Psychology of the family: lecture notes. Lecture course “Psychology of the family. From dependent relationships and dysfunction to health "Psychology of family relations plan lecture notes
Family as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Historical origins of marriage and family.
In primitive society, there was a herd way of life. Activities: hunting and gathering. The first relationship between the sexes was promiscuity (from lat. General, mixed.) That is, there were no forms of regulation of relations, freedom, no prohibitions, that is, the realization of needs. Periods of promiscuity alternated with periods of agamy, that is, a complete ban on human relations (sexual). In this regard, they began to raid and realized that there were others, there was an awareness that there is “we” and there is “they”. This led to the transformation of the human herd into a genus (= 40 thousand years ago). In the first tribal communities there was matriarchy (this speaks of multifunctionality, the contractility of women). With the advent of childbirth, the human community began to make attempts to curb sexual instincts and the first ban on sexual relations between parents and children, then it was transformed into a ban between relatives, it is believed that this taboo is the historical boundary between the premarital state of society and marriage, as a form of social regulation of sexual relations.
The first form of marriage was group marriage, and within it the first form was exogamy (external marriage) - a complete ban on sexual relations within a kind. At the same time, group marriage was initially dual-tribal (only representatives of two genera could have sexual relations), and later exogamy acquired a dual-frostrial character (you can have sexual relations with several genera). The exogamy of the clan was combined with the endogamy of the tribe.
Causes of exogamy:
1. Within a kind of sex, a large number of handicapped children were born
2. life required the expansion of social contacts
3. with the help of exogamy, it was possible to establish peace within the clan
With exogamy, 3 groups were formed: male, female and children. But they were separate from each other, not connected. Each with its own functions. And the meetings of men and women were of a ritual nature, only to meet the needs they turned into orgostic holidays.
The biological father could not be identified. The leader of the tribe was considered the father. The family was educated. When the children reached the age of adolescence, they passed into the adult group after the ceremony shishchiation(if not capable, then in the process he died). This form of marriage has existed for several millennia.
10 thousand years ago the Neolithic revolution took place. With the advent of agriculture and pastoralism, i.e. a sedentary lifestyle, led to the emergence of partial ownership and in connection with this, marriage gradually began to transform into monogamy . The importance of male labor sharply increases and humanity stepped from matriarchy to patriarchy (=4 thousand years ago) and only by the fifth millennium AD. established patriarchy.
A direct consequence of this transition is from group to individual marriage between exogamy and monogamy, as a transitional form, polygamy (diversity) existed, it changed 2 types
1. polygyny (polygamy)
2. polyandry (polyandry)
When monogamy occurs, stability in relationships appears. Monogamy was officially proclaimed by Babylon, the king of Kamurappi. He introduced a code of laws regulating relations in the family.
The first historical form of monogamy was debt communities (patriarchal families, each of which lived in a separate house, ran a separate household; headed by a husband. Incl: wife, children, relatives with their children, up to 3x, 4x generations + slaves, i.e. about 300-400 people).
The first form of marriage based on economic relations is monogamy.
Definition of marriage and family
Marriage and the family originated in different historical periods and have differences.
Marriage (according to Kharchev) - it is a historically changing social form of relations between husbands and wives, by means of which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital and parental rights and obligations.
Family (according to Sysaev) - this is a small social group, a cell of society, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, i.e. relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and leading a common household.
Plato believed that every man under 45 should marry, and avoiding this is a crime.
Typology of the function of the family.
The family is studied by representatives of various sciences of sociology, ethnography, demography, anthropology, pedagogy, psychology, etc.
All family studies can be divided into 2 groups:
1. The study of the family as a social institution (the role of the family in society and the functions of the family).
2. Study of the family as a small group (relationships between family members).
In 2p. The psychology of the family arose in the 20th century. (= 50-60 years)
Family functions are divided into social(in relation to society) individual(in relation to the individual).
The main social functions of the family (according to Druzhinin):
1.socialization of children
2. maintaining the well-being of family members. (economic function).
3. transfer of social experience.
All individual functions of the family are directly related to the needs that are satisfied in the family, therefore there are as many functions in the family as it satisfies the stable needs. Functions in the family are the main thing for which the family is created. If the family does not fulfill its functions, then it is dysfunctional.
Eidemiller and Justitzkiss single out into individual functions:
1. Emotional satisfaction of needs for sympathy, love, respect, etc.
2. Household - meeting the physiological and material needs of family members, maintaining their health.
3. the function of spiritual communication - satisfies the need for communication.
4. educational - satisfies the needs of family members in fatherhood and motherhood, in communicating with children, self-realization in children.
5. sexual and erotic.
6. The function of primary social control is control over difficult children. Elderly people, disabled people.
Violation of the functions of the family, such features of its life that make it difficult or prevent the family from fulfilling its functions, while the family becomes dysfunctional.
A special characteristic function of the family is their complexity, i.e. each individual need of family members can be satisfied outside the family, but the family allows them to be satisfied in a complex, but at the same time the family “requires” the satisfaction of spouses mainly in the family.
Typology of families.
I. By type of power:
1. Patriarchal
2. matriarchal
3. egalitarian
II. According to the type of related composition
1. nuclear (mononuclear), a family that includes a husband and wife, who make up the core of the family, may or may not have children.
2. extended (polynuclear), includes a nuclear family, as well as relatives of a husband or wife living together.
III. According to the composition of parents in a nuclear family:
1.full;
2. incomplete (only mother or father;
3. deformed (the composition of the parents is complete, but one of the parents is not native).
IV. By functional features:
1.harmonious;
2. disharmonious.
V. By the number of children in the family:
1. infertile;
2. one-child;
3. large families;
4. small children;
VI. According to social and role characteristics:
1. traditional (patriarchal);
2. child-centric;
3. matrimonial (democratic).
Features and trends in the development of the modern family
The specificity of the modern family is determined by four features:
I. Parenting plays a special role in the modern family. The author of the psychogenic theory, historian Lyddenoz identifies 6 stages in the development of parent-child relationships in the history of mankind:
1. infaticide (mass infanticide);
2. throwing style (Middle Ages: governesses, nurses);
3. ambivalence (16-17 centuries: the value of the child has increased, but not yet high);
4. obsessive style (18th century: let everything good and nothing bad develop; total control);
5. socializing (19-20th century: preparing a child for life in society);
6. believing (to the 20th-21st centuries: the child is a personality equal to the parents);
II. the basis of a marital union in a modern family is love, emotional acceptance, support;
III. The modern family system is quite open, i.e. it is easy to enter into marriage and easy to divorce, legal, ethical, religious and socio-psychological barriers are minimized;
IV. In the modern family, there has been a transition from the extended family to the nuclear family.
Trends in the development of the modern family.
Trends - something that has not yet reached the level of feature, but is already visible.
1. An increase in life expectancy and an increase in the number of elderly people against the backdrop of a declining birth rate.
In the Russian Federation, Wednesday life expectancy of men - 59 l; women - 71-73 years old; in Japan, men are 84, women - 88.
In Russia, 31% of families have one child; 21.4% - 2 children; 5% - more than 2 children; 42.3% do not have, or children over 18 years of age. The number of children per 1 Russian family is 0.9 instead of 2.6. The decline in the birth rate leads to a decrease in pensions (there is no one to work, taxes are not paid) and to an increase in migrants (often criminals).
2. disproportion in the life expectancy of husbands and wives. Causes of death for men: alcoholism, tobacco smoking, drugs, and traffic rules.
3. increase in the number of divorces. =1/3(1/2) families do not experience divorce. (80s-40%; 90s-51%; 2010- divorces). The risk of divorce in families with 2 or more unwanted children than in families with one child.
4. an increase in the number of children brought up without a family or in conditions of derivation (dissatisfaction of needs) communication with parents and relatives (orphans, inmates of boarding schools, homeless children). An increase in orphanhood contributes to high mortality.
5. increase in the number of minor parents (teenage parenthood). 1999 - 270 illegitimate children of mothers aged 15; 660 - 16 years old; 13500 for 17 year olds.
6. an increase in the number of crimes on family and domestic grounds. 2/3 of all murders occur in the country on this basis.
7. an increase in the number of childless (infertile) families in which the absence of children is a conscious choice of spouses (33%); 15-17% - do not want yet; 14-16% - due to honey. children have no problems.
8. increase in the number of two-career families.
