the partisans carried out a mass attack on all the most important railway communications, blowing up over 40 thousand rails. The movement of German troops completely stopped in the sector Orsha - Borisov, Orsha - Mogilev, Molodechno - Polotsk, Molodechno - Lida, Baranovichi - Osipovichi, Baranovichi - Minsk and others. The partisan detachments supported the Russian army in forcing the rivers Berezina, Sluch, Ptich, Drut, Lekhva, Neman and others. suffering heavy losses. The people's avengers liberated and held a number of settlements until the approach of the Russian army, and with the approach of tank units, they acted as tank landings and participated in the liberation of Minsk, Slutsk, Borisov, Mogilev, Pinsk and other cities. With the help of partisan detachments, the forests were cleared of small enemy groups with the complete elimination of the enemy. In total, only in the Belarusian operation, Russian partisans destroyed St. 15 thousand enemy soldiers and officers and more than 17 thousand were taken prisoner. They also executed thousands of traitors to the Motherland, policemen and other traitors who collaborated with the enemy. The scale of the people's guerrilla war against the German occupiers reflected the high patriotic enthusiasm of the Russian people, their ardent hatred for the enemy, which had no analogues in world history. Names of partisan heroes such as Z. Kosmodemyanskaya, A. F. Fedorov, S. A. Kovpak and many others. etc., gained wide popularity among the people.

For a partisan Z. Kosmodemyanskoy war was a feat, the purpose of which was to destroy the enemy at any cost, and if necessary, without hesitation to sacrifice one's life. Captured by the German invaders, she shows great courage and contempt for her enemies before being executed. Addressing the Russian peasants, driven by the occupiers for the public hanging of the heroine, Zoya shouted in a loud and clear voice: “Hey, comrades! What are you looking at sadly? Be bolder, fight, beat the fascists, burn, poison!” The German standing next to him swung his hand and wanted to either hit her or clamp her mouth, but she pushed his hand away and continued: “I’m not afraid to die, comrades. It is happiness to die for your people.” The photographer had taken the gallows from a distance and close up, and now he moved in to photograph it from the side. The executioners looked uneasily at the commandant, who shouted to the photographer: “Hurry!” Then Zoya turned towards the commandant and shouted to him and the German soldiers: “ You hang me now, but I'm not alone. We are two hundred million. You don't outweigh everyone. You will be avenged for me. Soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender, anyway, victory will be ours!» The executioner pulled the rope, and the noose squeezed Zoya's throat. But she parted the noose with both hands, rose on her toes and shouted, straining with all her strength: “ Farewell, comrades! Fight, don't be afraid! Stalin is with us! Stalin is coming! »

The patriotic movement for the voluntary collection of money and material values ​​for the needs of the front has become widespread. Fundraising for the construction of military equipment has gained particular popularity. It was initiated by the Russian peasants of the Tambov and Saratov regions. Oct. 1942 Collective farm "Signal of the Revolution" Saratov region in one day they collected 170 thousand rubles. for the construction of combat aircraft. By 10 Dec. the peasants of this region donated 33.5 million rubles. for the construction of aircraft. In the Tambov region within two weeks the peasants contributed to the construction tank column "Tambov collective farmer" 40 million rubles

In n. dec. 1942 beekeeper F. P. Golovaty from the Stepnoy farm, Saratov region. contributed 100 thousand rubles. on a plane for the Stalingrad front. In the Saratov region 44 peasants contributed from 100 to 300 thousand rubles. everyone. These personal initiatives spread throughout the country. From the very beginning of the war, Russian peasants sent parcels to the army with various gifts, primarily with warm clothes. In just three months of 1941, the front received from the peasantry 1.2 million pairs of felt boots, more than 2 million sheepskins, 2.2 million pairs of woolen gloves and mittens, St. 2 million sheepskin coats.

