Patriotism in Russian history - Russian communist. Patriotism is the main key to the revival of Russian Civilization

The word "Patriot" is heard everywhere today. Russian flags are flying, calls for the integrity and unity of the nation are heard, and people sing “Katyusha” and “Kalinka” in chorus in the metro and shopping centers. All this would be wonderful if not for one “but”. The very concept of “patriotism”, does everyone understand it correctly? Are all those who proudly call themselves “patriots” actually patriots?

- the term is new, and everything that stands behind it is bad and even dangerous.

Here is a vivid example of false patriotism if:

• You hear offensive speech addressed to other countries, peoples, cultures, against the background of which the words “Russia” and “Russian” stand out as an example of superiority;
• You hear insults addressed to those who go on vacation abroad, or (even worse) go to live in another country;
• You hear propaganda to use only Russian products, goods, proposals to terminate market relations with other countries;
• You hear insults addressed to those who have entered into a marriage (relationship) with a representative of another nation.

Know patriotism is love for one’s people, culture and homeland. All of the above has nothing to do with him.

“Shame on the traitors to the motherland”

After the fall of the Iron Curtain, Russians discovered a whole world rich in cultures, tastes, colors and sounds. The desire to learn new things, to explore other countries is a normal desire of a literate, spiritually developed person. To learn something new from a foreign culture, leaving behind a piece of your own, beloved, is development. This is how human civilization grew and developed, borrowing and exporting.

The trouble is that not everyone can afford to visit other countries. Everyone has their own reasons - some are economic, some are social. This problem has given rise to envy, which, as we know, will not lead to anything good. From here came angry and hateful statements addressed to traveling Russians, accusing them of lacking patriotic feelings. “Aunt Zina,” who vacations in a village or dacha every summer, is considered a true patriot of the country, and those who dare to bask on the Turkish shores are hardly traitors to their homeland.

A separate target for “psychological execution” are those who, for one reason or another, temporarily or permanently reside abroad. Here the verdict is final and not subject to appeal - treason. No one is interested in the reasons for the move. The argument from the series “The whole world is our home” is not taken into account. Statements addressed to such “traitors” are usually harsh and painful. “They ran away from problems,” “sold themselves to the West,” “faded,” “sold their homeland.” At the same time, the patriotic holiness of a certain Pyotr Petrovich is always emphasized, who lives all his life in his city, in his house on his street.

Such Peter Petrovichs are often those who, in fact, cannot stand either the city itself or their country. They do not have the slightest desire to do anything useful for their Motherland, for the people. And sometimes you just get up and go work with your hands and head. For what? They expect that the Motherland owes them. Of course you should. He's a patriot!

But in fact, it’s still worth thinking about who brings more benefit to her people: a Russian woman teaching Russian in London, lovingly bringing her culture to the world; a composer from Italy who writes good children's songs for Russian kindergartens, or the parasite Petya, who irrepressibly scolds the country, the government and the whole world? Which one is more patriotic?

Give me Russian production

A separate class of false patriots are those who call on Russians to abandon all foreign-made goods “for they are evil.” A call to renounce everything foreign - clothing, equipment, food. The same applies to everything intangible - films, language, songs, dances. They even relate to the use of borrowed words in the lexicon. True patriotism for such people means using only domestic consumer goods. On the one hand, supporting your own production is commendable, but its development itself is necessary. It is a fact. But there is a reasonable limit to everything. A complete rejection of imported goods is simply physically impossible. Because then, to be completely fair, it must be admitted that many necessary things are inventions of foreign companies. Are we giving up everything? Computers, telephones, household appliances, perfumes, cosmetics, household chemicals, toilet paper - all this was not invented by us. Are “patriots” ready to give up all these benefits?

Patriotism – “yes” – Nazism – “no”

Unlike others, this example is simply false, but also dangerous. Here we are talking about what they are trying so hard to teach us from TV screens, and more often from our monitors - hostility on ethnic grounds.

“All countries that are not called “Russia” are enemies whose goal is to destroy our Motherland, and all other peoples are some kind of subhumans, clearly inferior in intelligence, talents and abilities to the great Russians” - this is the approximate meaning of armchair false patriots.

Do you think about your mothers that you consider how much other mothers give their children (money, love, freedom)? Do you stop loving your mother if she has temporary difficulties?

Now about other mothers. A lot of them. They can be more beautiful and worse. But they are all someone’s mothers, and they need to be spoken of respectfully. After all, their children are unpleasant to hear negative statements from you.

Other moms might like it too. We willingly communicate with the mothers of our friends and neighbors, sometimes recognizing their beauty, kindness and housekeeping skills. And their kitchen is wonderful, and the house is well-kept. At the same time, love for our mothers does not suffer at all. Communicating with others, admiring them, we still love our mothers more than anyone else. Because it's natural.

And we're leaving. This happens too. Loving your mother does not mean constantly sitting by her skirt. It happens that we find ourselves far from home. But does our son's feelings suffer from this? Do we love them any less? Quite the contrary. Those who are thousands of kilometers from their mothers suffer doubly. And they love it doubly. This is what love for a mother is.”

Now, replace the word “mother” with the word “Motherland”. Read it again. After all, this is practically the same. This is an excellent example to understand what “love for the Motherland” is, what “true patriotism” is.

Patriotism in Russian history January 18th, 2015

Where are the sources of Russian patriotism and what can be considered its historical verbal expression? What works should a “young man starting out in life” read, and what books should he begin this life by reading?