The patriarchal family ceases to exist.
Family as a social system.
In the second half of the twentieth century, there was a breakthrough in the study of family psychology associated with a systemic transition. The methodological basis of the systemic transition to the family is the general systems theory, the founder of which was an American. Australian-born biologist Ludwig Fan Bertalanffy. Berta believed that there are 2 views of the world:
1. mechanistic
2. organismic
Mechanistic view of the world: elementarism, the subject of research, is broken down into electrons and indivisible components, which are studied separately. Linear cause-and-effect conditionality of what is happening. Organismic: holism (wholeness, gestalt psychology) - the whole is stronger than the simple sum of its parts. Mutual influence and mutual causality of all parts and processes of the system
Family systems theory is based on an organismic view of the world.
System- a complex of objects and their attributes, as well as the relationship between objects and their attributes.
Attribute- object attribute.
Family-
a social system whose object is family members, the attributes of these objects, their psychological characteristics (x-r, temperament) and unites this system in the relationship between objects and their attributes.
Description of work
Family as a cultural and historical phenomenon. Historical origins of marriage and family.
Definition of marriage and family
One of the favorite accessories for every woman is, of course, a bag. A handbag is an essential attribute of almost every woman, because this accessory performs not only a decorative, but also a very important practical function, acting as a capacious storage for a thousand and one little things. There are never too many handbags, so every woman will always have at least a couple of them in stock - and often the number of bags of all types and sizes reaches even several dozen. Today we invite lovely ladies to watch a short lesson that tells how to replenish your wardrobe with another wonderful handbag for the spring-summer season.
DIY bags master class
The authors of the lesson called “Bright Spring Bag in 15 Minutes” talk about how to make a stylish handbag with your own hands with minimal time and money. Even a novice needlewoman will cope with this task, so this video lesson will be of interest to all the fair sex, regardless of their level of artistic abilities and design skills. For work, you will need an old handbag, which, due to long-term use, has lost its original appearance, as well as unnecessary leather boots (for example, if they have become small or simply out of fashion). Do not rush to throw away these obsolete things - they can be given a new life! The authors of this lesson show how you can completely transform an old bag with a simple decor made with your own hands from everything that was at hand. One of the “highlights” of the handbag model shown in this master class is, of course, a stylish leather fringe, which has been considered one of the leading fashion trends for several seasons. As a result of the work of the craftswomen, an extremely fashionable and original women's bag in ethnic style has turned out, which has a universal purpose: you can take it for a walk, for work, and while shopping.
Sewing a bag with your own hands from fabric
We hope that this master class will help our viewers discover new resources for hand-made, have a good time doing needlework and, as a result, get a new thing in their wardrobe - a stylish handbag for spring
Every resident of a big city knows firsthand what the lack of natural surroundings and fresh air is. The same applies to many food products: if rural residents have most of the vitamins in fresh vegetables and fruits at hand, then it is more difficult for city dwellers in this matter - they have to buy everything, risking running into nitrates and other not very useful additives. Therefore, of course, everything that is possible to grow on your own is better - it is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and healthier. This is the subject of the short video presented on our website.
DIY garden on the windowsill
Video tutorial called "How to make a garden at home? Growing greens and seedlings. This video will be of interest to a very wide range of viewers, since the issues of growing healthy seedlings at home are of equal interest to the inhabitants of both large cities and small villages. The invited expert in this video talks about how, with minimal financial investment, to create a special design at home in which you can successfully grow high-quality seedlings for planting in the country, and any greens for everyday consumption. What are the advantages of the method of growing seedlings proposed in this video lesson? Firstly, this method is extremely economical, both from the financial side (does not require large cash costs), and from the point of view of the rational use of time and effort. The arrangement of such a kind of room "bed" will not take much time, caring for it is also not at all difficult, and will not interfere with other daily activities. In addition, especially important for residents of city apartments is such an advantage of the above method as a compact design, which is used for growing greens and seedlings. The mentioned design has small dimensions, is easy to fold and carry, so it will not be difficult at all to choose a suitable corner for it even in a small apartment or a small house.
What can be grown on the windowsill in winter
We are sure that all our viewers who are interested in horticulture and who want to provide their families with fresh organic greenery will definitely learn a lot of useful things from this video.
All kinds of fraud and deception of gullible citizens flourished at all times, and usually scammers show enviable ingenuity, constantly coming up with more and more new ways to illegally take possession of other people's property. In full accordance with the latest trends in the development of society in the twenty-first century, virtual and mobile fraud has now become especially prosperous. It is about the latter that is described in this video lesson, which we recommend that everyone watch it without exception - regardless of gender and age.
How to avoid becoming a victim of SMS scammers
A small video called “How not to become a victim of scammers” is worth watching for all visitors to our website, because none of us is immune from the possibility of becoming a victim of SMS fraud sooner or later. In addition, the information heard in this video must be conveyed to your friends and relatives, especially to children and elderly family members, since it is they who most often fall for the bait of mobile scammers, sometimes transferring very large sums of money to them. The invited experts in this video lesson briefly, but very meaningfully and clearly talk about the most common methods of SMS fraud, about how to behave in such situations so as not to lose your savings. In addition, our viewers will certainly be interested in general recommendations on how to minimize the risk of falling into one of the fraudulent schemes. An extremely important nuance that experts focus on is maintaining composure and a sober look at things. Very often, scammers use the so-called "shock effect" - they try to stun the victim with unexpected information and demand immediate action (for example, urgent transfer of money) so that the person does not have time to recover and understand the situation. Therefore, in no case should you do hasty actions - it is better to think ten times before doing what your mobile interlocutor requires of you.
How to avoid becoming a victim of online scammers
We hope that this video tutorial will help reduce the crime rate and help our viewers to successfully resist SMS scammers in any circumstances.
One of the most important events in the life of every young girl is, of course, the prom at school. This event marks the end of an entire school era and is a kind of "bridge" to adulthood. In addition, this is one of the few holidays when you can give free rein to your imagination in choosing an outfit and turn into a real princess for your family and classmates for at least one evening. And, of course, what prom is complete without a prom dress? It is to him that our lesson is dedicated.
How to choose a dress for graduation 2017
Thanks to this video lesson "How to choose a prom dress", future graduates, as well as their mothers, grandmothers and girlfriends, will be able to get acquainted with the recommendations of leading stylists on what factors should be considered when choosing a prom dress and what rules should be followed. It's no secret that many young ladies start thinking about choosing a prom dress long before the event itself - sometimes even a year in advance. There is no single point of view about what a prom dress should be, because all girls are different, each has its own style, character and appearance features. Therefore, it is extremely important not only to blindly follow fashion trends, but to try to make the prom dress harmonize with the personality of the graduate, reflect her personality and emphasize her external advantages. Many girls prefer to follow the traditional rules in choosing a dress - they choose pastel colors, light fabrics, feminine silhouettes. Of course, this is already a classic, so these outfits will always be appropriate at the prom. However, if a girl wants to show off originality, then it is quite possible to get creative - choose more unusual colors and styles. As a rule, black is considered undesirable - it may turn out to be too heavy and gloomy for a young girl during a prom.
How to choose a dress according to your figure
We hope that this video lesson will help each of our spectators make the right choice in favor of the most beautiful and stylish prom dress that will make the girl feel like a real lady.
How to remove a girl's belly
It is no secret that one of the most problematic areas for most women is the tummy and sides, because it is there that all those “sweets” with which we actively indulge ourselves begin to be deposited in the first place. Nevertheless, the situation is not critical, and you should not completely give up your favorite foods - just eat them in moderation and not neglect physical activity. The authors of this video dwell on the last question in detail, telling and showing what kind of physical exercises will be most effective for getting rid of fat folds on the stomach and sides. It turns out that it is not at all necessary to exhaust yourself with many hours of training in the gym - such exercises can be successfully performed even at home, and this one does not take so much time. All these exercises can be done, for example, while watching a TV series - and thus, you can combine business with pleasure. The authors of the lesson offer the five most effective exercises that help to quickly and reliably make your waist thinner, and the figure as a whole - slimmer. Of course, in order to achieve a good result, it is necessary to adhere to several rules when performing such exercises: firstly, you need to do each exercise correctly, strictly following all the recommendations of the trainer; secondly, you should do it regularly, best of all - daily, or at least every other day. Under the condition of constant training, after a short period of time (1-2 weeks), the first improvements will be noticeable, a decrease in waist volume will begin.
