High consumption of diesel fuel: reasons. Fuel consumption rates for diesel engines How to calculate the consumption of diesel fuel

4.1. Fuel consumption standards for general purpose vehicles

Fuel consumption rates can be set for each model, brand and modification of operated vehicles and correspond to certain operating conditions of motor vehicles according to their classification and purpose. The norms include the fuel consumption required for the implementation of the transport process. Fuel consumption for technical, garage and other internal household needs that are not directly related to the technological process of transporting passengers and goods is not included in the norms (in tables) and is set separately.

For general purpose vehicles, the following types of standards are established:

- base rate in liters per 100 km(l / 100 km) mileage of a motor vehicle (ATS) in running order;

- transport rate in liters per 100 km(l / 100 km) mileage during transport work;

- bus, where the curb weight and the nominal load of passengers normalized for the purpose of the bus are taken into account;

- dump truck, where the curb weight and the normalized load of the dump truck are taken into account (with a coefficient of 0.5);

The transport rate in liters per 100 ton-kilometers (l/100 tkm) during the transport operation of a truck takes into account the fuel consumption additional to the base rate when driving a car with a load, a road train with a trailer or semi-trailer without a load and with a load or using previously established coefficients for each ton of transported cargo, trailer or semi-trailer weight - up to 1.3 l / 100 km and up to 2.0 l / 100 km for vehicles with diesel and gasoline engines, respectively - or using accurate calculations performed using a special program -methodology directly for each specific brand, modification and type of automatic telephone exchange.

Base rate fuel consumption depends on the design of the vehicle, its units and systems, category, type and purpose of automobile rolling stock (cars, buses, trucks, etc.), on the type of fuel used, takes into account the mass of the vehicle in running order, a typified route and driving mode in operating conditions within the "Rules of the road".

Transport norm(norm for transport work) includes the basic rate and depends either on the carrying capacity, or on the normalized load of passengers, or on the specific mass of the cargo being transported.

Operational norm is established at the place of operation of the vehicle on the basis of the base or transport norm using correction factors (surcharges) that take into account local operating conditions, according to the formulas given in this document.

Fuel consumption rates per 100 km of a vehicle run are set in the following measurements:

For gasoline and diesel vehicles - in liters of gasoline or diesel fuel;

For vehicles running on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - in liters of LPG at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to "1.32 l of LPG, not more" (the recommended rate is within 1.22 ± 0.10 l of LPG to 1 liter of gasoline, depending on the properties of the propane-butane mixture);

For vehicles running on compressed natural gas (CNG) - in normal cubic meters of CNG, at the rate of 1 liter of gasoline corresponds to 1 ± 0.1 m CNG (depending on the properties of natural gas);

For gas-diesel vehicles, the consumption rate of compressed natural gas is indicated in m 3 with the simultaneous indication of the consumption rate of diesel fuel in liters, their ratio is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment (or in the operating instructions).

Accounting for road transport, climatic and other operational factors is carried out using correction factors (surcharges), regulated in the form of a percentage increase or decrease in the initial value of the norm (their values ​​\u200b\u200bare established by order or order of the management of the enterprise operating the automatic telephone exchange, or the local administration).

Fuel consumption rates increase under the following conditions.

1. The operation of vehicles in the winter season, depending on the climatic regions of the country - from 5% to 20% (inclusive - and further in the text for all upper limit values ​​of the coefficients).

2. The operation of vehicles on public roads (I, II and III categories) in mountainous areas, including cities, towns and suburban areas, at an altitude above sea level:

from 300 to 800 m - up to 5% (lower mountains);

from 801 to 2000 m - up to 10% (middle mountains);

from 2001 to 3000 m - up to 15% (highlands);

over 3000 m - up to 20% (highlands).

3. The operation of vehicles on public roads of categories I, II and III with a complex plan (outside cities and suburban areas), where on average there are more than five roundings (turns) with a radius of less than 40 m per 1 km (or at the rate of 100 km of track - about 500) - up to 10%, on public roads IV and V categories - up to 30%.