The first monuments of Russian patriotic works can be safely considered “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor. Despite the differences in literary style, both works have historical and artistic, but also patriotic value, which is especially important for us today. Works that seem different at first glance speak about the glory of the Russian state, about military valor, about Russian rulers, heroes and victories. Yes, at that time there was no clear, elaborate and shared ideology by the people and the authorities, but there was patriotism, love for the Motherland, as the necessary soil for the growth of ideology, the state and the people.

The next iconic Russian patriotic works are the works of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Yes, a lot of time passed between the lives of Nestor and N.M. Karamzin. But all this time there were other patriotic works, little known or not reaching us (for example, remember Pavel Ivanovich Fonvizin). The greatest work of N.M. Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" is an example of not only historical seriousness, but also the author's patriotism and the strongest love for Russia.

In the 19th century, patriotic works in Russia began to appear, one might say, en masse. Slavophiles made their contribution, for example Ivan Aksakov. I can’t help but quote today the superb work of I. Aksakov “What is the strength of the people?”:
"For exactly the same purpose, it is planned to build a church in Geneva, where currently up to 200 Russian families are being brought up in various Swiss boarding houses... And these are our future leaders of the people! This is the future composition of Russian folk society!

Nor the contempt of foreigners, so loudly expressed recently in the French Senate and the English Parliament through the mouths of Prince Napoleon, Bonjean, Genesse and others, neither the insults inflicted daily and hourly on Russian not only state, but also people’s honor by all bodies of European publicity, nor the situation of Russia itself, difficult, fulfilled dangers, Russia, which has entered a critical period of existence, Russia, rich in business of all kinds, not only governmental, but also social - nothing enlightens, nothing outrages our foreign Russians, who continue to spend our Russian money in favor of foreigners! "

Slavophilism, seriously filled with religious and messianic content, can be considered one of the Russian ideologies, and with all the diversity of publicists - Slavophiles, they all agreed on the idea that the future of the Russian people is a great future, and the West will fall and rot. What is this if not an example of patriotism?

Interesting are the views of Konstantin Leontyev, a Slavophile (who criticized Slavophilism), who served Russia all his life, was a very religious person, denied nationalism, considering it a Western and modernist idea, and considered state socialism to be the future of Russia.

Nikolai Danilevsky, author of the popular work "Russia and Europe", also believed in the decay of Western civilization and in the long struggle between Russia and Europe, and in Russian expansion based on the world-historical mission of Russia.

One cannot ignore F.M. Dostoevsky, a Russian genius, subtle and super-deep. But it is impossible to tell about it adequately in the format of a note. Therefore, I will only point out the historical relevance, political acuity and Russian metaphysical depth of his “Diaries of a Writer”. The whole nerve of the life of Russia at that time and its prospects is in this work of Dostoevsky. An example of Dostoevsky's highest, metaphysical Russian patriotism is his faith in the Russian people, as the only people - the God-bearer, the savior of the world, the incarnation of God.

One cannot idealize the Slavophiles and talk about the absence of problems and excesses in their work. In particular, Vladimir Solovyov pointed out this, accusing the Slavophiles of “zoological patriotism”, the loss of religious and humanistic content in teaching and the growth of national egoism as an influence of nationalism.

Today, the problem and how it should be understood are more relevant than ever. It concerns every citizen and is largely connected with the very complex and sometimes acute political situation in the world and the threats that are directed at today’s Russia. A new “cold war” has been launched against Russia with the help of the Ukrainian junta, which some international forces (the USA and the European Union) are trying to lead to a “hot” war.

It is these forces that call Russia an “aggressor country” (for returning Crimea in the spring of 2014) and are trying to crush us with sanctions and isolate us. But nothing works out for them. The more sanctions, the stronger and more united Russian society and people are. They will never understand the Russian mentality, the most important component of which is high.

The purpose of our research: to reveal the concept of “patriotism” through its various interpretations, to show Russian patriotism in the history of our country, to characterize the concept of “anti-patriotism” using scientific and fiction literature, as well as sociological research methods (survey, questionnaires, sampling methods and data processing ). The term “patriotism” translated from Greek means “land of the fathers”, “homeland”. The feeling of patriotism originated in ancient times.

This is a person’s attachment to the land on which he lived for a long time, where the graves of his ancestors are located. The words “patriot” and “patriotism” were borrowed into Russia in the era of Peter I from the French language, where patriote meant “compatriot.” Patriotism also presupposes pride in one’s country and is largely based on a sense of “organic belonging” to the homeland and people.

Having examined various sources on this topic, we can say that this concept is multifaceted and there is no single general definition of patriotism. Most sources define patriotism as love for the Motherland, Fatherland, but there is also an interpretation of patriotism as a moral position, moral and political principle, loyalty to one’s history, devotion to one’s culture. It is natural for a person to have a special emotional attachment to his native places, where he spent his childhood, where his parents and ancestors lived and worked, that relatively limited territory of the vast globe with which the main events of his individual destiny are connected. It is in this territory that a person feels most at ease, here everything is most clear and close to him.

A person’s attitude towards his country, towards the people around him, towards the state and preservation of the country’s cultural heritage and its ecology depends on the feeling of patriotism. Patriotism includes several aspects: emotional-volitional, rational, worldview. The emotional-volitional aspect is especially manifested in critical situations, expressed in a volitional impulse that unites the people, helps to understand common goals, subordinate private interests to them, and activates joint activities aimed at overcoming difficulties and obstacles. In the historical memory of Russians there are many events that were accompanied by the experience of such an emotional upsurge. Often for this reason, patriotism is associated with military exploits, heroism, and self-sacrifice.