How to get rid of belly fat at home
This video lesson will be useful and interesting for almost every woman who wants to have a good figure with minimal effort, time and money.
It's no secret that human health is the most important thing, so taking care of your own health and your body should start from a very early age. As they say, many diseases are much easier to prevent in time than to treat later, when the disease has already begun to develop intensively.
High-quality medical services are in demand everywhere and always: a thousand years ago, and at the present time. It is well known that the profession of an esculapius does not tolerate unprofessionalism and amateurism, therefore, one should seek medical help only from highly qualified specialists. Otherwise, poor-quality medical care may not only not bring the desired improvement, but, on the contrary, further aggravate the situation and harm health.
Today, the services of large medical centers of a wide profile, the so-called family medical centers (or clinics), which will provide high-quality medical services to all family members: both adults and children, are extremely in demand.
Among the numerous advantages of such medical centers, I would especially like to highlight the following:
- Extremely high quality of the offered medical services. The entire staff of a large center - from the head physician to the nurse - is highly qualified, has rich practical experience and an impeccable reputation, so the specialists of this kind of medical institutions successfully cope with even the most difficult tasks;
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- Comfort. One of the main shortcomings of public hospitals - the lack of necessary amenities for comfortable treatment - has been completely eliminated in private medical institutions. Both outpatients and inpatients can enjoy a pleasant environment and enjoy all the necessary amenities.
- Availability of the most modern medical equipment;
- A reasonable pricing policy, a fixed cost of services and the absence of any fees, additional payments and requirements for “thank you” in envelopes, which patients of the so-called “free” polyclinics constantly face.
The well-known German-Ukrainian medical center Aurora fully possesses all of the above advantages, which offers everyone extra-class medical services, consultations and assistance from highly qualified world-class specialists.
Each representative of the fair sex strives to be beautiful and attractive, while following the latest trends in the world of fashion and beauty. It turns out that not only clothes or a handbag can be fashionable - but also eyebrows! Over the past years, well-groomed natural eyebrows of sufficiently large density and width have remained in trend all over the world. Such eyebrows make the look more expressive, and the whole face - more vivid and memorable. However, what to do if nature has deprived you of thick eyebrows? Do not worry, there is a way out - and you can learn about it from this video lesson "How to grow thick eyebrows."
How to grow eyebrows fast
This short video is dedicated to such an interesting question for any woman as eyebrow care, in particular - how to become the owner of sable eyebrows without extension, in a natural way. This is quite possible if you use certain traditional medicine to care for your eyebrows, namely bodyagu. Many have already heard about its beneficial properties in cosmetology. Now it can be successfully used as an effective tool to improve the growth and appearance of eyebrows. Qualified experts will tell you about how to use bodyaga for the above purpose, how often it is necessary to carry out such procedures and what precautions to take while doing so, as part of this video. A very important nuance is the availability of this method of eyebrow care. Bodyaga is a completely inexpensive, publicly available drug that can be purchased at any pharmacy. Therefore, each representative of the fair sex gets a wonderful opportunity to become even more beautiful at minimal financial cost. Carefully following the beauty tips and recommendations voiced in this video, every woman can see positive changes in the condition of her eyebrows in a short period of time - they will become thicker, healthier, it will be possible to give them a new shape in accordance with the latest world trends in eyebrow styling.
How to grow eyebrows fast at home
We hope that this video lesson will be useful for our viewers and will help replenish the arsenal of beauty products with another very effective
The violin is a wonderful musical instrument that has won millions of hearts thanks to its lyrical sound. However, violinists (beginners and professionals alike) are well aware that the violin is not only delicate and fragile. It is also in itself a rather whimsical instrument that requires a special approach and care.
First of all, it is worth protecting the violin from direct sunlight in order to avoid drying out. In no case should you leave this musical instrument under the scorching sun. The same applies to severe frosts: the violin generally does not like significant temperature changes, so you should try to maintain a favorable temperature regime in the place where the instrument is stored. Remember that you can not leave the violin near open heat sources: fireplaces, heaters, stoves, and so on.
The second, no less important advice: the violinist must constantly monitor the level of humidity in the environment where the violin is stored. This musical instrument does not like either excessive moisture, because it makes the wood damp, perhaps even the appearance of mold, or too dry air, because in the latter case, cracks and other damage may appear on the wood - and the instrument will become completely unusable. Experts recommend maintaining the optimal level of humidity in the room at the level of 45-60 percent.
It is also a vital duty of the violinist to clean the instrument regularly, which should preferably be cleaned and wiped down after each use. Do not neglect this duty in order to avoid the appearance of dirt, scuffs and other unpleasant traces of operation on the violin body. To avoid this, we suggest using online stores, for example,
However, even if you fully comply with all the basic recommendations for caring for a violin, its owner is not immune from damage to the instrument. Both due to natural wear and tear (if the violin was used for a sufficiently long period of time), and as a result of some unforeseen accidents (bumps, falls, other mechanical damage).
If such troubles occur, you should not hesitate, but contact a qualified violin maker who can offer an extensive list of instrument repair services - from replacing strings to restoring the varnish coating.
Do you want to understand the intricacies of interpersonal relationships? Are you interested in new methods of modern science of psychology? Do you want to delve into self-consciousness and get rid of internal problems? Then this section will become for you a guide to the world of a mysterious and not fully understood science. You can watch online video lessons on human psychology and analyze your own mistakes made in life.
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It will be interesting for men and women to find out how different the thinking of both sexes is. Girls will be able to learn to understand their partners not even from words, but from gestures and facial expressions. Free videos about relationships between people help you understand the behavior of others and correct your own.
Get an education with the help of video lessons on the psychology of the life of men and women, you can watch online with us.
All people can make mistakes and unconsciously make some mistakes, releasing anger, aggression and other negativity on others. Videos from this psychological category of our site will help you understand yourself and eliminate the cause of problems and even diseases.
Scientists have long proven that the state of health of the body is inextricably linked with the inner spiritual world of a person. Learn all the secrets of human behavior and learn to control your emotions, learn all the methods of personality development.
You can watch free YouTube videos about psychology with the whole family. Documentaries, trainings and educational lessons will be useful for any age. Each of the family members can learn something valuable for themselves.
Free YouTube videos about human psychology for free online. Learn about the most incredible psychological experiments on humans and their amazing results. Sometimes the results of such studies are so unexpected that scientists had to stop the study in order to simply save people's lives.
In addition, you can visit our other category. The methods of modern science in the form of lectures without registration will help parents understand the logic of children's behavior, and spouses to see themselves from the other side. Learn online how to avoid scandals and conflicts at home, how to achieve harmony and mutual understanding. YouTube videos about the psychology of men and women will help you understand the relationship between yourself and achieve true harmony in the family.
Learn to deal with depression and find out how a banal runny nose speaks of what internal problems. Visit our column regularly, and the inner world will no longer be a mystery to you!