4. The work of vehicles in cities with a population:

over 3 million people - up to 25%;

from 1 to 3 million people - up to 20%;

from 250 thousand to 1 million people - up to 15%;

from 100 to 250 thousand people - up to 10%;

Up to 100 thousand people in cities, urban-type settlements and other large settlements (if there are regulated intersections, traffic lights or other traffic signs) - up to 5%.

5. The operation of vehicles that require frequent technological stops associated with loading and unloading, boarding and disembarking passengers, including fixed-route taxis-buses, utility and passenger cars of a small class, pickup trucks, station wagons, etc., including transportation of products and small cargoes, service of mailboxes, collection of money, service of pensioners, invalids, patients, etc. (if there is an average of more than one stop per 1 km of run; at the same time, stops at traffic lights, intersections and crossings are not taken into account) - up to 10%.

6. Transportation of non-standard, oversized, heavy, dangerous goods, goods in glass, etc., movement in convoys and with escort, and other similar cases:

With a reduced average speed of vehicles 20...40 km/h - up to 15%;

With a reduced average speed below 20 km / h - up to 35%.

7. When running in new cars and those that have come out of overhaul (the mileage is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment) - up to 10%.

8. With a centralized driving of cars:

Under its own power in a single state or in a column - up to 10%;

When hauling and towing cars in a paired state - up to 15%;

When hauling-towing in built condition - up to 20%.

9. For vehicles in operation:

More than 5 years with a total mileage of more than 100 thousand km - up to 5%;

More than 8 years with a total mileage of more than 150 thousand km - up to 10%.

10. When operating trucks, vans, cargo taxis, etc. without taking into account the weight of the transported cargo, as well as when the car is used as a technological transport, including work within the enterprise - up to 10%.

11. During the operation of special vehicles (patrol, filming, repair, aerial platforms, forklifts, etc.) that perform the transport process when maneuvering, at low speeds, with frequent stops, reversing, etc. - up to 20%.

12. When working in quarries, when moving across the field, when hauling timber, etc. on horizontal sections of roads IV and V categories:

For ATS in running order without load - up to 20%;

For automatic telephone exchanges with full or partial vehicle loading - up to 40%.

13. When working in extreme climatic and difficult road conditions during seasonal thaws, snow or sand drifts, heavy snow and ice, floods and other natural disasters:

for roads I, II and III categories - up to 35%;

14. During driving practice:

on public roads - up to 20%;

on specially designated training grounds, when maneuvering at low speeds, with frequent stops and reversing - up to 40%.

15. When using an air conditioner or setting "climate control" when driving a car - up to 7% of the base rate.

16. When using the air conditioner in the parking lot, the standard fuel consumption is set at the rate of one hour of downtime with the engine running, the same in the parking lot when using the "climate control" installation (regardless of the season) for one hour of downtime with the engine running - up to 10% from the base rate.

17. When vehicles are idle during loading or unloading at points where, due to safety conditions or other applicable rules, it is forbidden to turn off the engine (oil depots, special warehouses, the presence of cargo that does not allow cooling of the body, banks and other objects), as well as in other cases of forced downtime car with the engine running - up to 10% of the base rate for one hour of downtime.

18. In winter or cold (at an average daily temperature below +5°С) season, in parking lots, if it is necessary to start and warm up cars and buses (if there are no independent heaters), as well as in parking lots waiting for passengers (including for medical vehicles and when transporting children), the standard fuel consumption is set at the rate of one hour of parking (idle) with the engine running - up to 10% of the base rate.

19. It is allowed on the basis of the order of the head of the enterprise or the order of the leadership of the local administration:

For intra-garage crossings and technical needs of motor transport enterprises (technical inspections, adjustment work, running-in of engine parts and other vehicle components after repair, etc.), increase the standard fuel consumption up to 1% of the total amount consumed by this enterprise (with justification and taking into account the actual the number of ATS units used in these works);

For brands and modifications of vehicles that do not have significant structural changes compared to the base model (with the same technical characteristics of the engine, gearbox, final drive, tires, wheel formula, body) and do not differ from the base model in their own weight, set the base fuel consumption rate in the same dimensions as for the base model;