The rational aspect of patriotism in everyday life manifests itself as an awareness of the need to bring private interests into line with the general interests of the nation and state, is associated with the interested attitude of citizens to events and processes in foreign and domestic politics and their conscious activity aimed at maintaining and reproducing social relations, in which are based on legitimately established and socially approved norms. The ideological aspect of patriotism lies in the coordination of a complex set of emotions, feelings, experiences in relation to the Motherland, “big” and “small”, with the principles and postulates of the state and with the political, sociocultural, religious ideas shared in society, even despite their inconsistency. V.A. Korobanov believes that patriotism is one of the phenomena of social consciousness, which is determined by three levels. The first level includes the subconscious, created in the form of images and archetypal ideas about the homeland - the mother.

The second is the activist, volitional level, based on feelings that encourage a person to be active. The third, highest level of awareness of patriotism is ideological. At this level, the individual proceeds from convictions, based on the patriotic values ​​of belonging to a particular society, and acts in accordance with the established highest spiritual and moral guidelines. A.N. Vyrshchikov, M.P. Buzsky distinguish state, Russian, national, local or regional patriotism. The basis of state patriotism is the relationship between the individual and the state. State patriotism is revealed among Russian citizens through common interests and common goals. The state monitors the observance of citizens' rights. And citizens, in turn, fulfill their duties to the state. Russian patriotism is explained by the emotional world of a person through the development of patriotic experience, enshrined in moral norms, customs, traditions, and values. National patriotism is based on national culture. It helps to awaken a feeling of love for the Motherland, national pride, the spirit of the people, and the cultivation of national traditions. Local or religious patriotism is manifested in love for one’s small homeland, the spiritual culture of one’s ancestors, family, and relatives.

Patriotic values ​​have always determined the specifics of the Russian national character, its mentality and the political culture of Russian society. Russian patriotism has such features as sovereignty and internationalism. Russia was and remains a great country. Russia has always defended weaker states, and has always preached responsibility for the world as a whole. Speaking against national extremism, state patriotism is fundamental when making tough political decisions when it comes to protecting state interests and Russian society.

Russia has emerged as a multinational and multi-religious state. The international character was clearly manifested during the war years, when external enemies threatened Russian statehood. Russian patriotism is directed against chauvinism, nationalism, fascism, racism, and political terrorism, which is increasingly acquiring nationalist forms. Patriotism increasingly acts as the most important resource for the consolidation of Russians, as the protection of national interests, the implementation of social order in society, and as support for the political course of the authorities. Russian patriotism has found its vivid expression in the best examples of our fiction. Russian writers believed that human activity is driven by love for the Motherland. A.S. Pushkin can be called a true patriot, and Pushkin is “our everything”! Pushkin's patriotism developed in his youth under the influence of the War of 1812 and the general patriotic upsurge it caused. He (Pushkin) thought seriously and thoroughly on the topic of patriotism, more than once sharply condemning manifestations of anti-patriotism in the noble circle close to him. His following words speak about this: “I swear on my honor that for nothing in the world I would not want to change my fatherland, or have another history other than the history of our ancestors, as God gave it to us.” It should be emphasized that Pushkin never changed his patriotic sentiments, unlike a considerable number of friends of his youth.

Under the influence of the obvious shortcomings of Russian life and under the influence of the popular understanding of liberalism, which gained popularity among the nobility, some of the progressive figures of that period (among whom were Pushkin’s close acquaintances) lost the intensity of their patriotic feeling. Patriotism began to be perceived as something unfashionable, unmodern, and outdated. Pushkin's views were sharply opposed to such views. The poem “To the Slanderers of Russia” dates back to this period. In it, the poet sharply speaks out not only against the Western press, which brought down all conceivable and unimaginable accusations against Russia, but also against those representatives of Russian society who, due to their childishly naive and unreflective cosmopolitanism, gladly joined such accusations. Unlike the latter, the mature Pushkin clearly understood that good and seemingly innocent liberal phrases can be used by Russia’s enemies for the purpose of its destruction, and there can be no talk of any cosmopolitanism in international relations, where a fierce struggle of contradictory national interests is constantly taking place. this is relevant for modern Russia!).

Pushkin's patriotism has one more aspect that cannot be ignored. It is closely connected with a deep understanding of the importance for a person’s life of respectful attitude towards ancestors, home, family traditions, and “native land”. Pushkin's worldview is characterized by a close connection between patriotism and family in its broad sense - as the continuity of a number of generations. “Two feelings are wonderfully close to us - In them the heart finds food: Love for the native ashes, Love for the tombs of our fathers. The independence of man has been based on them since time immemorial, the guarantee of his greatness... A life-giving shrine! The earth was dead without them, Without them our cramped world is a desert, The Soul is an altar without a deity.” Love for the Motherland is poetically expressed, for example, in the famous stanza of S. Yesenin: “If the holy army shouts: “Throw away Rus', live in paradise!” I will say: “No need for paradise, Give me my homeland!” . The theme of the Motherland also occupies a large place among modern authors: “Over Canada the sky is blue, / Between the birches the rains are slanting, / Although it looks like Russia, / But it’s still not Russia,” is sung in one of the famous bard songs.

The patriotism of our people has deep historical roots. Russia has never threatened anyone, but has always given a worthy rebuff to all its enemies, guided by the motto “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword!” (Alexander Nevskiy). Examples of an unbending fighting spirit are the struggle against the Swedish invaders on the Neva River (1240), the Germans (Battle of Lake Peipus “Battle of the Ice”, 1242), the defeat of the Tatar-Mongols on the Kulikovo Field (1380), the great Battle of Poltava with the Swedes (1709) and many many other heroic pages. A special surge of patriotism was observed during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the entire Russian people stood up to defend the fight against Napoleonic French army (the historical truth of this war is masterfully revealed in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”). The greatest test for our people and their patriotic feelings was the First World War of 1914-1918, which claimed millions of lives of our soldiers who courageously fought against superior enemy forces.