In Orthodox parishes in cities and in the countryside, funds were collected for defense needs, for gifts to soldiers, for the maintenance of the wounded in hospitals and orphans in orphanages. Dec 30 1942 Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) appealed to the flock with an appeal to raise funds for the construction of a tank column to them. Dmitry Donskoy. In response to the call of the First Hierarch in the Moscow Epiphany Cathedral, the clergy and laity collected more than 400 thousand rubles. The whole of ecclesiastical Moscow collected over 2 million rubles, and in besieged hungry Leningrad, the Orthodox raised 1 million rubles. for the needs of the army; in Kuibyshev, 650 thousand rubles were donated by old people and women. In Tobolsk, one of the donors brought 12 thousand rubles. and wished to remain anonymous. A resident of Chebarkuli, Chelyabinsk region M. A. Vodolaev wrote to the Patriarchate: “I, an elderly, childless, with all my heart join the call of Metropolitan Sergius and contribute 1,000 rubles from my labor savings, with a prayer for the speedy expulsion of the enemy from the sacred confines of our land.” Freelance priest of the Kalinin diocese M. M. Kolokolov donated a priestly cross, 4 silver chasubles from icons, a silver spoon and all his bonds to the tank column. In total, more than 78 million rubles were collected for the tank column. In Novosibirsk, Orthodox clergy and laity donated 110 thousand for the construction of aircraft Siberian Squadron "For the Motherland" In one Leningrad church, unknown pilgrims brought a package and placed it near the icon of St. Nicholas. The package contained 150 gold 10-ruble coins of royal minting. In total, more than 200 million rubles were collected for the needs of the front during the war, as well as warm clothes for soldiers: felt boots, mittens, padded jackets.

During the Great Patriotic War, patriotic feelings returned to many intellectuals, they realized that they were part of a great thousand-year-old community. Quite significant was the poem by K. Simonov: “Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region”, in which he was proud that his Russian mother “gave birth” to the world. For many, the words became a return to the original sources:

You know, probably, after all, the motherland -
Not a city house, where I lived festively,
And these country roads that grandfathers passed,
With simple crosses of their Russian graves.

Gained widest notoriety play by K. Simonov "Russian people", depicting the heroic features of the Russian People, the inherent feeling of love for the Motherland, a high understanding of one's civic duty, the will to win, and readiness for self-sacrifice.

A remarkable achievement of Russian wartime literature was poem by A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin", who created an epic folklore image of a daring Russian soldier, selflessly loving his Motherland, capable of a feat without false pathos, perceiving heroism as ordinary work with a lively and crafty soldier's joke.

Writer during the war M. Sholokhov created the story "The Science of Hatred"(1942), in 1943-44 in Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda chapters from novel "They fought for the Motherland", in which he set the goal of showing the feat of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War.

At L. Leonov in 1942 appears the play "Invasion”, followed by “Lenushka” (1943) and the story “The Capture of Velikomushsk”. All of them are imbued with a deep, unshakable faith in the victory of the Russian people over the German invaders. In the play "Invasion", the writer revealed the depth of Russian patriotic feeling, burning out everything petty and insignificant in a person's soul.

Russian songwriters created new popular songs imbued with deep love for the Motherland, sacred hatred for the enemy, praising the steadfastness and selflessness of the Russian People, the fearlessness and valor of its illustrious heroes. In the songs of the war years, the features of composure, stern determination, and concentration of the people's will are intensified. Among the songwriters of those years, V. Lebedev-Kumach ("Holy War"), M. Isakovsky ("Katyusha", "And who knows", "In the forest near the front", "Spark", "Oh, my fogs ..." became famous, “Enemies burned their own hut”, “Everything froze again until dawn”, “Migratory birds are flying”).

The war time brought to life many new proverbs and sayings. Proverbial appeals, eyewitnesses say, were written on billboards and exhibited at crossroads: “ The bastard crawls to Leningrad and is not happy himself; zenki puffs on Moscow - it will get even stronger»; « Hitler will not have to make a sea out of Leningrad, and a field out of Moscow»; « Let's meet the Germans not with pies, but with batogs».

There are especially many proverbs about Moscow: The fascist eye sees Moscow, but the tooth is numb»; « Close, Hitler, Moscow, don't bite»; « Do not grow an acorn in the grass, do not be an enemy in Moscow»; « Moscow is like granite: no one will defeat it ».

Hatred of the enemy was expressed in such proverbs: The fascist is nasty - he is greedy for murder»; « Fell into the hands of the Nazis - you will suffer torment»; « For murder and torture, the Nazis are quick».

The restoration of the guard units in the Russian army was welcomed by the people as follows: “ The Suvorov testament is holy: the guards stand to death»; « The best army man is our guardsman»; « From the guards' grip, the fascist seems to heel»; « Guards glory - poison to the enemies».