For brands and modifications of cars that do not have the design changes listed above, but differ from the base model only in their own weight (when installing vans, awnings, additional equipment, booking, etc.), fuel consumption rates can be determined:

For each ton of increase (decrease) in the own weight of the vehicle with an increase (decrease) at the rate of up to 2 l / 100 km for cars with gasoline engines, at the rate of up to 1.3 l / 100 km - with diesel engines, at the rate of up to 2.64 l / 100 km for cars running on liquefied gas, at the rate of up to 2 m 3 / 100 km for cars running on compressed natural gas;

With the gas-diesel process of the engine, approximately up to 1.2 m3 of natural gas and up to 0.25 l / 100 km of diesel fuel, based on each ton of change in the vehicle's own weight.

The fuel consumption rate may decrease.

1. When working on public roads of categories I, II and III outside the suburban area on flat, slightly hilly terrain (height above sea level up to 300 m) - up to 15%.

2. In the event that vehicles are operated in a suburban area outside the city limits, correction (city) factors are not applied.

If it is necessary to use several allowances at the same time, the fuel consumption rate is set taking into account the sum or difference of these allowances.

In addition to the normalized gas consumption, it is allowed to use gasoline or diesel fuel for LPG vehicles in the following cases:

For entry into the repair area and exit from it after carrying out technical actions - up to 5 liters of liquid fuel per one gas-balloon car;

To start and operate the engine of a gas-cylinder vehicle - up to 20 liters of liquid fuel per month per vehicle in the summer and spring-autumn seasons, in winter, winter surcharges are additionally taken into account in accordance with Section 4.3;

On routes whose length exceeds the cruising range of one refueling of gas,

Up to 25% of the total fuel consumption on the specified routes.

In all these cases, the rationing of liquid fuel consumption for gas-balloon vehicles is carried out in the same dimensions as for the corresponding base vehicles.

Taking into account the possible changes and diversity of the operating conditions of automotive equipment, changes of a man-made, natural and climatic nature, road conditions, features of the transportation of goods and passengers, etc., in case of production necessity, it is possible to clarify or introduce individual correction factors (surcharges) to the norms fuel consumption by order of the leadership of local administrations of the regions and other departments - with appropriate justification and in agreement with the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

For the period of validity of the document "Fuel and Lubricant Consumption Rates for Road Transport" for models, brands and modifications of motor vehicles entering the fleet of a country for which the Ministry of Transport of Russia has not approved fuel consumption rates (not included in these consumption rates), heads of local administrations of regions and enterprises can put into effect by their order the norms developed on individual applications in the prescribed manner by scientific organizations that develop such norms according to a special program-method.

FOR PASSENGER CARS the normalized value of fuel consumption is calculated according to the following ratio:

where Qh- normative fuel consumption, l;

Hs- basic rate of fuel consumption per car mileage,

S- car mileage, km;

D

Example. It was established from the waybill that a GAZ-24-10 taxi car, operating in a mountainous area at an altitude of 500-1500 m, made a run of 244 km.

Initial data:

The basic rate for a GAZ-24-10 passenger car is Hs= 13.0 l/100 km;

The allowance for work in mountainous areas at an altitude of 500 to 1500 m is D = 5%.

FOR BUSES the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined similarly to passenger cars. If regular independent heaters are used on the bus in winter, the fuel consumption for the operation of the heater is taken into account in the total normalized fuel consumption as follows:

, (2)

where Qh

Hs- basic rate of fuel consumption per bus run,

l/100 km or m/100 km;

S- bus mileage, km;

Hfrom- rate of fuel consumption for the operation of the heater or heaters, l/h;

T- operating time of the car with the included heater, hour;

D - correction factor (total relative allowance or reduction) to the norm in percent.

Example. It was established from the waybill that the city bus Ikarus-280.33 worked in the city in winter using the standard interior heaters Sirokko-268 together with Sirokko-262 (trailer heater), made a run of 164 km, with an operating time on the line of 8 hours.