But an unparalleled example of Russian patriotism, in our opinion, is the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders of 1941-1945, the 70th anniversary of which we celebrate on May 9, 2015. It is known that our people achieved victory at a very high price. .The war claimed 27 million lives. It is well known that a huge contribution to the victory was the universal feeling of devotion to one’s people, one’s country, which became a convincing test of the indestructibility of our multinational state. The slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” entered into the main meaning of the lives of all our people. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat behind Moscow!” - this is the call of 28 Panfilov heroes, sounded throughout the country and supported by all the people. Near Stalingrad, a new patriotic appeal was born: “There is no land for us beyond the Volga!” During the war there was no division, regiment, battalion, or company that did not have its heroes.

Everyone was different: from soldiers, junior commanders to generals. The first multiple manifestations of the highest patriotism were the queues of thousands of volunteers at military commissariats. In Moscow alone, during the first three days of the war, more than 70 thousand applications were received from residents with a request to be sent to the front. Many patriots, rejected, as they said then, for health reasons or who had “armor” (ensuring their stay in the rear), rushed to the line of fire. In the summer and autumn of 1941, about 60 divisions and 200 separate militia regiments were created, numbering up to 2 million people. From the first days of the war, the world learned about the incredible exploits of Soviet pilots about ramming German planes for many peoples who had already surrendered to Hitler’s mercy. In a night battle, for the first time in world practice, ml, Lieutenant V.V. went to ram. Talalikhin. In total, during the war years, 636 pilots rammed enemy planes. At the same time, more than half of the pilots saved their cars and continued to fight. The highest patriotism was shown by Soviet soldiers who covered enemy firing points with their bodies. 134 of them received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Note: not a single one of Hitler’s soldiers dared to undertake such a feat during the entire world war. The patriotism that gripped the Soviet people in the field of defending the Fatherland was clearly manifested in the partisan movement that unfolded behind enemy lines. The first detachment of volunteers was created on the day the aggression began - June 22, 1941. Sublime patriotism during the war years manifested itself among the population of the occupied territories, which opposed the advance of the invaders into the interior of the country. The amazing feat accomplished by Ivan Susanin in the winter of 1613 was repeated more than 50 times by our compatriots under the conditions of Hitler's invasion. The war highlighted the best patriotic qualities of Soviet citizens - home front workers. The life of people during the war was associated with death: at the front - from a bullet, shell, bomb; in the rear - from hard work, malnutrition, disease.

During the war years, the Soviet front and rear functioned as a single organism. Today it is difficult to imagine how it was possible to transport more than 1,500 enterprises to the east and put into operation in six months of intense wartime. The machines were installed in workshops without walls. They started producing planes and tanks when there were no windows or roofs yet. The snow covered the working people, but they did not leave the workshops; they lived in the workshops. The work of millions of citizens, ennobled by the patriotic idea of ​​defending the Fatherland, produced amazing results. The T-34 tank became the best tank of the war. The Katyusha rockets terrified the enemy. The PPSh assault rifle became the main type of small arms, and new aircraft gained superiority in the air. During the war years, rural residents showed high patriotism. The workforce there consisted of women, old people and teenagers. Agricultural productivity fell due to the war. However, for 1941-1944. the country received more than 70 million tons of grain.

True patriotism was demonstrated by millions of Soviet citizens who sacrificed their last piece of bread for the sake of victory over the enemy. People voluntarily donated money, bonds, jewelry, things, and food. In total, the defense fund received 17 billion rubles. cash, 131 kg of gold, 9,519 kg of silver, etc. These funds were used to build 2,500 combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, and other weapons. Mass patriotism was manifested in the donor movement: 5.5 million people took part in it, donating 1.7 million liters of blood to save the wounded. During the war years, patriotic muses were not silent. Together with workers, collective farmers, other representatives of the national economy, and fighters at the front, artists fought and brought Victory closer: writers, poets, composers, painters, actors. Through prose, poetry, music, and the means of fine art, they educated Soviet people in the spirit of fiery patriotism and hatred of the enemy, “equating the pen and the word to the bayonet. The words of the songs “about four steps to death”, about a mother’s tears at a child’s crib, about the love and fidelity of wives, mothers, girlfriends, waiting for their warriors with victory, touched the soul. The high spirit of patriotism was carried to the masses of soldiers by artistic front-line brigades. They launched an attack on the poems of K. Simonov, A. Tvardovsky, the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, and newspaper editorials.

Film workers made a significant contribution to patriotic education. The people valued their actors, who, themselves, experiencing the hardships of war, created memorable patriotic images that warmed the hearts of people at the front and in the rear. A certain strength of the anti-fascist movement was the patriotic part of the “white emigration”, which spoke out for the victory of their compatriots over Germany. So, A.I. Denikin said that “the fate of Russia is more important than the fate of emigration.” Thus, the patriotism of our people during the war years was multifaceted. Its characteristic features were: the conviction of the Soviet people in the rightness of their cause, selfless love for the Motherland; national character (the whole people, young and old, rose up to fight the enemy, it is not for nothing that this war was called “national, sacred”); international character, which consisted in the friendship of the peoples of the USSR, their joint desire to defeat the enemy who insidiously attacked the Motherland; in respect for the national dignity and national culture of the peoples of Europe and Asia, and readiness to assist them in liberating themselves from the invaders. In the history of Russia there have been periods of both growth and decline in the feeling of patriotism among the people.