Dozens of new winged words appear: “ The Nazis wanted to relax in Moscow, but they had to die near Moscow»; « The Nazis wanted to visit Moscow, but they left their bones near Moscow»; « To Moscow - on tanks, and from Moscow - on sleds»; « The Fritz started a parade in Moscow, but they didn’t come back from Moscow»; « To Moscow - “Hoh!”, And from Moscow - “Oh!”»; « Hitler went to Moscow, and the Beatler left"(i.e. broken); " Hitler wanted to swallow Russia, but Moscow choked»; « Hitler went to Moscow with the royal crown, and flew away from Moscow like a wet crow».

The feeling of patriotism became the main factor in the great victory of the Russian People over the creators of the new world order.

(Emphasis in the text is made by VPK "Sevastopol")

Reading 14 min. Published on 04/10/2017

Patriotism in the literal sense of the word means love for the Motherland, such as it is, with all its advantages and disadvantages. A patriot is a person who loves his Fatherland, devoted to his people. Patriotism is a high, dominant feeling. Patriotism is the basis of any ideology. If patriotism embraces the majority of the people, then this society has the power to solve any problem. The one that was decided by the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

In the XX century. committed two aggressions against Russia. But if the first attack (1914) was a military confrontation involving Germany and Russia, then in 1941 it was a crusade against Russia, since the question was about the life and death of our state, about whether it should be free, independent or fall into enslavement, or even completely lost from the historical surface of mankind.

The highlanders have a saying: "To measure the height of a mountain, one must climb to its top." The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 was such a pinnacle in the manifestation of the patriotic feelings of the Soviet people, which became a convincing test of the invincibility of our multinational state.

Our people had a glorious patriotic past - symbols of an unbending fighting spirit in the fight against invaders: beaten Swedes on the Neva (1240), Germans on Lake Peipus ("Battle on the Ice", 1242), Mongols on the Kulikovo field (1380 .), again the Swedes - in the Battle of Poltava (Peter I, 1709) and at Gangut (1714), the Turks at Cape Tendra (Admiral F.F. Ushakov, 1790), at Izmail (Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov, 1790) and at Sinop (Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, 1853), the defeated French (1812 - 1813) - you can’t count everything. The German fascists were well aware of this and tried to do everything to destroy our main heroic tradition - to beat, destroy, drive the enemy from their native land until complete victory. Hitler was well aware that the centuries-old patriotism of the Russian people would give the Soviet Union moral superiority over Germany. Therefore, even before the war, regarding the Russian people, he demanded: mercilessly exterminate, shoot at the slightest suspicion of disobedience, drive into slavery by the millions (according to the plan - 15 million people).

The noble liberation goals of the sudden outbreak of war were warmly supported by the entire Soviet people. The slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" entered the main meaning of the life of all our people.

The heroic deeds of Soviet soldiers became a massive manifestation of patriotism - from the defense of the Brest Fortress to the hoisting of the Victory Banner over the Reichstag and the defeat of Japan.

For thirty-two days, the fighters and commanders of the Brest garrison, representatives of 30 nationalities and nationalities, fought fierce defensive battles in groups and alone. The Germans heard the singing of "Katyusha" muffled from the underground floors. Most of the Soviet soldiers and officers fell in unequal battles.

Mass heroism was shown near Moscow. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind!” - this is the call of 28 Panfilov heroes, sounded throughout the country and supported by all the people. Near Stalingrad, a new patriotic appeal was born: "There is no land for us beyond the Volga!" - and the House of Sergeant Pavlov courageously held the defense until the city was completely liberated. On the Kursk Bulge, in an unprecedented battle of 1,200 tanks and self-propelled artillery mounts on the ground and thousands of aircraft in the air (only Lieutenant Alexander Gorovets, having entered into battle with 20 enemy bombers, personally shot down 9 enemy aircraft), our victory heralded a radical change in the war.

During the war years, there was no division, regiment, battalion, company that did not have its own heroes. Everyone was different: from soldiers, junior commanders to generals.

The first multiple manifestation of the highest patriotism was the many thousands of volunteers in the military commissariats. Only in Moscow during the first three days of the war, more than 70 thousand applications were received from residents with a request to be sent to the front. Many patriots, rejected, as it was then said, for health reasons or having "armor" (ensuring stay in the rear), rushed to the line of fire. In the summer and autumn of 1941, about 60 divisions and 200 separate regiments of the people's militia were created, the number of which amounted to 2 million people. The militia was joined by those who did not pass the medical examination, and who had a "reservation", and were not subject to mobilization due to age.