transcript
1 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY
LECTURE 2 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE Zhukova M.V., Zaporozhets V.N., Shishkina K.I. Psychology of the Family and Family Education: Lecture Notes ISBN The textbook presents lecture notes on the main aspects of the psychology of family relationships and family education. The book is addressed to students, undergraduates, teachers of higher educational institutions, as well as to everyone who is interested in the problems of the family and family education. M.V. Zhukova, 2014 V.N. Zaporozhets, 2014 K.I. Shishkina, 2014
3 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 3 CONTENTS LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE Subject and objectives of the course Evolution of marriage and family relations in the history of society Trends in the development of the modern family ... Russia The main documents regulating legal relations in modern Russia LECTURE 3. FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP The concept of a small group. Its characteristics Features of the family as a small primary group Typology of families LECTURE 4. FUNCTIONAL-ROLE INTERACTION IN THE FAMILY Family function as an activity that satisfies the needs of family members Traditional and modern family functions Dynamics of family functions Family role as a condition for the functioning of the family system of the functioning of the family LECTURE 5. FORMATION OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE RELATIONS The period of premarital courtship as a factor in the stability of marriage Motives for marriage Love as the leading motive for marriage Factors of marital stability in the first years of married life LECTURE 6. THE PROBLEM OF MARRIAGE COMPATIBILITY The concept of marital compatibility Levels of marital compatibility Spousal adaptation as a way to achieve compatibility in marriage Lecture 7. PROBLEMS OF THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Definition of the concept of "family life cycle" Periodization of the family life cycle Family crises are a natural phenomenon of its dynamics LECTURE 8. THE PROBLEM OF FAMILY CONFLICTS The concept of marital and family conflict Types and stages of family conflicts Psychotraumatic consequences of family conflicts: LECTURE 9. FAMILY AS INSTITUTE FOR SOCIALIZATION OF THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY Socialization and upbringing The role of the father in the socialization of children The role of the mother in the socialization of children Grandparents and siblings as socializers LECTURE 10. CHARACTER OF CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIPS. ROLE OF GENERAL PARENTS IN FAMILY EDUCATION Historical transformation of child-parent relationships Types of family education The role of the child in the family The role of grandparents in family education Typical mistakes of parents The concept of a dysfunctional family Psychology of a child from an alcoholic family Families with communication disorders. Problems of conflict families Families with a hidden form of trouble. Types of internally dysfunctional families LECTURE 12. BASICS OF FAMILY COUNSELING Basic principles of family counseling Traditional models of family counseling Professional position of a consultant of his function Psychological assistance to a family expecting a child Counseling a family on the problem of divorce Counseling about difficulties in relationships with children LIST OF USED LITERATURE
4 LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE Concerning any marriage, let one prescription be observed: each person must enter into a marriage that is useful for the state, and not just the most pleasant for himself. Plato 1.1. The subject and objectives of the course Psychology of the family is a relatively young branch of psychological knowledge, which is in its infancy. It is based on the richest practice of family psychotherapy, the experience of psychological assistance to the family and family counseling. A distinctive feature of family psychology as a scientific discipline has become its inseparable connection with psychological practice. The subject of family psychology is the functional structure of the family, the main patterns and dynamics of its development, the development of the personality in the family. Course objectives: 1) Theoretical (study of the patterns of formation and development of the functional-role structure of the family at various stages of its life cycle; study of the premarital period, features of the search and choice of a marriage partner; study of the psychological characteristics of marital relations; study of the psychological characteristics of child-parent relationships; study the role of family education in the development of a child at various age stages 2) Counseling: psychological counseling on marriage issues, including the choice of a marriage partner and marriage; counseling on marital relations (diagnostics, correction, prevention); psychological and pedagogical assistance to the family in crisis situations and divorces;
5 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 5 psychological and pedagogical counseling, diagnosis, prevention and correction of child-parent relationships; psychological and pedagogical counseling on the upbringing and development of children and adolescents (diagnostics, prevention, correction of disorders and developmental deviations); psychological assistance in matters of adoption and upbringing of adopted children; psychological and pedagogical prevention of deviations and developmental disorders of children and adolescents brought up in conditions of deprivation of communication with a close adult); psychological and pedagogical support of the formation of parenthood The evolution of marriage and family relations in the history of society Marriage and family are social forms of regulation of relations between people who are related, however, these concepts are not identical. The Russian word "marriage" goes back to the Old Russian "brachiti", which means "to select", that is, to choose the good, necessary and discard the bad, unnecessary. This gives rise to some ambiguity of the term, which in the legal sphere denotes a family union, and in the production of damaged, low-quality products. In Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech and some other Slavic languages, it is much more difficult to confuse these two phenomena, because the marriage union is denoted by the term "shlyub", which originates from the Old Slavic word "slyub", denoting a solemn promise. "To fall in love" means to agree. Marriage is a socially sanctioned form of relations between the sexes and to offspring, that is, a means of regulating sexual relations and the reproduction of the population (K. Marx, F. Engels). Article 21 of the Marriage and Family Code states:
6 LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE 1. Marriage is a family union of a woman and a man registered with the state civil registry office. 2. Living by the same family of a woman and a man without marriage is not a basis for the emergence of the rights and obligations of spouses in them. 3. The religious ceremony of marriage is not a basis for the emergence of the rights and obligations of spouses for a woman and a man, except in cases where the religious ceremony of marriage took place before the creation or restoration of state bodies for registering acts of civil status. Marriage is a special social institution, a historically determined, socially regulated form of relations between a man and a woman, which establishes their rights and obligations in relation to each other and to their children. Marriage is a legitimate recognition of the relationship between a man and a woman, which is accompanied by the birth of children and responsibility for the physical and moral health of family members. Marriage is a free, equal union of a man and a woman, concluded in compliance with the procedure and conditions established by law, with the aim of creating a family and giving rise to mutual personal and property rights and obligations between the spouses. Marriage is the basis of family formation. The family is a complex social entity. Researchers define it as a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, as a small group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, common life and mutual moral responsibility, as a social necessity, which is due to the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population. In social psychology, the family is considered as a small social group, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, i.e. relations between husband and wife, parents and children living together and leading a joint household. related
7 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 7 connections can be of three types: consanguinity (brothers and sisters), offspring (parents-children), marital relations (husband-wife). Well-known domestic psychologist V.N. Druzhinin, considering the family as an object of psychological research, proposes the concepts of "normal abnormal family" and "ideal real family". A “normal family” is a family that provides the required minimum of welfare, social protection and advancement to its members and creates the necessary conditions for the socialization of children until they reach psychological and physical maturity. Such is the family, where the father is responsible for the family as a whole. All other types of families where this rule is not fulfilled, the author considers anomalous. The concept of "ideal family" is defined as a normative model of the family, which is accepted by society and reflected in the collective ideas of culture, mainly religious. This, in particular, means that the psychological structure of the normative Orthodox family (the structure includes features of the distribution of power, responsibility and emotional closeness between father, mother and children) differs significantly from the structure of Catholic, Protestant and Muslim families. Types of ideal families are studied mainly by culturologists. A real family is understood as a specific family as a real group and object of study. V.N. Druzhinin emphasizes that when mentioning the family as the subject of research, it is necessary to clearly understand what type of family it is. Thus, psychologists examine real families in terms of their deviation from the norm. Important conditions for the existence of a family are joint activities and a certain spatial localization of housing, a house, property as the economic basis of its life, as well as a general cultural environment within the framework of the common culture of a certain people, confession, state. Thus, the family is a community of people based on a single family-wide activity, connected by bonds of matrimony, parenthood, kinship (blood and
8 LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THE FAMILY AND SPIRITUAL MARRIAGE), carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and support for family members. However, there are differences between marriage and family. Marriage is a legal contractual relationship between two persons of the opposite sex. The family covers a larger or smaller circle of persons related by consanguinity as a biological factor. While marital relations are unstable over time, because they can be terminated due to divorce, family relations, once they have arisen, remain unchanged. If the marriage relationship between the wife and husband is terminated, then between their joint children and each of them individually, they remain. Marriage, while it lasts, only outwardly takes on the appearance of a family. Thus, the family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it unites not only spouses, but also their children, as well as relatives living together. The psychology of family relations has developed as a science that studies the objective patterns, manifestations and mechanisms of family relations. To date, the following trends have developed in the study of family relations: evolutionism, functionalism, biologism, scientism. To date, the following trends have developed in the study of family relations: evolutionism, functionalism, biologism, scientism. Marriage and family categories are historical. In the history of mankind, many forms of organization of sexual relations have changed, determined by the level of socio-economic development of society. Based on ethnographic research, three eras can be distinguished: savagery, barbarism and civilization. Each of them had its own social institutions, the dominant forms of relations between a man and a woman. The original form of marriage was endogamy (from the Greek “endo” inside and “gamos” marriage), which assumed free ties within the clan, regulated by biological factors, which led to conflicts within the clan and the emergence of social “taboos”. As a result, there was such
9 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 9 form as exogamy (from the Greek “exo” outside and “gamos” marriage), which prohibits marriages within “their” clans and determines the need to enter into it with members of other communities. A consanguineous family appeared: marriage groups were divided by generations, sexual relations between parents and children were excluded. Then a polygamous marriage was formed: polygamy (polygyny) and polyandry (polyandry). In this situation, when it was impossible to determine paternal kinship, maternal right developed (the right to children remained with the mother). The development of society, the growth of productive forces determined the transition to pair marriage, monogamy (monogamy: one husband one wife). The leading role in the family has shifted from the woman (matriarchy) to the man (patriarchy). At its core, patriarchy was associated with inheritance law, i.e. with the power of the father, not the husband. The task of the woman was reduced to the birth of children, the heirs of the father. In studies devoted to the problems of the family, the main stages of its evolution are traced: for almost all peoples, the account of kinship through the mother preceded the account of kinship through the father; at the primary stage of sexual relations, along with temporary (short and occasional) monogamous relationships, extensive freedom of marital relations prevailed; gradually the freedom of sexual life was limited, the number of persons having the marriage right to this or that woman (or man) decreased; The dynamics of marital relations in the history of the development of society consisted in the transition from group marriage to individual marriage. In a civilized society, the main form of marriage is monogamy (one husband, one wife). Trends in the development of the modern family The "modern" family, which originated at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, has a number of specific features that reflect the general patterns and achievements of the progressive development of society.