Moreover, along with bright patriotic manifestations, dangerous features of anti-patriotism are also revealed. As a rule, it comes to the surface of public life at turning points in history and has a significant impact on the historical fate of Russia. To eradicate the patriotic idea from the consciousness of people, completely replacing it with a class one - this was the task set by the Bolsheviks in the first period of their rule from 1917 to approximately 1935-1937. The anti-patriotic attitude was a direct continuation of the Bolshevik line of the pre-October period and was most clearly expressed in Lenin’s slogan of the defeat of his fatherland in the First World War.

It was the only party not only in Russia, but also in Europe, that put forward the idea of ​​defeatism. The goal of a “world revolution”, based on a purely class, anti-patriotic approach, remained the official party position until the mid-1930s. Before the destruction of the USSR, patriotism in our country was high. Due to the collapse of the USSR in the 90s. XX century, this high sense of patriotism was undermined. Unfortunately, the decline in patriotism occurred in connection with the destruction of the stable Soviet socialist system and the transition of our country to democracy and market relations. The rejection of a unified state, political and party pluralism gave rise to a loss of habitual values ​​and guidelines among the people. The collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR also led to the destruction of public organizations engaged in patriotic work with children, schoolchildren and youth. The country abandoned the “Octobers,” “pioneers,” and “Komsomol members.” Those organizations in which the state patriotic consciousness of children and youth was mainly formed from early childhood. But in return for these destroyed organizations, children and youth did not receive any worthy alternative. But in connection with the democratization of our society, we received its Westernization, which began to introduce values ​​that were previously alien to us and considered unacceptable for our people: egocentrism and individualism.

As a consequence of such implementation: a decrease in patriotic feelings, indifference to other people's troubles, disrespectful attitude towards the older generation, state and social institutions, cynicism. But historical facts show that in difficult times, patriotism unites people and gives them faith in themselves and their country. In 2009, a group of Voronezh scientists conducted a sociological study on the topic “The concept of the Motherland in the minds of residents of the Voronezh region.” 915 people were interviewed through a questionnaire. The results of the survey are as follows: the majority of respondents (48%) consider Russia their homeland. 22% believe that the homeland is the locality where they were born and raised. 13% suggest that the homeland is where they are valued and respected, where they are needed. 7% consider their homeland to be a place where they have a good life. 5% assume that their homeland is the USSR. 3% call the homeland the place where a person can realize his abilities. 2% think that their homeland is something different for them. While studying the problems of Russian patriotism, in our work we conducted a small sociological study.

Respondents were offered a questionnaire on the topic “Patriotism and citizenship,” consisting of 53 characteristics of these concepts, to which they were asked to give answers presented in 4 options: 1) yes; 2) more likely yes than no; 3) rather no than yes; 4) no. We set the following task for the respondents: to select from these 53 features those that most (from the respondents’ point of view) characterize the concepts of “patriotism” and “civicness.” During the study, 25 students of our Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I of the Faculty of Humanities and Law, the faculties of Accounting and Finance and Economics and Management were interviewed. The results of our survey are as follows: 88% of respondents feel proud of Russia. 92%. are proud of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. 76% believe that Russia has sufficient potential to become a great world power. The historical victories of the Russian armed forces evoke a sense of pride: 72%. 68% of respondents prefer to respect the rights of a citizen of the Russian Federation and feel proud when the Russian anthem is played. 64% consider conscription to be compulsory and respect the past historical experience of their country. 60% of respondents consider it their duty to help elderly people and are ready to engage in patronage or volunteer activities. 56% feel proud of Russia's sporting achievements. Unfortunately, only 76% consider themselves patriots of their country.

Only 72% know the symbols of the Russian Federation. 56% of respondents believe that by serving in the army, young men become real men. 48% of respondents are not indifferent to the country’s heritage. 48% also feel a sense of pride in the technical and scientific achievements of the Russian Federation. And only 4% would like to leave Russia. Thus, based on the analysis of the above personal data, we can conclude that the overwhelming majority of students of the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I consider themselves patriots of their country, love their Fatherland, are ready to help older people, want to engage in volunteer activities, love and respect the historical past of their country. However, it should be noted that 6 respondents did not consider themselves patriots, which is 24% of respondents. The reason for this, in our opinion, is either a lack of understanding of the entire essence of the concept of “patriotism”, or education on completely different values. Now the task is to revive patriotic values ​​among all our citizens, young and old.

In our opinion, its revival should be based on: objective coverage of our historical past, regardless of time (Grand Duke, Tsarist, Soviet, modern), political, ideological, economic state of the state; on illustrations of the heroic struggle, exploits, talents of Russian citizens in wars to defend the Fatherland - excellent examples to follow; on developing irreconcilability towards modern ill-wishers and enemies of the Fatherland; on the exclusion of bacilli of the superiority of some people over others, manifestations of chauvinism and nationalism in Russia.

The patriotic education of Russian citizens will give positive results only if this work again permeates all the structures of our society: kindergarten, school, family, army, university, labor collectives, public organizations. This problem is very relevant and significant in our time, since the future of our country depends on the younger generation and teachers are faced with the difficult task of forming all the necessary qualities that will create a stable foundation for the development of an individual - a patriot of their country.

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D.D. Lyabina, student T.L. Skrypnikova, senior lecturer.

Patriotism of Russian people in the war of 1812 based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

An army of half a million, which had won the reputation of being invincible in Europe, under the leadership of the great commander Napoleon, suddenly fell on Russian soil. But she encountered powerful opposition. The army and the entire people stood united against the conquerors, defending their Motherland and their independence to the last drop of blood.
“In the War of 1812, the issue of life and death of the Fatherland was decided. For all Russian people then there was a common desire - the expulsion of the French from Russia and the extermination of their army... The goal of the people was to cleanse their land from invasion.”