From the first days of the war, the world learned about the feats of Soviet pilots, incredible for many peoples who had already surrendered to Hitler, about the ramming of German aircraft. Already on June 22, 1941 Art. lieutenant I.I. Ivanov cut off the tail of an enemy bomber with the propeller of his I-16. In the same month, pilots jr. Lieutenant S.I. Zdorovtsev, ml. lieutenant M.P. Zhukov, ml. Lieutenant P.T. Kharitonov (all three are the first Heroes of the Soviet Union since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War). In a night battle, for the first time in world practice, Jr. went to ram. Lieutenant V.V. Talalikhin. In total, during the war years, 636 pilots rammed enemy aircraft. At the same time, more than half of the pilots saved their cars and continued to fight. A ml. Lieutenant B.I. Kovzan made 4 rams, each time defeating the enemy and death.

The highest patriotism was shown by Soviet soldiers, who covered enemy firing points with their bodies. The first such feat was accomplished by Jr. political instructor A.K. Pankratov, who on August 24, 1941, at a critical moment in the battle, sacrificed his life to ensure a successful attack by the unit. Soldiers and officers of S.U. rushed to the embrasures of the enemy. Kulikov, A.A. Udodov, Alexander Matrosov - a total of 215 people; 134 of them received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Note: not one of the Nazi soldiers dared such a feat during the entire world war.

The patriotism that gripped the Soviet people in the field of defending the Fatherland was clearly manifested in the partisan movement deployed behind enemy lines. The first detachment of volunteers was created on the day the aggression began - June 22, 1941. The partisans kept in touch with the underground workers of cities and villages, received information from them and transmitted them to Moscow. The destruction of trains and raids on the rear of the enemy caused enormous damage to the invaders: more than 1 million Nazis were killed, 20 thousand railway echelons were derailed. As a result of sabotage and sabotage, the "contribution" of the occupied regions of the USSR to the German economy amounted to only 1/7 of what Hitler "received", for example, from France.

Sublime patriotism during the war manifested itself among the population of the occupied territories, which opposed the advance of the occupiers into the interior of the country. The amazing feat accomplished by Ivan Susanin in the winter of 1613 was repeated more than 50 times by our compatriots under the conditions of the Nazi invasion. These are 18-year-old scout Nastya Drozdova and 86-year-old watchman Matvey Kuzmin, forester Nikita Alexandrov and worker Trofim Prushinsky. "Susanians" became a combat detachment of a millionth army of fighters against fascism behind the front line.

The war highlighted the best patriotic qualities of Soviet citizens - home front workers. The life of people during the war years was associated with death: at the front - from a bullet, shell, bomb; in the rear - from hard work, malnutrition, disease. The Soviet front and rear during the war years functioned as a single organism. Today it is difficult to imagine how it was possible to transport more than 1,500 enterprises to the east and put into operation during six months of tense wartime. The machines were installed in workshops without walls. They started producing planes and tanks when there were no windows or roofs. Snow covered working people, they did not leave the shops, they lived in the shops.

The labor of millions of citizens, ennobled by the patriotic idea of ​​defending the Fatherland, produced amazing results. Tank T-34 became the best tank of the war. "Katyushas" brought terror to the enemy. The PPSh submachine gun became the main type of small arms, and new aircraft gained an advantage in the air. In 1944, the USSR began to outstrip Germany in the production of military products: armored vehicles - 3 times, aircraft - 2.6 times.

During the war years, rural residents showed high patriotism. The labor force there was made up of women, old people and teenagers. Crop yields fell due to the war. However, for 1941-1944. the country received more than 70 million tons of grain.

Even prisoners in the camps during the war showed concern for the fate of the motherland. 95% of those who stayed behind barbed wire joined the labor competition, the number of "refuseniks" was only 0.25% of all able-bodied. However, the role of prisoners should not be exaggerated, as some historians do - the maximum population of the Gulag was more than 40 times less than the total number of workers, employees and collective farmers in the country's national economy.

True patriotism was shown by millions of Soviet citizens who sacrificed their last piece of bread for the sake of victory over the enemy. People voluntarily handed over money, bonds, jewelry, things, products. Collective farmer I. Ponomareva from the Sverdlovsk region sold a cow, bread, and transferred the money to the defense fund. A mother of six children from Novosibirsk (the surname has not been preserved) brought two pairs of mittens and a silver spoon to the Red Army fund. Pasechnik K. Golovaty donated 100 thousand rubles for the construction of the aircraft. A resident of besieged Leningrad (the surname has not been preserved) brought a piece of soap, a gold pendant and 60 g of sugar to the collection point. In total, the defense fund received 17 billion rubles. in cash, 131 kg of gold, 9,519 kg of silver, etc. These funds were used to build 2,500 combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, and other weapons. Mass patriotism manifested itself in the donor movement: 5.5 million people participated in it, donating 1.7 million liters of blood to save the wounded.