10 LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE S.I. Hunger distinguishes three historical types of family: patriarchal (traditional), child-centric (modern), matrimonial (post-modern). The patriarchal type of family is based on strict gender and age subordination and the absence of personal selectivity at all stages of the family life cycle. The patriarchal family is based on relations of domination of subordination: the authoritarian power of the husband, the dependence of the wife on the husband and children on the parents, absolute parental power and the authoritarian system of education. The child-centric type of family is based on the priority of its educational function, the relative equality of spouses, the high closeness of relations between both spouses and parents and children. Raising children is the main purpose of family life. The child-centric family is characterized by a small number of children, the planned birth of children, and a limited reproductive period (5-10 years). The matrimonial type of family is a new type that has been developing over the past decades. The characteristic features of such a family is the concern for the development of each of its members as an autonomous personality in a system of emotionally rich, intimate, content-spiritual relationships in the family, where the goal of raising children no longer dominates, giving way to the values of personal growth and self-realization of all family members. Features of the modern family (SI Golod): 1. The special role of parenthood as an institution of primary human socialization. 2. The basis of the marital union is love, emotional acceptance and support. 3. The family system is fairly open. Legal, ethical, religious, socio-psychological barriers to divorce are now reduced to a minimum. 4. The transition from the extended family to the nuclear family (parents and children), which is becoming the most typical variant of the family system.
11 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 11 E.G. Eidemiller, V. Justickis distinguish the following psychological features of Russian families: 1. A high degree of material, psychological, emotional dependence of family members on each other; 2. Confusion of family roles, their lack of differentiation and consistency; 3. Distance and low emotional involvement of the husband in family life; 4. Struggle for power between generations due to living together and unclear boundaries of the family system. There are a number of trends in the development of the family that have clearly manifested themselves in recent decades (O.A. Karabanova): a decrease in the birth rate; disproportion in life expectancy of men and women; an increase in the number of divorces; an increase in the number of children brought up without a family or in conditions of deprivation of communication with parents and close adults with orphans, pupils of boarding schools, round-the-clock kindergartens, homeless children, etc.); democratization and egalitarianization of relations in the family, especially in marital relations, the transition from rigid fixation of roles to the interchangeability of spouses, partnership, assistance and mutual support; increase in the number of minor parents teenage parenthood; an increase in the number of crimes on family and domestic grounds; an increase in the number of childless families in which the status of "family without children" is a conscious choice of spouses;
12 LECTURE 1. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THE FAMILY AND MARRIAGE families where both spouses, and not just the husband, as in a traditional family, set themselves the tasks of a professional career, growth and self-realization. Recently, the number of people striving for alternative forms of arranging their own lives has been increasing, and the attitude towards marriage is being transformed. R. Zider identifies the following alternative forms of marriage and family relations: loneliness; unregistered cohabitation; deliberately childless marriage; open marriage; extramarital sex; swinging; intimate friendship; homosexuality; group marriage, residential communities, collective families. However, in recent years there has been a clear, certainly positive shift in favor of choosing the family as a form of partnership, optimal for providing the necessary conditions for personal growth and self-development. The value of the family, its rating is definitely growing. LECTURE 2. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARRIAGE If a man took a wife and did not conclude an agreement with her, then this woman is not a wife Laws of Hammurabi The first marriage is a law, the second is forgiveness, the third is a crime, the fourth is wickedness, a swine life is. Code of Canon Law 1551 2.1. History of foreign family law
13 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE NOTES 13 Around 8,000 BC, profound cultural changes took place that had a radical impact on marriage. Gradually, the importance of owning property increased. At the same time, laws on inheritance also developed. Historians claim that the institution of marriage appeared more than four thousand years ago. The first documented marriage ceremony involving one man and one woman was recorded in Mesopotamia around 2450 BC. e. The first written laws on marriage were the laws of Hammurabi, a code of civil and criminal law that appeared in ancient Babylon. Marriage in Babylon, as elsewhere, was considered legal subject to certain legal formalities: it was necessary to conclude a marriage contract, and with witnesses (usually oral), otherwise this marriage was not legally valid. The texts of marriage contracts, written in cuneiform on clay tablets, were burned and kept in case of possible future conflicts. There were different types of prenuptial agreements, including a contract specifying the duration and purpose. Since property played an important role in marriage, the Laws of Hammurabi deal in detail with the problem of property relations between spouses: on dowry and marriage ransom, on separate liability for debts that arose before marriage, on the property of the wife. Marriage was thus at the same time an economic transaction, a definite contract between husband and wife. A large role was given to the inheritance of property by children. Divorce, for a man, was permissible in the following cases: if the wife insulted her husband, humiliated his dignity, ruined the family. A woman could dissolve the marriage and leave for another man if her husband was captured and the wife had no means of subsistence. But if the husband was released from captivity, the wife had to return to him. Also, a woman had the right to divorce if her sons oppressed and insulted her. At the same time, she took the devotee and returned to her father.
14 LECTURE 2. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARRIAGE In all ancient cultures, the groom paid a bride price, which, in the event of a divorce at the initiative of the husband, like children born in marriage, passed to his wife. If the husband refused to comply with these conditions, the woman could go to court to maintain her legal rights. Gradually, a woman became a value that required guarantees. This new attitude towards marriage is reflected in a document dated 135 AD. e. and found in a cave near the Dead Sea: “You become my wife, and I am your husband now and forever, according to the law of Moses. If I leave you, I must return to you your morning gift (i.e. dowry) in the amount of 200 dinars.” In ancient Egypt, marriage was usually for economic or political reasons. Brothers and sisters often married so as not to share hereditary land or government posts inherited by the family. Custom, and then the law, endowed both spouses with the right to divorce. If the divorce was initiated by the husband, then the wife had to give part of her dowry, as well as part of the family property. If the wife wanted to dissolve the marriage, the law also provided that she had the right to receive a certain share of the family property. Ancient Indian secular and religious treatises (“Laws of Manu”, “Arthashastra”, various epics such as “Ramayana”, “Mahabharata”) give us an idea of the Indian “Kutumba” family as large and patriarchal. Such a family was headed by the Father, who was also a "guru" - a teacher, the eldest in the family and who led it, and the men owned a much larger amount of rights. The husband had the right to dissolve the marriage, despite the fact that a religious marriage was considered a sacred and inviolable union of a man and a woman, sealed by the will of the Higher Power. Divorce at the initiative of the wife could not be made, but divorce was allowed by mutual consent of the spouses, as well as if one of them was afraid of the other. In ancient Judea, marriages were often arranged between cousins and sisters in order to keep the family property indivisible. Virginity was highly valued, incest was forbidden, the brother of the deceased or another
15 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE WORK 15 the next of kin had to marry a widow. The husband had the right, on his own initiative, to dissolve the marriage with his wife. The procedure was as follows: the husband had to send his wife a letter containing a message about the divorce “sefer kritut”. After the delivery of such a letter, the husband sent his wife out of the house. At the same time, the woman returned to her father's house, while the children remained in the house of her ex-husband. It is assumed that at the dissolution of the marriage, the husband was obliged to pay his wife some monetary compensation. Greek civilization gravitated towards the two main centers of Athens and Sparta. These city-states differed significantly in the way they were governed, the rights and obligations of citizens, their attitude towards marriage and marriage laws. Marriage in Sparta was "open" in contrast to Athenian marriage, which was highly restrictive. Spartan women, especially those belonging to the upper strata of society, had significant political power and also enjoyed great freedom. Some of the Spartan women had two houses and two husbands, despite the fact that monogamy was the accepted form at the time. In Sparta, women had very few household chores and enjoyed great freedom. Athenian women were financially and legally dependent on their fathers or husbands. Their duties included caring for children and maintaining the "cleanliness" of the family clan. For centuries, a husband in Athens had the right to kill his wife if she cheated on him. The first laws of Roman law on marriage are attributed to Romulus. Roman law distinguished two types of marriage: "cum manu", when the wife became the property of the husband, part of his property, divorce in this type of marriage could only be carried out at the initiative of the husband; and "sine manu", in which the wife remained either under the authority of her father or an independent person. Such a marriage had to be renewed annually. If a woman lived for a year in her husband's house, then she passed under his authority. To avoid this, she