The French rapidly advanced inland from its western borders. Residents of all cities and villages heroically defended their land. In the hero city of Smolensk, when the enemy approached, severe fires began. Residents abandoned all their property, set fire to their houses and left the city. In the novel, Tolstoy shows a wealthy merchant from Smolensk who distributes goods from his shop to soldiers. “Get everything, guys! Don’t get it from the devils,” shouted Feropontov. “Russia has decided!.. I’ll set it on fire myself. I made up my mind” and ran to my house.

After the capture of Smolensk, Napoleonic army advanced towards Moscow. Napoleon was firmly confident of his victory. But the Russian people did not give up. The peasants did not sell food to the French army for any money. “The Karps and Vlass did not bring hay to Moscow for the good money they were offered, but burned it.” The feeling of patriotism that gripped all Russian people when danger arose united the entire people into a single whole. The consciousness of the rightness of their cause gave the entire people enormous strength.

Partisan detachments were organized throughout the country. Elder Vasilisa beat hundreds of Frenchmen, and the village sexton led the partisan detachment. The detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov also had quite a few Frenchmen on their account. A simple Russian peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty caught “looters” near Gzhat and was “the most useful and brave man” in Denisov’s detachment.

“The club of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, without considering anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion was destroyed.” Napoleon had not seen such courage and perseverance that were shown by Russian soldiers on the Borodino field during all the years of war and conquest. The soldiers knew that something very important was being decided here, on which their future lives depended. Before the battle, the soldiers stopped drinking vodka and put on clean shirts. Everyone's faces were tense, and in every feature of this face there was an inexorable firmness, and the eyes had a strange, unnatural shine.

Napoleon sat on a folding chair and watched the progress of the battle. For the first time in all these years of his army’s victorious march across Europe, the thought of defeat arose in him. All the events that befell him upon entering Russia rapidly flashed through his head. He felt terrified. He increasingly felt his failure, which began right here, on the Borodino field. Despite the fact that the Russian army was almost destroyed, the heroism of Kutuzov, Bagration, officers and soldiers won a moral victory over the French army.

The Russian army had to retreat, and Napoleon was at the goal of his invasion. He stood on Poklonnaya Hill and waited for a delegation of Muscovites with the keys to Moscow, admiring the beautiful blue sky and the shine of the golden domes of the capital's churches. But he didn’t wait. “For the Russian people there could be no question whether things would be good or bad under French rule in Moscow. It was impossible to be under the control of the French: this was the worst of all... The entire population, like one person, abandoning their property, flowed from Moscow, showing with this negative action the full strength of their national feeling.”

Both ordinary Muscovites and wealthy nobles behaved heroically. The Rostovs left all their expensive paintings, carpets and tapestries, all their valuables, and placed the wounded on the carts that had been emptied of their belongings. Count Bezukhov, a good-natured and gentle Pierre, remained in Moscow to defend the capital and kill Napoleon.

Moscow greeted Napoleon with terrible conflagrations and deserted streets. An army entered Moscow, which could still be called an army, but after five weeks crowds of dirty, ragged robbers left. The morale of the army was undermined and no force could raise it. The wisdom and foresight of the great commander, father of the people Kutuzov, and the nationwide patriotism of the Russian people decided the fate of Napoleon and his army. Napoleon realized how great the spirit of independence and freedom, love for his Motherland is in the Russian people.

Oleg Anatolyevich

The patriotic spirit of the Russian People manifested itself already in the first months of the war. In Moscow alone, 12 militia divisions and 25 fighter battalions were formed. Front-line writer K. Simonov said then about Moscow: “ A city that looks like a Russian man, is as invincible as the Russian man himself" Moscow power, they said at that time, is the enemy’s grave. We will stand as one, and we will not surrender Moscow.

The patriotic impulse of the Russian people manifested itself in numerous cases of heroism in various areas of national life, both among the military and among civilians.

Captain's plane N. F. Gastello On June 26, 1941, during the bombing of an enemy tank column on the Radoshkevichi-Molodechno road, he received a hole in the gas tank. There was a fire. Then Gastello, together with the crew (lieutenants A. A. Budenyuk, G. N. Skorobogatov and senior sergeant A. A. Kalinin) decided not to leave the plane by parachute. The burning car was aimed at a cluster of tanks, cars and gas tanks, which exploded along with the plane, destroying many dozens of German soldiers and a large amount of military equipment.

Another pilot V. V. Talalikhin, Aug 7 1941, in an air battle, rammed an enemy bomber, destroying it. Subsequently he shot down 5 more enemy aircraft. In Oct. 1941 died heroically in an air battle.

A brilliant example of the mass heroism of a Russian soldier was shown by the soldiers of the 316th Rifle Division under the command of General I.V. Panfilov. In the battle of Moscow in October-November. In 1941, the soldiers of this division entered into heavy defensive battles with superior enemy forces west of Volokolamsk. November 16, when the Germans launched a new offensive to capture Moscow, 28 Panfilov fighters led by commander V. G. Klochkov took up defensive positions in the area of ​​the Dubosekovo junction near Volokolamsk. Before the battle, the commander addressed the soldiers with the words: “ Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat, Moscow is behind " In a 4-hour battle, Panfilov’s heroes knocked out 18 German tanks, but almost all were killed, and on November 17. Their general also died. For heroism in battle, the division received the name Guards and was named after I.V. Panfilov.