During the war years, patriotic muses were not silent. Together with workers, collective farmers, other representatives of the national economy, fighters at the front, artists fought and brought Victory closer - writers, poets, composers, artists, artists. Through prose, poetry, music, and visual arts, they educated Soviet people in the spirit of ardent patriotism and hatred of the enemy, "equating the pen and the word with the bayonet." The works reflected people's hatred of fascism, confidence in their defeat. The voice of radio announcer Yuri Levitan has become a symbol of hope and confidence in victory. (Hitler ordered Levitan to be hanged first after the capture of Moscow). The words of the songs "about four steps to death", about a mother's tear at the crib, about the love and fidelity of wives, mothers, girlfriends, who are waiting for their warriors with victory, touched the soul.

Artistic front-line brigades carried a high spirit of patriotism among the masses of soldiers. As a symbol of firmness and resistance in the fight against fascism, the famous 7th Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich, created by the composer in besieged Leningrad, sounded. They attacked the poems of Konstantin Simonov, Alexander Tvardovsky, the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, newspaper editorials by Ilya Ehrenburg under the slogan "Kill the German!"

Film workers made a significant contribution to patriotic education. To raise the morale of the Red Army, satirical film collections were originally created, where the Germans, led by Hitler, were ridiculed. And since 1942, full-length films have appeared. The people cherished their actors, who, themselves experiencing the hardships of the war, created memorable patriotic images that warmed the hearts of people at the front and in the rear. There were often cases when the fates of artists and their heroes were tragically intertwined. For example, the heroine of the film "Rainbow" Fedosya's son dies at the hands of a German, and at the same time, the son of actress Elena Tyapkina, who played this role, dies at the front. (The film "Rainbow" was awarded the Stalin Prize, the Prize of the National Council of Film Reviewers of the USA (1944) and during the war years triumphantly marched through the screens of the USSR, USA, France and other countries. US President Franklin Roosevelt in a telegram to Stalin noted that he "Rainbow "Understood without translation, and it will be shown to the American people in its proper grandeur."

During the war years, everyone was seized with high feelings of patriotism - from an ordinary collective farmer from the most distant region to people's commissars in Moscow. Everyone took a direct part in the hostilities, including those who today are ironically called "golden youth". Many of those who went to the front did not return home. The eldest son of I.V. Stalin Yakov, son of M.V. Frunze Timur, son of A.I. Mikoyan Vladimir, son of N.S. Khrushchev Leonid, nephew of K.E. Voroshilov Nikolai died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, like many other people from families of high-ranking party workers.

A certain force of the anti-fascist movement was the patriotic part of the "white emigration", who advocated the victory of their compatriots over Germany. So, A.I. Denikin declared that "the fate of Russia is more important than the fate of emigration." P.N. Milyukov, believing that Stalin, restoring the territory of the Russian Empire, actually realized the "ideals of the white movement", which prompted him to make an appeal to the Russian emigration to side with the USSR, etc. The Russian poet and historian Boris Vilde took part in the resistance movement (shot fascists), a descendant of the famous freethinker A. Radishchev K. Radishchev (died in a concentration camp), a direct descendant of E. Pugachev P. Durakov, daughter of the great composer A. Scriabin Ariadna Scriabina, Princess Zinaida Shakhovskaya, "Red Princess" Vera Obolenskaya (beheaded in prison ) and many other emigrants. And this is not surprising. After all, most of them were brought up in a system of stable Russian spiritual values, among which patriotism, a feeling of love for the Motherland has always been in the first place. When they were reproached that, by defending the Soviet Union, they were thereby defending Stalin, the émigré writer M. Osorgin replied: “... when bombs are thrown at the Moscow Kremlin, they are not thrown at Stalin, but in the heart of Russia, in its historical existence.”