Initial data:

The basic rate for mileage for the city bus Ikarus-280.33 is Hs= 43.0 l/100 km;

Winter allowance is D = 10%;

The fuel consumption rate for the operation of the Sirokko-268 heater together with Sirokko-262 is Hfrom\u003d 3.5 l / hour.

The normalized fuel consumption is:

FOR BOARD CARGO VEHICLES OR TRAVEL TRUCKS

,(3)

where QH- normative fuel consumption, in liters or m 3;

S

Hsav- the rate of fuel consumption for the mileage of the road train,

Hsain =Hs +Hg· GGp, l/100 km or m/100 km,

Hs- basic rate of fuel consumption per vehicle mileage, l/100 km or m/100 km;

Hsain =Hs- for a single vehicle, tractor, l / 100 km or m 3 / 100 km;

Hg- fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer or semi-trailer, l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm);

Hw- the rate of fuel consumption for transport work,

l/100 tkm or m/100 tkm;

W- volume of transport work, W= GGp SGp, t km;

Gsp- mass of cargo, t;

SGp- mileage with cargo, km;

GPp- unladen weight of the trailer or semi-trailer, t;

D- correction factor (total relative

allowance or reduction) to the norm as a percentage.

For flatbed trucks and road trains performing work recorded in ton-kilometers, in addition to the base rate, fuel consumption increases(calculated in liters for each ton of cargo per 100 kilometers) depending on the type of fuel used:

for gasoline - up to 2 l;

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - up to 2.64 l;

compressed natural gas (CNG) - up to 2 m;

with gas-diesel power, approximately up to 1.2 m 3 of natural gas and up to 0.25 l of diesel fuel.

When operating flatbed trucks, tractors with trailers and truck tractors with semi-trailers, the fuel consumption rate (l / 100 km) for the mileage of the road train increases(calculated in liters per each tonne of own weight of trailers and semi-trailers) depending on the type of fuel:

gasoline - up to 2 liters;

diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;

liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;

natural gas - up to 2 m;

Example 1 From the waybill, it was found that a single ZIL-431410 flatbed vehicle with a total mileage of 217 km performed transport work in the amount of 820 tkm under operating conditions that did not require the use of allowances or their reduction.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for an onboard vehicle ZIL-43141 is Hs= 31.0 l/100 km;

The rate of consumption of gasoline for the transportation of a payload is Hw= 2.0 l/100 tkm.

The normalized fuel consumption is:

Example 2 It was established from the waybill that a single KamAZ-53215 flatbed vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine with a total mileage of 1000 km along the route Bryansk-Moscow-Bryansk carried out the transportation of a cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Bryansk in winter operating conditions.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 flatbed vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;

The consumption rate of diesel fuel for the transportation of payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm.

Allowances for work in the winter in the Bryansk region D= 10 percent.

The normalized fuel consumption is:

Example 3 It was established from the waybill that the KamAZ-5320 flatbed vehicle with the GKB-8350 trailer completed 6413 tkm of transport work in winter conditions on mountain roads at an altitude of 1501 to 2000 meters and made a total run of 475 km.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-5320 flatbed vehicle is Hs= 25.0 l/100 km;

Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

Winter work allowance D= 10%, for work in mountainous conditions at an altitude of 1501 to 2000 meters above sea level D= 10 percent, ∑ D=10+10=20%;

The mass of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gnp= 3.5 tons;

The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-5320 car with a GKB-8350 trailer is:

Hsain =Hs +Hg· Gnp\u003d 25 + 1.3 3.5 \u003d 29.55 l / 100 km.

Normalized fuel consumption:

Example 4 It was established from the waybill that the KamAZ-53215 flatbed vehicle with the KamAZ-740.11 engine with the GKB-8350 trailer, with a total mileage of 2000 km along the Kirov-Moscow-Kirov route, carried out the transportation of cargo weighing 3.5 tons from Moscow to Kirov in winter conditions on public roads of category II.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-53215 flatbed vehicle with a KamAZ-740.11 engine was established by order of the head of the enterprise and is Hs= 24.5 l/100 km;

The rate of fuel consumption for the transportation of a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

The fuel consumption rate for the additional weight of the trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

The mass of the equipped trailer GKB-8350 Gnp= 3.5 tons;

Allowances for work in the winter in the Kirov region D = 12 %,

Reduced fuel consumption when working on a public road of category II D= -8%. Total ∑ D=12-8=4%;

The volume of transport work, W= GGp· SGp\u003d 3.5 1000 \u003d 3500 tkm;

The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a KamAZ-53212 car with a GKB-8350 trailer is:

Hsain =Hs +Hg· Gnp\u003d 24.5 + 1.3 3.5 \u003d 29.05 l / 100 km.