The war provided more and more examples of the heroic self-sacrifice of Russian soldiers. Infantry School Cadet A. Matrosov voluntarily went to the front as a private. 23 Feb 1943, in the battle for the village of Chernushki (Kalinin Front), he broke through to an enemy bunker and closed the embrasure with his body, sacrificing himself to ensure the success of his unit. Sailors saved the lives of dozens of his comrades who found themselves under targeted enemy fire. Taking advantage of the enemy's confusion, Russian soldiers went on the attack and ousted the invaders.

A special form of the patriotic movement was the partisan struggle behind enemy lines, which could not be stopped by the brutal repressions of the occupiers. Even before the outbreak of hostilities, the German leadership prepared a document stating that civilians suspected of crimes against German troops should be shot without trial, and that German soldiers should not be prosecuted for crimes against the civilian population. On July 23, Field Marshal Keitel issued an order which stated: " Considering the vast expanses of the occupied territories in the East, the available armed forces to maintain security in these territories will be sufficient only if any resistance is punished not by prosecuting the perpetrators, but by creating such a system of terror on the part of the armed forces that will be sufficient to in order to eradicate from the population any intention of resistance. Commanders must find means to carry out this order through the use of draconian measures" The immense cruelty of the German occupiers gave impetus to the general partisan struggle against the conquerors. The German invaders paid for the national humiliation of the Russians and cruelty towards them with the blood of tens of thousands of their soldiers who died at the hands of the people's avengers.

By the end of 1941, several hundred underground organizations and more than 2 thousand partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, providing great support to the Russian army. The partisans destroyed headquarters, attacked garrisons, blew up warehouses and bases, cars and trains.

Already during the winter offensive of the Russian Army of 1941-42, partisans, in cooperation with troops, attacked communications, enemy headquarters and warehouses, participated in the liberation of populated areas, directed Russian aircraft at enemy targets, and assisted airborne assaults. In Jan. 1942, in the Znamenka area, Smolensk partisans liberated 40 villages and hamlets and provided assistance to the 4th Airborne Corps during landing and combat operations, and in February. carried out an attack on Dorogobuzh, expelling the invaders from it.

During the summer battles of 1942, the partisans diverted 24 enemy divisions, 14-16 of which were constantly used to guard communications. In Aug. There were 148 crashes of military trains with soldiers and equipment, on September. - 152, in Oct. - 210, on Nov. - 238.

Unlike the Patriotic War of 1812, in the fighting of 1941-45, only a small part of the partisan detachments fought spontaneously and independently, while the majority of them were controlled from Moscow. By 1943, the partisan movement was centralized to a strategic scale, carried out under unified leadership of the combat activities of the partisans, stable communication between partisan headquarters and detachments, and interaction with units of the Russian Army.

A striking example of the successful interaction of the Russian army with partisan detachments was the Belarusian operation of 1944, during which the partisans became, as it were, a fifth front, along with the four advancing fronts of the regular Russian Army.

In June 1944, 150 partisan brigades and 449 detachments with a total number of more than 143 thousand people were concentrated in the Belarusian forests, not counting the reserve of 250 thousand people. (including 123 thousand armed). Most of the reserves of the German Army Group Center were constrained by the fight against partisans. In preparation for the operation in May-June, the partisans identified and confirmed information about 287 enemy units and formations, 33 headquarters, 900 garrisons, defensive lines 985 km long, 130 anti-aircraft batteries, 70 large warehouses located in the rear; established the composition and organization of 108 enemy military units, discovered 319 field postal stations, 30 airfields and 11 landing sites; recorded the passage and composition of 1642 trains, captured 105 operational documents.

On the night of June 20, the partisans carried out a massive attack on all the most important railway communications, blowing up over 40 thousand rails. The movement of German troops completely stopped in the Orsha - Borisov, Orsha - Mogilev, Molodechno - Polotsk, Molodechno - Lida, Baranovichi - Osipovichi, Baranovichi - Minsk, etc. sector. The partisans constantly attacked the enemy and blew up 147 trains on June 26-28 alone. Partisan detachments supported the Russian army in crossing the rivers Berezina, Sluch, Ptich, Drut, Lekhva, Neman and others. The partisans prevented the enemy from organizing an offensive, terrorizing him with constant attacks, forcing enemy units to turn off the roads, abandon military equipment and leave in small groups through the forests, suffering heavy losses. The people's avengers liberated and held a number of settlements until the approach of the Russian army, and with the approach of tank units they acted as tank landing forces and participated in the liberation of Minsk, Slutsk, Borisov, Mogilev, Pinsk and other cities. With the help of partisan detachments, forests were cleared of small enemy groups with the complete elimination of the enemy. In total, only in the Belarusian operation, Russian partisans destroyed St. 15 thousand enemy soldiers and officers and more than 17 thousand were captured. They also executed thousands of traitors to the Motherland, policemen and other traitors who collaborated with the enemy. The scale of the people's partisan war against the German occupiers reflected the high patriotic rise of the Russian People, their ardent hatred of the enemy, which had no analogues in world history. Names of partisan heroes such as Z. Kosmodemyanskaya, A. F. Fedorov, S. A. Kovpak and many more etc., have gained wide popularity among the people.