The patriotism of our people during the war years was multifaceted. Its characteristic features were:

• the conviction of the Soviet people in the rightness of their cause, selfless love for the Motherland;
• nationwide character (the whole people rose to fight the enemy - from small to large, it is not for nothing that this war is called "people's, sacred");
• international character, which consisted in the friendship of the peoples of the USSR, their joint desire to defeat the enemy who treacherously attacked the Motherland;
• respect for the national dignity and national culture of the peoples of Europe and Asia, readiness to assist them in liberation from the invaders;
• the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear;
• reliance on the richest centuries-old history, cultural and heroic traditions;
• high sacrifice in the name of freedom and defense of the Motherland.

The patriotism of the Soviet people, shown during the Great Patriotic War, showed that the heroism of the front and rear is not a one-time impulse of fanatics blinded by ideology, but a natural result of a long process of forming the personality of a patriot of one's country - a defender of the Motherland, a worthy citizen of the Fatherland.

Those who in the media and literature vulgarize the patriotism of our people in the Great Patriotic War, find themselves in a military situation, will not go for the sake of the Fatherland with their breasts into an embrasure, a ram, volunteers for the militia, etc. Many "specialists" in the war, having dropped out of service in the Russian army, do not go to places where they are shooting to find out the real situation for transmission to the media, do not go voluntarily to donate blood for those who, in the name of their well-fed well-being, were injured and injured in combat operations with bandits and terrorists. They don't go to hospitals for wounded soldiers, veterans' organizations for war veterans, orphanages for orphans, and hospitals for seriously ill children. They won’t go, they won’t hand over - “they have such a job.” But their lies about patriotism are quite “easy” to stop: deprive them of high fees, they will immediately stop lying. After all, this is not a free business - to pour mud on the Motherland.

In the 90s. 20th century the high sense of patriotism was undermined. Now the task is to revive it among all our citizens, young and old. In our opinion, its cultivation should be based on:

• on objective coverage of our historical past, regardless of time (grand-princely, tsarist, Soviet, modern), political, ideological, economic state of the state;
• on illustrations of the heroic struggle, deeds, talents of Russian citizens in the wars to defend the Fatherland - excellent examples to follow;
• on the development of intransigence towards modern ill-wishers and enemies of the Fatherland;
• on the exclusion of bacilli of the superiority of some people over others, manifestations of chauvinism and nationalism in Russia;
• on the eradication of hatred, confidence in an easy victory over any opponent.

The patriotic education of Russian citizens will yield positive results only if this work permeates all the structures of our society: kindergarten, school, army, university, family, labor collectives, public organizations.

Stepanischev A.T., Khasanov R.Sh.

MAOU "Zemskaya Gymnasium"

The writing

Subject :

"Patriotism is the basis of heroism"

Fulfilled : student 10 "B" class

Sergeev Artyom

Head: Pashko N.V.

teacher of history and social studies

Balashikha

year 2014

“Patriotism is love for the Motherland” is a common, well-known meaning. But, in my personal opinion, it does not reflect the true essence of the great word "patriotism". Let's try to look deeper, to open all the secret doors.

What does it mean to love your country? After all, it is obvious that one can love the Motherland and only in words. Say: “How beautiful our country is, how happy I am to be born and live here,” and then earn a fortune and go abroad, never returning, sometimes not even remembering my native, once beloved land.

In fact, patriotism means that you know and appreciate the past of your country, take an active part in its present and think and care about its future. A person who considers himself a patriot must know and respect his native culture, native traditions, native language, treat his compatriots with respect. It is believed that love for one's country is an unshakable value that should be brought up from the earliest years in the family, at school, in society as a whole.

This value, I believe, cannot be manifested only in words. A real patriot is characterized by actions, everything that he is able to do for his Fatherland, how he will behave if it is in danger. Undoubtedly, patriotism has always been the engine leading to victory. Fighting spirit, the desire to prevent the enemy from invading our native land and love for it have performed and will continue to perform miracles. Perhaps not every person is able to neutralize a terrorist or undermine an enemy tank. However, he can accomplish small feats by inspiring others.

But I have often wondered whether the current generation of young people, in the event of a military threat, will be able to go to the front to defend their country with the same desire and zeal, as it was during the Great Patriotic War. In those tragic times, boys under the age of 18 specially added their age in their passports so that they could certainly personally stand up for their great State. Is the current rising generation capable of such a thing? I doubt. Moreover, it's no secret to anyone that more and more guys of military age are striving, by all means, to evade military service, excelling in all sorts of ways - from forging medical certificates, to simply trying to hide from representatives military registration and enlistment office. What if there is war tomorrow? Who will go to meet face to face with death, not being afraid of it, thinking not about themselves, but about their Motherland?