Normalized fuel consumption:

FOR TRACTORS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined similarly to cargo onboard vehicles.

Example. From the waybill, it was found that the MAZ-5429 tractor with the MA3-5205A semi-trailer completed 9520 tkm of transport work with a run of 595 km on a country road with an improved surface.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for the MAZ-5429 tractor is Hs= 23.0 l/100 km;

The rate of fuel consumption for the transportation of a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

The rate of fuel consumption for the additional weight of the semi-trailer is Hg= 1.3 l/100 tkm;

The mass of the equipped semi-trailer MAZ-5205A Gnp= 5.7 tons;

Winter work allowance D= 10%, reduction due to the movement of a road train on a country road with improved surface D= 15%; Total ∑ D=10-15= 5%;

The fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of: a MAZ-5429 tractor with a MAZ-5205A semi-trailer is:

Hsain =Hs +Hg· Gnp\u003d 23 + 1.3 5.7 \u003d 30.41 l / 100 km.

Normalized fuel consumption:

FOR DUMP VEHICLES AND DUMP TRUCKS the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined by the following relationship:

, (4)

where Hmyself- fuel consumption rate of a dump truck,

Hmyself=Hs+Hw· (Gnp+ 0.5 q), l/100 km;

Hw- fuel consumption rate for the transport operation of a dump truck and for the additional mass of a trailer or semi-trailer, l / 100 t km or m / 100 t km;

Gnp- own weight of the trailer, semi-trailer, t;

q- trailer carrying capacity, t;

Hs- basic rate of fuel consumption of a dump truck, taking into account transport work, l / 100 km;

S- mileage of a car or road train, km;

Hz- additional fuel consumption rate for each trip with a load of a dump truck, l;

Z - the number of riders with cargo per shift;

D- correction factor (total relative allowance or reduction) to the norm in percent.

When dump trucks work with dump trailers, semi-trailers (if the basic rate is calculated for the car, as for a truck tractor), the fuel consumption rate increases for each ton of the own weight of the trailer, semi-trailer and half of its rated load capacity (load factor - 0.5):

gasoline - up to 2 liters;

diesel fuel - up to 1.3 l;

liquefied gas - up to 2.64 l;

natural gas - up to 2 m.

For dump trucks and road trains, an additional fuel consumption rate is set (Hz) for each trip with a load when maneuvering in places of loading and unloading:

up to 0.25 l of liquid fuel (up to 0.33 l of liquefied petroleum gas, up to 0.25 m3 of natural gas) per unit of dump rolling stock;

up to 0.2 m3 of natural gas and 0.1 l of diesel fuel approximately with gas-diesel engine power.

For heavy-duty dump trucks of the BelAZ type, the additional rate of diesel fuel consumption for each trip with a load is set at a rate of up to 1 liter.

In cases of operation of dump trucks with a payload coefficient above 0.5, it is allowed to normalize fuel consumption in the same way as for onboard vehicles.

Example 1 It was established from the waybill that the MAZ-510 dump truck made a run of 165 km, while performing 10 trips with a load. The work was carried out in winter in a quarry on a category IV road.