16 LECTURE 2. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARRIAGE It was necessary to leave the spouse's house once a year for three nights. The dissolution of such a marriage took place with the consent of the parties, as well as at the request of the husband or wife. In fact, throughout almost the entire Roman history, husbands, succeeding fathers, had absolute power over their wives. As in Athens, a husband in ancient Rome had the right to kill a wife who did not fulfill her marital duties or violated strict rules of conduct. Roman law allowed a woman to be punished with death if she cheated on her husband, drank a special remedy to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, or forged the keys to her husband's wine cellar. At the end of the 5th century A.D. e. The Western Roman Empire was conquered by the northern barbarian tribes (476). These tribes constantly invaded and shook the Roman Empire throughout the 4th and 5th centuries. Accordingly, each tribe brought its own ideas about marriage, its own marriage ceremonies. For example, in accordance with the traditions of the Germanic tribes, marriage was monogamous, and adultery of both husband and wife was strictly punished by morality and law. The Frankish tribes, on the other hand, approved of polygamy and allowed the sale and purchase of brides. At the same time, almost all barbarian tribes believed that marriage exists in general for the sake of the family, for the sake of economic and sexual convenience. Thus, for thousands of years, marriage has been a tool for ensuring economic, political and sexual hierarchy, the main goal of marriage was the right choice of relatives along the line of a spouse. Even legal wives and children were deprived of many elements of legal protection. During the period of early Christianity, many marriage laws were radically changed. For example, polygamous marriages were banned. Marriages based on a voluntary union of spouses became possible. During the Renaissance, marriage was still a financial and economic agreement. Until the end of the 18th century, marriage served as a tool for uniting fortunes, forming military coalitions, securing mine treaties for higher
17 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 17 classes. Representatives of the middle class entered into marriage in order to acquire "connections" and solve material problems at the expense of the bride's dowry, while the lower classes, peasants and artisans, thus acquired new workers in the family and established ties with neighbors. The ideas of the Enlightenment called into question the right of the older generation and the state to dictate terms to the young and made it possible to freely choose a partner based on love, compatibility of characters, caring for each other and for children. In 1804, the Napoleonic Code was adopted, one of the greatest monuments of the history of law, which is based on the traditions of Roman law, in which attempts were made to equalize the personal and property rights of men and women, as well as spouses among themselves. The Code, for example, emphasized that "husband and wife are obliged to mutual fidelity, help and support", however, there was no complete equality between them: "the husband is obliged to protect his wife, and the wife is obedient to her husband." Dissolution of marriage was not welcomed, however, it was possible to issue a divorce by agreement of the parties. The rights of the spouses were not equal: the husband had the right to divorce his wife in the event of her adultery, but the wife could demand a divorce only if the husband, cheating, kept his concubine in their common house. At present, there are still many restrictions on marriage, in some countries marriage remains strictly organized, is under control. Family Law in Russia In Russia, family relations became an object of study only in the middle of the 19th century. The sources of the study were ancient Russian chronicles and literary works. Historians D. N. Dubakin, M. M. Kovalevsky and others gave a deep analysis of family and marriage relations in Ancient Russia. Particular attention was paid to the study of the family code of Domostroy, a literary monument of the 16th century.
18 LECTURE 2. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARRIAGE Information about the family structure of the peoples who inhabited the territory of Russia before the adoption of Christianity is very few and fragmentary. Some Slavic tribes already had a monogamous family, while others still maintained polygamy. Family relations were regulated during this period by customary law. There were several ways of concluding a marriage: the kidnapping of the bride by the groom without her consent, and later, in collusion with her; buying a bride from her relatives bringing the bride by her relatives to the groom's house. Thus, marriage, as a rule, was concluded without the consent of the bride, by agreement between relatives and the groom or his relatives. However, the Charter of Yaroslav contained a ban on marrying by force. Relations between parents and children in Ancient Russia, as elsewhere in this period, were built on paternal authority. In the pre-Christian period, wives had their own property. During the betrothal, conditions could be established in the collusive record that determined the rights and obligations of the spouses regarding property during the marriage and after its termination. With the adoption of Christianity, Byzantine marriage and family legislation was borrowed. In Russia, a set of laws began to operate, called the Pilot's Book. The age of marriage was set: 15 years for the groom and 13 years for the bride, a large age difference was not welcomed, closely related marriages were prohibited, as well as between persons who were spiritually related, based on the rite of baptism, as well as marriages in the presence of another undissolved marriage. Personal relationships between spouses also change with the adoption of Christianity. A married woman is no longer considered as the property of her husband, but as a relatively independent person; married women enjoyed relative freedom. The Moscow period was marked by the onset of
19 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 19 called "the era of the tower", when women from the upper strata of society did not communicate with almost anyone except their closest relatives. The basis of the relationship between husband, wife and children is the power of husband and father. During marriage, the husband owned and used the property of his wife, but could not dispose of it without her consent. Parental power in Russia was very strong, the murder of children was not considered as a serious crime. According to the Code of 1648, for the murder of a child, the father was sentenced to a year in prison and church repentance. Children who killed their parents were subject to the death penalty. Forcing children to obey was carried out by the father himself with the help of domestic punishments. Domostroy recommends in this case "beating with a rod and crushing the ribs." The state did not intervene in these relations in principle. The reforms of Peter I marked the beginning of a new period in the development of family law. First of all, the role of secular legislation, mainly imperial decrees, is being strengthened. Decisive importance was given to voluntary marriage. This provision was then enshrined in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. By decree of 1714, Peter tried to introduce an educational qualification for the nobles entering into marriage, requiring at the wedding a certificate of knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. In the times of Peter the Great, the power of parents over their children was softened: parents no longer have the right to forcibly marry their children or send them to a monastery. In 1830 The marriage age is raised to 18 for men and 16 for women. For marriage, it was necessary to obtain the consent of the parents, regardless of the age of the bride and groom. A marriage entered into without parental consent, however, was recognized as valid, but children were deprived of the right to inherit their parents' property by law if their parents did not forgive them.
20 LECTURE 2. LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARRIAGE In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, family relations, the rights and obligations of spouses were regulated by the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The indispensable conditions for marriage included the consent of the couples to marry and reach the age of marriage (for males - 18 years old, for females - 16 years old, and in Transcaucasia "natural residents" when the groom reaches 15, and the bride - 13 years old.). Great importance was attached to the material obligations of a man to maintain a family (“to deliver food and support to his wife according to his condition and ability.” The principle of separation of property was in effect, spouses were allowed to dispose of their property independently of each other. Her dowry was recognized as separate property of the wife, which was considered as independent “ institute of law". Until the revolution, the marriage legislation of Russia was not secular. Russian legislators stubbornly refused to carry out reforms recognized as necessary by all leading experts in the field of civil law. The attitude of legislators to the introduction of civil marriage was especially negative. Civil marriage was not only not allowed in the Russian Empire, Russia never formally recognized civil marriages concluded in countries where they existed.In 1902, Russia refused to sign the Hague Convention, since it provided for the mutual recognition of marriages, learned in foreign countries according to their laws. The personal rights and obligations of spouses have also undergone significant changes: the position of women in society has changed, the husband's power, which was formally preserved until 1917, is acquiring more civilized forms. The husband could dispose of his wife's property only by her power of attorney as an ordinary representative. The right of parents to use physical punishment against children was never abolished in pre-revolutionary Russia. Since the 18th century, it
21 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE NOTES 21 gradually became limited to the prohibition of maiming and injuring children, as well as the responsibility for driving them to suicide. Parents not only had the right, but also the obligation to raise their children. Upbringing consisted in preparing children for useful activities: the assignment of sons to the service, and daughters to marry. Parents were also required to provide maintenance to minor children in accordance with their abilities. Thus, the family legislation of pre-revolutionary Russia as a whole was approximately at the same level of development as the legislation of most European countries. Almost immediately after the October Revolution of 1917. Two major reforms of family law were carried out. A decree "On civil marriage, on children and on the maintenance of books of acts of state" was issued. According to this decree, the only form of marriage for all citizens of Russia, regardless of religion, was the conclusion of a civil marriage in state bodies. The conditions for entering into marriage were significantly simplified: it was enough to reach the marriageable age (16 years for women and 18 years for men) and the mutual consent of the future spouses. Obstacles to marriage were recognized: the presence of a mental illness in one of the spouses, the state of the bride and groom in prohibited degrees of kinship (marriages between ascending and descending relatives, siblings were prohibited), as well as the presence of another undissolved marriage. Following the first decree, a second no less significant act was adopted - the decree "On the dissolution of marriage." On July 30, 1969, the Marriage and Family Code of the RSFSR was adopted. In accordance with this Code, only registered marriages were recognized. The property relations of the spouses were regulated by norms that fixed the regime of common property.