And so we touched on another meaning of patriotism - self-sacrifice. Let us recall the same Great Patriotic War - did those who, under the pouring rain of bullets, under the most terrible shelling and bombardment, go to fulfill orders, saving lives, liberating the captured cities, thought about themselves, their lives? Was it the thought of the forthcoming reward that prompted them to act bravely? After all, no. They perfectly understood that the future of their country depends on them, only they can save many innocent lives.

It is also worth remembering that a true patriot will always find a place for a heroic deed, sometimes a feat that will benefit his Fatherland. And I, to my incredible happiness, managed to get to know such a person personally. His name is Vyacheslav Alekseevich Bocharov.

It happened on the thirteenth of March this year. It was a significant day in my life. At my school there was a meeting with such a great man, the Hero of Russia. Having gone through the Afghan war, the First and Second Chechen companies, who committed a heroic deed during the release of hostages in a school in the city of Beslan, he is a true patriot of his Motherland, the embodiment of honor and courage.

Vyacheslav Alekseevich spoke about the heroes of our country, starting from the time of the First World War, showing their courage and the heroism of their deeds, letting us all understand that such people should not be forgotten, they must be remembered and honored. The heavy topic of the events of 2004 in the city of Beslan was touched upon. We all remember those terrible three days from September 1 to September 3, but few people know and remember the names of the heroes who gave their lives to save thousands of people who were captured by terrorists. He himself, participating in the operation to free the hostages, rescued several people, “lay down” several terrorists and scouted out valuable information about their location, which later played an important role in the release operation. He was seriously wounded in the head, and the fact that he survived is a real miracle.

I paid special attention to the fact that he did not talk much about himself. Basically, he talked about his comrades-in-arms, about their exploits and words, very important and correct, which they said, some before their death. I was struck by the story of how one fighter, having heard the click of a grenade explosive mechanism in his bag, lay down on the bag, covering it completely with his body. Thus, at the cost of his own life, he saved the lives of his comrades. Here it is - a real act, here it is - genuine heroism.

So, we tried to look into the true essence of the concepts of "heroism" and "patriotism", concepts that cannot but resonate in the soul of every Russian person, because our country is one of the few countries with such a complex history, one of the few countries that have raised such many true heroes and patriots!

Patriotism of the Russian people in the war of 1812 based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

An army of half a million, which had won the glory of being invincible in Europe, under the leadership of the great commander Napoleon suddenly fell on Russian soil. But she ran into strong opposition. The army and all the people unitedly stood up against the conquerors, defending their homeland, their independence to the last drop of blood.
“In the war of 1812, the question of life and death of the Fatherland was decided. For all Russian people then there was a common desire - the expulsion of the French from Russia and the extermination of their army ... The goal of the people was to clear their land from invasion.

The French were rapidly moving inland from its western borders. Residents of all cities and villages heroically defended their land. In the hero city of Smolensk, strong fires broke out as the enemy approached. Residents abandoned all their property, set fire to houses and left the city. In the novel, Tolstoy shows one wealthy merchant from Smolensk, who distributes goods from his shop to soldiers. "Get it all, guys! Don't get to the devils," Feropontov shouted. “Rossey decided! .. I’ll set it on fire myself. I made up my mind” and ran to his house.

After the capture of Smolensk, the Napoleonic army advanced towards Moscow. Napoleon was firmly convinced of his victory. But the Russian people did not give up. The peasants did not sell the products of the French army for any money. "Karps and Vlass did not bring hay to Moscow for the good money they were offered, but burned it." The feeling of patriotism that engulfed all Russian people in the face of danger united the entire people into a single whole. The consciousness of the rightness of one's cause gave the whole people tremendous strength.

Partisan detachments were organized all over the country. The headman Vasilisa beat hundreds of Frenchmen, and the village deacon led the partisan detachment. On the account of the detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov there were also quite a few Frenchmen. A simple Russian peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty caught "marauders" near Gzhat and was "the most useful and brave man" in Denisov's detachment.

“The cudgel of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, without understanding anything, rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion died.” Such courage and steadfastness, which were shown by Russian soldiers on the Borodino field, Napoleon did not see in all the years of the war and conquests. The fighters knew that it was here that something very important was being decided, on which their future life depended. Before the battle, the soldiers stopped drinking vodka and put on clean shirts. Everyone's faces were tense, and in every feature of this face an inexorable hardness showed through, and the eyes somehow strangely, unnaturally shone.