Initial data:

The basic fuel consumption rate for the MAZ-510 dump truck is Hs= 28.0 l/100 km;

The fuel consumption rate for dump trucks for each trip with a load is Hz= 0.25 l;

Winter work allowance D= 10%, to work in a quarry with a load D= 30%. Total ∑ D=10+30= 40%;

Normalized fuel consumption:

Example 2 It was established from the waybill that the KamAZ-5511 dump truck with the GKB-8527 dump trailer transported 13 tons of bricks to a distance of 115 km, and transported 16 tons of crushed stone to a distance of 80 km in the opposite direction. The total mileage was 240 km.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for a KamAZ-5511 vehicle is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;

The rate of fuel consumption for the transportation of a payload is Hw= 1.3 l/tkm;

The work was carried out in conditions that did not require the use of allowances and reductions;

The mass of the equipped dump trailer GKB-8527 Gnp= 4.5 tons;

Given that the load factor is more than 0.5, the fuel consumption rate for the mileage of a road train consisting of a KamAZ-5511 car with a GKB-8527 trailer is:

Hmyself=Hs+Hw· Gnp\u003d 34.0 + 1.3 4.5 \u003d 39.85 l / 100 km;

Normalized fuel consumption:

FOR VAN VEHICLES(SPECIALIZED VEHICLES) performing work recorded in ton-kilometers, the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined similarly to flatbed trucks.

For vans operating without taking into account the mass of the transported cargo, the normalized value of fuel consumption is determined taking into account the increasing correction factor - up to 10% of the base rate.

Example. It was established from the waybill that the GZSA-37021 lorry-van (on liquefied petroleum gas), working on an hourly basis within the city with frequent stops, made a run of 152 km.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage of a GZSA-37021 van is Hs= 34.0 l/100 km;

Work allowance, hourly pay D= 10%, surcharge for work with frequent technological stops D= 8%. Total ∑ D=10+8=18%;

Normalized fuel consumption:

FOR FOREIGN CARS AND MINIBUSES the normalized value of fuel consumption is calculated similarly to Russian-made passenger cars using formula (1).

SPECIAL AND SPECIALIZED VEHICLES with equipment installed on them are divided into two groups:

Vehicles performing work during the parking period (fire truck cranes, tank trucks, compressor, drilling rigs, etc.);

Cars performing repair, construction and other work in the process of movement (autotowers, cable layers, concrete mixers, etc.).

The standard fuel consumption (l) for special vehicles that perform the main work during the parking period is determined as follows:

where Hsc- individual rate of fuel consumption per mileage of a special vehicle, l / 100 km (in cases where a special vehicle is also intended for the carriage of goods, the individual rate is calculated taking into account the performance of transport work: H" sc =Hsc +Hw· W;

Ht- fuel consumption rate for the operation of special equipment, l/h or liters per operation (tank filling, etc.);

S- car mileage;

T- operating time of the equipment, hour or number of operations performed;

∑D- total relative allowance or reduction to the norm, percentage (during the operation of the equipment, only allowances for work in winter and in mountainous areas are applied). The standard fuel consumption for special vehicles performing work in the process of movement is determined as follows:

where Hsc- individual rate of fuel consumption per mileage

special vehicle, l/100 km;

S" - mileage of a special vehicle to the place of work and back, km;

Hs" - rate of fuel consumption per mileage when performing special work during the movement, l / 100 km;

S" - vehicle mileage when performing special work while moving, km;

Hsd- additional rate of fuel consumption for spreading one body of sand or mixture, l;

N- the number of bodies of spread sand or mixture per shift.

For vehicles with special equipment installed, fuel consumption rates per mileage (for movement) are set based on fuel consumption rates developed for basic car models, taking into account changes in the mass of a special vehicle.

Fuel consumption rates for special vehicles performing housing and communal services are determined according to the standards of the Housing and Communal Services Administration of the Gosstroy of Russia (Academy of Public Utilities named after K. D. Pamfilov).

Example. It was established from the waybill that the KS-4571 truck crane based on the KrAZ-257 vehicle, which came out of a major overhaul, made a run of 127 km. The operating time of the special equipment for the movement of goods was 6.8 hours.

Initial data:

The basic rate of fuel consumption per mileage for an automobile crane KS-4571 is Hsc= 52 l/100 km;

The rate of fuel consumption for the operation of special equipment installed on the vehicle is Ht= 8.4 l/100 km;

Surcharge for the first thousand km run by a car after a major overhaul D = 5 %.