22 LECTURE 2. LEGAL BASES OF MARRIAGE of joint property of spouses. The conclusion of a marriage contract aimed at changing this regime was not allowed. Basic documents regulating legal relations in modern Russia In connection with the fundamental changes in the economic and social life of our country, there was an urgent need to urgently change a number of family law institutions. In this regard, on December 22, 1994, the Federal Law “On the Introduction of Amendments and Additions to the Marriage and Family Code of the RSFSR” was adopted. In 1994, the State Duma of the Russian Federation created a working group to prepare a new Family Code, which was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on December 8, 1995. LECTURE 3. THE FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP 3.1. The concept of a small group. Its characteristics A small group is a small social group in its composition, whose members are united by common goals and objectives and are in direct, stable personal contact with each other, which is the basis for the emergence of both emotional relationships and special group values and norms of behavior. According to D. Myers, a group is two or more people who interact with each other, influence each other for more than a few moments and perceive themselves as "we". A.I. Antonov considers the family as a small group with its inherent properties that are not reducible to the properties of individuals or couples. L.G. Zhedunova highlights the primary features of a small group: common goals and activities common to all members of the group; personal contact between group members; a certain emotional climate within the group; special group norms and values;
23 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE WORK 23 physical and moral pattern of a group member; role hierarchy between group members; relative independence (autonomy) of this group from others; principles of admission to the group; group cohesion; socio-psychological control of the behavior of group members; special forms and methods of managing group activities by members of the group. The author refers to the secondary signs: the conformity of the members of the group (the degree of compliance in favor of the group decision); intimacy of relationships; homogeneity (homogeneity in composition); group stability; voluntariness of the association of individuals in a group Features of the family as a small primary group Many researchers classify the family as a primary group, which has the following features: intimate, face-to-face, relationships between people; informal character; A decisive role in the formation and functioning of the sympathy group, the commonality of views on life, attitude; joint solution of the main issues of life; the presence of a special, unique culture, symbolism (expressions, appeals and gestures shared only within a given circle);
24 LECTURE 3. FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP the presence of a sense of "we" (the integrity of the group and the desire of its members to identify themselves with the consciousness and psychology of the group, fully sharing its inherent views, values, ideals) a high degree of intimacy and trust in relationships, emotional involvement of group members ; clearer and more responsible fulfillment by the members of the group of their duties. According to M.S. Komarov's primary group contributes to: self-disclosure of the individual in intimate-personal relationships; obtaining personal satisfaction from communication with people who are close in spirit and worldview; removal of stress, tension, anxiety, anxiety due to socio-psychological overload at work; formation of self-esteem of the individual, understanding of his real status in society. Primary informal groups, among which the family occupies a leading place, constitute the microenvironment of a person's life and greatly influence his behavior. The family can act as a reference group for an individual. This concept is used in two cases: to refer to a group that motivates an individual to be accepted in it. To this end, the individual maintains his attitudes in accordance with what, in his opinion, is generally accepted in the group. The group sets standards and rewards those who follow them; the reference group serves as a kind of standard, model or starting point for comparing and evaluating the individual himself or others. If a person relies on the norms, values and opinions of his family members, then it acts as a reference (significant) group, with which he relates himself as a standard. The family in this case is the source of social attitudes and value orientations of the subject. Focusing on the reference
25 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE SUMMARY 25 group, a person evaluates himself, his actions, lifestyle and ideals. Thus, the family as a reference group has two main social functions, normative and comparative. There are several main features of a family as a small social group: the presence of integral psychological characteristics (public opinion, psychological climate, family interests, etc.), which are formed with the emergence and development of the family; the existence of the main parameters of the family (group) as a whole. These parameters include composition and structure, group processes, group norms and sanctions. The composition is a set of characteristics of family members that are important from the point of view of its analysis as a whole (family size, age or sex composition, nationality or social status of its members). Family structure is a set of elements and relationships between them. As structural elements of the family as a system, marital, parental, sibling and individual subsystems are distinguished, which are local, differentiated sets of family roles that allow the family to perform certain functions and ensure its vital activity. The relationship between the structural elements of the family system is characterized by the following parameters (properties): cohesion (connection, cohesion, emotional closeness, emotional distance) can be defined as the psychological distance between family members. In relation to family systems, this concept is used to describe the degree of intensity of relations in which family members still perceive themselves as a connected whole; The hierarchy characterizes the relationship of dominance-submission in the family and includes the characteristics of various aspects of family relations:
26 LECTURE 3. FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP authority, dominance, the degree of influence of one family member on others, the power to make decisions; flexibility as the ability of the family system to adapt to changes in the external and intra-family situation. For the effective functioning of families, they need an optimal combination of intra-family changes with the ability to keep their characteristics stable; external and internal boundaries. Features of external borders reflect the degree of openness of the family system for contacts with the outside world. Internal boundaries are manifested through differences in the behavior of family members of various subsystems in relation to each other. role structure of the family. Family roles - stable functions of the family system assigned to each of its members Describing the structure of the family, as a rule, they characterize social roles (formal and informal) and the status of its specific members, sociometric positions that characterize interpersonal relationships. Group processes include dynamic, i.e. changing indicators of the social process of relations in the family. Particular importance is attached to the psychological and organizational processes of cohesion (leadership), the level of development of the family as a social unity (stages of development of collectivism), the process of group pressure, the processes of changing relations, etc. Any changes in the life of the family (activities, communication, relations of its members) can be considered as group processes: the ability of family members to coordinate actions, which depends on the level of family cohesion, common interests among its members, the social situation, the activities of the head of the family (leader); the action of group pressure that encourages a person to behave in a certain way and in accordance with the expectations of others. The individual result of group pressure is
27 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE WORK 27 conformity. Psychologists fix the presence of changes in the views and behavior of a person, due to the characteristics of a particular family; establishment of certain relations between family members. Social relations can be conventional (formal) and interpersonal (informal). These two types of relationships are combined in any social group. Thus, the family has two structures, formal and informal. The study of these structures (especially informal) provides significant information about the characteristics of the family. Typology of families The criteria for the typology of a family are: its composition; experience of married life; amount of children; place and type of residence; features of the distribution of roles, dominance and nature of interaction; professional employment and career of spouses; social homogeneity; value orientation of the family; special conditions of family life; the nature of the sexual relationship. Depending on the composition of the family, there are: nuclear (spouses and their children); extended (nuclear family, supplemented by grandparents and, possibly, other close (in terms of intensity of communication and interaction) relatives (siblings of spouses, uncles and aunts, siblings of grandparents, etc.); incomplete; functionally incomplete families. Depending on family experience married life is distinguished: a family of newlyweds (a "honeymoon" family); a young family (from six months to a year and a half before the birth of children); a family expecting a child; a family of middle marital age (from 3 to 10 years of cohabitation);
28 LECTURE 3. FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP family of older marital age (10-20 years of marital experience); elderly married couples (spouses who have raised adult children who have created their own families and who are currently realizing the family roles of grandparents. Depending on the number of children, families are divided into: childless (families in which within 8-10 years after marriage, subject to child of childbearing age); one-children; small children: large families. According to the place of residence, they distinguish: urban; rural; living in remote areas. According to the type of residence, it is possible to distinguish: patrilocal (family living in the husband’s house after marriage); matrilocal (family living in wife's house); neolocal (family living separately from parents and other relatives); Godwin marriage (separate living of spouses) Depending on the distribution of roles, dominance and nature of interaction, they distinguish: traditional, which is characterized by the sole dominance of an authoritarian spouse and the traditional distribution of family roles with a clear differentiation p Olei male and female. An authoritarian family can be either a patriarchal type (single headship belongs to the husband) or a matriarchal type (the wife is the head of the family); egalitarian (equitable, equivalent), which is characterized by the absence of supremacy and a clear distribution of roles and responsibilities, with