Napoleon sat on a folding chair and watched the battle progress. For the first time in all these years of the victorious march of his army across Europe, the thought of defeat arose in him. All the events that befell him upon entering Russia were rapidly flashing through his head. He became terrified. He increasingly felt his failure, which began right here, on the Borodino field. Despite the fact that the Russian army was almost destroyed, the heroism of Kutuzov, Bagration, officers and soldiers won a moral victory over the French army.

The Russian army had to retreat, and Napoleon was at the goal of his invasion. He stood on Poklonnaya Hill and waited for a delegation of Muscovites with the keys of Moscow, admiring the beautiful blue sky and the glitter of the golden domes of the capital's churches. But did not wait. “For the Russian people, there could be no question whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. It was impossible to be under the control of the French: it was the worst of all ... The entire population, as one person, leaving their property, flowed from Moscow, showing by this negative action the full strength of their people's feelings.

Both ordinary Muscovites and wealthy nobles behaved heroically. The Rostovs left all their expensive paintings, carpets and tapestries, all valuables, and the wounded were placed on the wagons that were freed from things. Count Bezukhov, the good-natured and gentle Pierre, stayed in Moscow to defend the capital and kill Napoleon.

Moscow met Napoleon with a terrible fire of conflagrations and deserted streets. An army entered Moscow, which could still be called an army, but after five weeks crowds of dirty, ragged robbers left. The morale of the army was undermined and it was impossible to raise it by any means. The wisdom and foresight of the great commander, the father of the people Kutuzov, the nationwide patriotism of the Russian people decided the fate of Napoleon and his army. Napoleon understood how great the spirit of independence and freedom, love for one's Motherland is in a Russian person.

The novel "War and Peace" is a great work of Russian and world literature, a grandiose epic, the hero of which is the Russian people, who showed unprecedented heroism and patriotism in the struggle for the freedom and independence of their homeland in the war of 1812.

The huge life material of this novel is united by a single idea, "I tried to write the history of the people," says Tolstoy. The people, according to Tolstoy, are not only peasants, but also nobles, those people who are worried about the fate of the country, who are in the whirlpool of great events. A colossal wave of anger rose among the people after the French attack. All Russian people, with the exception of a small handful of court aristocrats, could not imagine how they could live under the rule of the French. Every Russian acted as he found it possible for himself. Who attacked the active army, who went to partisan detachments. People like Pierre Bezukhov gave part of their money to equip the militias. Many, like the Smolensk merchant Ferapontov, burned shops and their property so that nothing was left for the enemies. And many simply gathered and left their native places, destroying everything after themselves.

Tolstoy notes in the Russian people a simple, sometimes incomprehensible feeling of patriotism, which was expressed not in loud phrases about love for the fatherland, but in decisive actions. Residents of Moscow left the ancient capital without any call. Tolstoy emphasizes that for Muscovites there could be no question of what would be good or bad under French rule in Moscow. It was simply impossible to live like this, as it was the worst of all.

The same thing happens in other cities and villages of the Russian land. On the territory where the enemy had already entered, he saw the hatred and genuine indignation of the people. The peasants refused to sell food and hay to the French. A partisan movement sprang up spontaneously, without any order from above. According to Tolstoy's figurative expression, "the partisans picked up fallen leaves that fell from the common tree of the French army, and sometimes shook this tree."

Not only the common people, but also the advanced layers of the nobility and intelligentsia were imbued with bitterness towards the enemy. No wonder Prince Andrei says that they smashed his house, and now they are going to ruin Moscow, insulting it every second ”And therefore, according to his concepts, they are not only enemies, but also criminals. Prince Andrei honestly fulfills his duty by joining the army at the very beginning of the war, although before that he had decided that he would never be a military man again. He did not stay at the headquarters, as he was offered, but goes to the forefront of events. The heroism and genuine love of Russians for their homeland was especially clearly manifested in the battle of Borodino. On the eve of the battles, Andrei Bolkonsky says: “The battle will be won by the one who firmly decided to win it ... and who will fight harder ... Tomorrow, no matter what, we will win the battle.”

Defending their home, their family, their homeland, the right to life, the Russian people showed amazing fortitude and self-sacrifice, showed miracles of courage. They aroused surprise in Napoleon, who had been invincible so far, and then fear. It is impossible not to be proud of the Russian people. And there is no doubt that such a people has a great future.