Regulated fuel consumption.

Which automakers usually indicate in their specifications often have nothing to do with real fuel consumption. And how do you know how much your car really consumes? You can easily do this with the help of fuel consumption calculators, of which there are a lot on the Web. But how do such calculators work, and is it possible to calculate the fuel consumption of any car on your own? Certainly. It's very simple. We'll talk about this today. Also, as a bonus, we suggest reading our tips to help you save fuel in your car.

If you want to know for sure, you can use fuel consumption calculators on the Internet (there are a lot of them today) or simply calculate fuel consumption using a simple formula yourself. First of all, you must fill the fuel tank of your car completely. Next, you should reset the daily mileage on the dashboard. If you do not know how to do this, find the instructions in the car manual or look for information on the Web.

As a rule, in many cars, the daily mileage reset button (not to be confused with the main mileage counter - the mileage of a car that cannot be reset) is located directly under the dashboard or right on it. In some vehicles, the daily mileage reset button is located on the steering column lever. There are also cars where, in order to reset the daily mileage of a car, it is necessary to reset the daily odometer readings through the car settings menu.

So, after resetting the trip meter, you have to drive several hundred kilometers to find out exactly how much fuel your car actually consumes. By the way, for this you do not need to burn a full tank of fuel. To accurately calculate the actual fuel consumption, you need to drive 200-300 kilometers.

✔ Advice. Drive your car just like you would in everyday life. For example, not only driving on the highway. This way you will not calculate the actual fuel consumption, since any car on expressways outside the city consumes much less fuel than in the city. Therefore, your test route for measuring fuel should include trips both in the city and on the highway. If you drive in the city most of the time, use the car 60-70 percent of the time in city traffic on your test route. In 30-40 percent of cases, you can use the car on the highway.

After you drive a few hundred kilometers, return to the gas station and fill the fuel tank completely again. In order to calculate the actual fuel consumption (and not the one shown by your car's on-board computer, the values ​​of which are far from reality), you must know how much fuel was used during your test drive and the number of kilometers on the daily odometer, which you previously were nullified. Here is the formula to calculate:

number of liters of fuel you have filled: how far you have driven x 100 = fuel consumption in liters / 100 km

Here are two examples for this formula:

For example, let's assume that we, having filled a full tank of 50 liters, drove 517 kilometers. Further, when the light on the tidy came on, warning of a low fuel level, we again arrived at the gas station for refueling. Taking into account the small amount of fuel remaining in the tank, we again refueled the car to a full tank. As a result, 48.7 liters of fuel entered the tank. Now, knowing how much fuel was consumed by the car (48.7 liters) and the mileage on the daily odometer (517 kilometers), previously reset to zero before starting measurements, we can calculate the real fuel consumption of our car using the above formula.

Here is the final calculation for our example:

48.7 l: 517 km x 100 = 9.4 l / 100 km

In the second example, let's calculate the fuel consumption of a car with a small mileage. That is, when running, not until the moment when the tank is already running out of fuel. Let's assume that you, filling in 50 liters of fuel (full tank) and resetting the daily mileage of the car, drove 300 kilometers. Then we again stopped at the gas station and refueled the car to a full tank. As a result, 28.2 liters entered the tank. Now, knowing the mileage (300 kilometers) and the amount of fuel used for this mileage, using the above formula, you can calculate the exact fuel consumption of your car. Here is the calculation:

28.2 l: 300 km x 100 = 9.4 l / 100 km

As you can see, with less mileage, we got the same fuel consumption as with more. That's why you don't have to burn an entire tank of fuel to accurately measure your car's fuel consumption. To do this, it is enough to drive only a few hundred kilometers.

How is the cost of fuel per 1 kilometer calculated?