29 FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY: LECTURE WORK 29 amorphous, unformed role structure. As a rule, an egalitarian family is young spouses without children. The birth of children requires spouses to structure positions and distribute roles, therefore, the egalitarian type is being replaced by the traditional or democratic one; democratic (partnership), characterized by the equality of spouses, joint leadership with division of functions, flexibility in the distribution of roles and responsibilities and readiness to change the role structure based on the interests of each of the partners and the family as a whole. According to the criterion of professional employment and career of spouses, one can distinguish: a full-time family, where both spouses are employed in social production; a part-time family where one of the spouses, usually the husband, works; a family of pensioners where both spouses do not work; a two-career family, in which the values of career and professional self-realization are significant for both spouses and are recognized as equally priority both for oneself and for the spouse. Such a family is a type of young family, determined by the processes of changing the place of women in production and the socio-political life of society. Conditions for the existence of a two-career family: 1) the presence in the family of emotionally positive relationships of love, acceptance, respect and equality between spouses; 2) community of values shared by spouses, including values of professional and career growth; 3) a special type of profession, primarily creative (science and art), which allow, on the one hand, to ensure the most complete self-actualization of the individual, and on the other hand, not constrained by rigid
30 LECTURE 3. THE FAMILY AS A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP the time frame of the conditions of professional activity (flexible work schedule, opportunities to use days off, work at home); 4) parenthood postponed by mutual consent of the spouses, allowing both to complete vocational education and realize their first career plans; 5) the availability of resources for the functioning and support of the family (the help of grandparents in raising children, good physical health and resistance to overload). Depending on social homogeneity (belonging of the spouses to the same or close social stratum, commonality of educational and cultural qualifications, proximity of professions in terms of intellectual, affective, social “load”), they distinguish: socially homogeneous (homogeneous); heterogeneous (dissimilar). According to the value orientation, the following are distinguished: child-centric (the priority value is the upbringing of the child and caring for him); personal-centric (the main purpose of the family is to create conditions for personal growth and self-realization of each of the family members); the “consumption” family (aimed at hoarding and creating favorable conditions for the most complete satisfaction of pragmatic needs); psychotherapeutic (the highest value is mutual understanding, emotional support, satisfaction of the need for love, affection and security of its members); or: a “healthy lifestyle” family (focuses on health, proper daily routine, nutrition, rest, cleanliness and order, reasonable and “healthy” organization of family life); family of "vanity" (leads the struggle for social status, prestige,
Typology of families The criteria for the typology of a family are: its composition; experience of married life; amount of children; place and type of residence; features of the distribution of roles, dominance and nature of interaction;
Section 4. Social relations Topic 4.3. The most important social communities and groups Lecture 4.3.1. Family and marriage. The current demographic situation in the Russian Federation. Plan 1. Family and marriage. 2. Family as a small social
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Enrollment for the course “Family Psychology. From addictive relationships and dysfunction to health.”
The course is primarily necessary for people who are faced with problems of addiction and codependency in their family. The knowledge gained will be useful to those who understand the seriousness of these problems and want to help themselves, their relatives and friends in solving them. The course is also important for everyone who seeks to build healthy family relationships based on true love, openness and mutual understanding.
It may seem strange, but the vast majority of people who live and have lived on earth are, in a certain sense, drug addicts, because they use, like a drug, various means that change their emotional state, help alleviate mental pain, distract and escape from internal problems. Alcohol, some other chemical drug, can become such a means, but passion, and sex, and power, and money can become; relationships with another person, and work, and even a misunderstood religion can turn into a drug.
But why are people so stubbornly looking for the drug? To answer this question, we need to find out what codependency is, which is characteristic of the vast majority of people and is so widespread that people even began to consider it the norm of human existence, and not at all a pathology.
Symptoms of codependency are most clearly and fully manifested in a person in his relationship, primarily with his closest relatives. Therefore, in our course, we give priority to the problems of a dysfunctional family, which is both a cause and a consequence of dependent and co-dependent behavior. We are looking at the growing phenomenon of loneliness and the inability to create close relationships. We are talking about the ways of a person's recovery in the family and other human communities and groups.
Virginia Satir, famous American psychologist:
“... The family is a microcosm of the whole world. Family relations are reminiscent of the organization of the joint activities of two enterprises that have combined their efforts to produce a single product. Well-established family relationships are a matter of survival, a matter of paramount vital importance. Dysfunctional families give rise to dysfunctional people with low self-esteem, which pushes them to crime, turns into mental illness, alcoholism, drug addiction, poverty and other social problems. If we make every effort to make the family a place where a person can receive a real humanistic education, we will provide ourselves with a safer and more humane world around. The family can become a place for the formation of true people.
| Course program: |
|---|
| 1. Family, its functions, structure and dynamics. Comparison of a normally functioning and dysfunctional family. |
| 2. Addiction is like a disease. Definition and symptoms. The difference between abuse and addiction. Can abuse turn into addiction? Spiritual, psychological, social, biological factors of the disease. Illness as a violation of the unity, integrity of all components of the personality. Healing. Health as independence, freedom. |
| 3. Stages of development of alcoholism. Addiction is a family disease. Dependence symptoms in family members of an alcoholic or drug addict. Comparison of the stages of development of dependence on alcohol and on another person (according to Jellinek). Goals of family recovery: change of attitude to the problem; change in behavior, one's reaction to a dependent relative; actions for your recovery and the recovery of the whole family. |
| 4. Codependency. Part 1. Spiritual essence of codependence. The tree of freedom and the tree of dependence. Codependency as the basis for the formation of all addictions. |
| 5. Codependency. Part 2. Codependency as a psychological mechanism for the transmission of spiritual disorders (original sin) in the family and in society. Symptoms and characteristic manifestations of codependency. Spiritual growth as the only true way to solve these problems. Specificity of spiritually-oriented psychological work with codependency problems. |
| 6. Dysfunctional family. Part 1. Codependency as a factor and consequence of violation of family relations. Signs of a dysfunctional family Unspoken rules in a dysfunctional family. |
| 7. Dysfunctional family. Part 2. Roles in a dysfunctional family. |
| 8. Violation of parent-child relationships in a dysfunctional (dysfunctional) family. Part 1. The concept of the essence of the parent-child relationship. Types of parent-child abuse. Violations of parent-child relationships in a dysfunctional family at different stages of child development: from 0 to 1 year (impaired development of the ability to trust and affection); from 1 year to 3 years (impaired development of obedience ability). |
| 9. Violation of parent-child relationships in a dysfunctional family. Part 2. Preschool childhood 3-7 years (violation of the development of the ability to repent and forgive); pathological guilt. Junior school age 7-12 years (impaired development of the ability to learn). Adolescence 12-17 years (violation of the development of the ability to search for the will of God). |
| 10. About Christian marriage. Primordial relations between a man and a woman, their violation due to the fall. Conditions of Christian marriage (marriage triangle: abandonment of father and mother; “sticking” to each other, two are one flesh). |
| 11. About forgiveness. Misunderstanding forgiveness. Forgiveness steps. |
| 12. Branch with love. How is it different from withdrawal? Separation steps. |
| 13. What are groups for? Restoring the communion of people with God and with each other is the solution to the problem of codependency. About feelings. The difference between spiritually-oriented help and secular psychological support in working with feelings. Group work. Joe Harry's window. |
| 14. Recovery. Part 1. History of the 12 Step program. Steps and their spiritual content: Step 1-3 |
| 15. Recovery. Part 2. Steps 4-12 of the 12 Step Program. Service as the basis of recovery. |
| 16. Recovery. Part 3. Minnesota model of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with alcoholism and drug addiction. therapeutic community. Rehabilitation centers - what they are, what happens in them. Principles of work of Christian rehabilitation programs and centers. |
| 17. Lesson in group format: exchange of experience, feedback. |
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