If you know exactly how much your car consumes (by calculating the consumption using the formula above), you can easily calculate the cost of fuel per 1 kilometer of your journey. To do this, you must know the cost of 1 liter of gasoline or diesel fuel. Then use the following formula:

Average fuel consumption x fuel price: 100 = cost per kilometer

Let's stick to our example for a visual calculation of this formula: a car consumes an average of 9.4 l / 100 km. With a fuel cost of 40 rubles per 1 liter, we get the following costs:

9.4 l / 100 km x 40 rubles / l: 100 = 3.76 rubles. / km

For those who are wondering how much 100 kilometers will cost, in the above formula, remove the division by 100 (: 100). As a result, multiplying the average fuel consumption by the cost of one liter of fuel, you will get the amount spent per 100 kilometers. Here is an example calculation:

9.4 l / 100 km x 40 rubles / l \u003d 376 rubles. / 100 km

How do petrol or diesel consumption calculators work?

If you don't have a calculator handy and you're not good at simple math, or you don't feel like calculating everything in your head, then you can also use the fuel calculator. On the Internet you will find many different calculators for calculating the consumption of gasoline or diesel fuel. To do this, enter the query "fuel consumption calculator" in the search bar of any search engine. In response to the request, you will receive a huge number of links to various online calculators that help calculate fuel consumption.

Most online online calculators will help you calculate not only the average fuel consumption, but also the cost of a trip over any distance. Including you can calculate the cost of 1 kilometer of the way.

My car consumes too much fuel - is it broken?

To understand how much your car actually consumes, you should compare the actual consumption of your car with the specifications of the automaker. Although usually the factory specification on fuel consumption has nothing to do with the actual figures of the car's economy. However, according to the automaker, you can roughly figure out how much fuel your car is actually consuming. The fact is that, on average, real fuel consumption is 20-30% more than automakers declare in the technical specifications for their cars.

So, when comparing the real average fuel consumption of your car (which you, for example, calculated using the above formula) with the official data of the automaker, take into account this 20-30% difference. If the actual fuel consumption is higher by 40-50% or more, then you should look for the reason for the overrun, which can be associated with both breakdowns and your wrong driving style. It is also possible that low-quality fuel became the reason for the overrun.

However, if your car's fuel consumption has increased dramatically despite the fact that you are driving on the same roads as before and using the same driving style, then there is a high probability that there is a malfunction in the car. Here are the main causes of increased fuel consumption associated with malfunctions:

• Problems with the engine control unit
• Clogged injectors, worn spark plugs and clogged
• 
  Damaged accessories such as air conditioner
• 
  Bad bearings or brakes

But these are not all reasons for increased fuel consumption. You can read more about this.

How to reduce fuel consumption?

If your car consumes too much fuel, it does not always mean that there is a defect. Did you know that your driving style can seriously affect your fuel consumption? Here are the basic rules for an economical driving style:

1) Do not shift into a higher gear ahead of time.

2) Avoid driving with full throttle.

3) Try to coast more often and do not press the gas pedal constantly.

4) Brake more often with the engine, including a lower gear. Before traffic lights, release the gas in advance so that the car coasts, smoothly losing speed.

5) Drive on the highway as slowly as possible. At 160 km/h, a car needs two-thirds more fuel than at 100 km/h.

6) Turn off the engine more often. Even with a relatively short waiting time (approximately 20 seconds), it makes sense to turn off the engine. Modern cars with a stop / start system (automatic engine shutdown) independently turn off the engine when stopping and turn on the engine when starting to move.

Besides driving, there are many other factors that can affect fuel consumption. These include:

• roof rack:
  Even without load by 20 percent due to increased aerodynamic air resistance.

• Tire pressure:
  Tire pressures that are too low have a negative effect on fuel consumption. The air pressure should be checked regularly at a gas station (or before driving at home) and compared with the data recommended by the car manufacturer (you can find the correct tire pressure in the vehicle owner's manual, on the driver's center door pillar or in the fuel tank cap). Special tires with optimized rolling resistance can further reduce consumption.

• Motor oil:
  There are special oils (0W-30 or 5W-20) that can reduce internal friction and therefore also reduce fuel consumption, however these oils usually cost significantly more than regular engine lubricants.

• Vehicle equipment:
  Heating, air conditioning or heated seats make driving more comfortable, but increase fuel consumption. In particular, air conditioning can lead to an increase in fuel consumption of several liters per 100 kilometers.