For a partisan Z. Kosmodemyanskaya the war was a feat, the goal of which was to destroy the enemy at any cost, and if necessary, without hesitation to sacrifice one’s life. Captured by the German occupiers, before her execution she shows great courage and contempt for her enemies. Addressing the Russian peasants, rounded up by the occupiers for the public hanging of the heroine, Zoya shouted in a loud and clear voice: “Hey, comrades! Why are you looking sad? Be bolder, fight, beat the fascists, burn them, poison them!” The German standing next to him swung his hand and wanted to either hit her or cover her mouth, but she pushed his hand away and continued: “I’m not afraid to die, comrades. It’s happiness to die for your people.” The photographer had photographed the gallows from a distance and close up and was now positioning himself to photograph it from the side. The executioners looked restlessly at the commandant, and he shouted to the photographer: “Hurry!” Then Zoya turned towards the commandant and shouted to him and the German soldiers: “ You'll hang me now, but I'm not alone. There are two hundred million of us. You can't outweigh everyone. You will be avenged for me. Soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender, victory will still be ours!“The executioner pulled the rope, and the noose squeezed Zoya’s throat. But she spread the noose with both hands, rose up on her toes and shouted, straining all her strength: “ Farewell, comrades! Fight, don't be afraid! Stalin is with us! Stalin will come! »

The patriotic movement to voluntarily collect money and material assets for the needs of the front became widespread. Fundraising for the construction of military equipment has become especially popular. It was initiated by Russian peasants of the Tambov and Saratov regions. In Oct. 1942 at the collective farm "Signal of the Revolution" Saratov region in one day we collected 170 thousand rubles. for the construction of a combat aircraft. By 10 Dec. The peasants of this region donated 33.5 million rubles. for the construction of aircraft. In the Tambov region. within two weeks the peasants contributed to the construction tank column "Tambov collective farmer" 40 million rubles

In n. Dec. 1942 beekeeper F. P. Golovaty from the village of Stepnoy, Saratov region. contributed 100 thousand rubles. on a plane for the Stalingrad Front. In the Saratov region. 44 peasants contributed from 100 to 300 thousand rubles. every. These personal initiatives spread throughout the country. From the very beginning of the war, Russian peasants sent parcels with various gifts to the army, primarily with warm clothes. In just three months of 1941, 1.2 million pairs of felt boots, more than 2 million sheepskins, 2.2 million pairs of woolen gloves and mittens, St. 2 million short fur coats.

In Orthodox parishes in cities and villages, funds were collected for defense needs, for gifts to soldiers, for the maintenance of the wounded in hospitals and orphans in orphanages. 30 Dec 1942 mit. Sergius (Stragorodsky) addressed the congregation with an appeal to raise funds for the construction of a tank column named after. Dmitry Donskoy. In response to the call of the First Hierarch, more than 400 thousand rubles were collected by the clergy and laity at the Moscow Epiphany Cathedral. The entire church of Moscow collected over 2 million rubles, and in besieged, hungry Leningrad, the Orthodox Christians collected 1 million rubles. for the needs of the army; in Kuibyshev, old people and women donated 650 thousand rubles. In Tobolsk, one of the donors brought 12 thousand rubles. and wished to remain anonymous. Resident of the village Chebarkuli, Chelyabinsk region. M. A. Vodolaev wrote to the Patriarchate: “I, an elderly, childless person, with all my soul join the call of Metropolitan Sergius and contribute 1000 rubles from my labor savings, with a prayer for the speedy expulsion of the enemy from the sacred borders of our land.” Zashtatny priest of the Kalinin diocese M. M. Kolokolov donated a priestly cross, 4 silver robes from icons, a silver spoon and all his bonds to the tank column. In total, more than 78 million rubles were collected for the tank column. In Novosibirsk, Orthodox clergy and laity gave 110 thousand for the construction of aircraft Siberian squadron "For the Motherland". Unknown pilgrims brought a package to one Leningrad church and placed it near the icon of St. Nicholas. The package contained 150 gold 10-ruble coins of royal minting. In total, during the war, more than 200 million rubles were collected by parishes for the needs of the front, as well as warm clothes for soldiers: felt boots, mittens, padded jackets.

During the Great Patriotic War, patriotic feelings returned to many intellectuals; they realized that they were part of a great thousand-year-old community. The poem by K. Simonov: “Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region,” in which he was proud that his Russian mother “gave birth” to the world, became very significant. For many, a return to origins was the words:

You know, probably, after all, the homeland -
Not the city house where I lived on holiday,
And these country roads that our grandfathers passed through,
With simple crosses from their Russian graves.

Gained wide popularity play by K. Simonov “Russian People”, depicting the heroic features of the Russian People, the organically inherent feeling of love for the Motherland, a high understanding of one’s civic duty, the will to win, and the readiness for self-sacrifice.

A remarkable achievement of Russian wartime literature was poem by A. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”, who created an epic folklore image of a daring Russian soldier, selflessly loving his Motherland, capable of heroic deeds without false pathos, perceiving heroism as everyday work with a lively and sly soldier’s joke.

Writer during the war M. Sholokhov created the story “The Science of Hate”(1942), in 1943-44 chapters from novel "They Fought for the Motherland", in which he set out to show the feat of the Russian People in the Great Patriotic War.

U L. Leonov’s play “Invasion” appeared in 1942”, followed by “Lenushka” (1943) and the story “The Capture of Velikomushsk”. All of them are imbued with a deep, unshakable faith in the victory of the Russian People over the German invaders. In the play “Invasion,” the writer revealed the depth of Russian patriotic feeling, which burns out everything small and insignificant in a person’s soul.

Russian songwriters created new popular songs, imbued with deep love for the Motherland, sacred hatred of the enemy, glorifying the steadfastness and dedication of the Russian People, the fearlessness and valor of its famous heroes. In the songs of the war years, the features of concentration, stern determination, and concentration of the people's will are enhanced. Among the songwriters of those years, V. Lebedev-Kumach (“Holy War”), M. Isakovsky (“Katyusha”, “And Who Knows Him”, “In the Forest at the Front”, “Ogonyok”, “Oh, My Mists…”, “Enemies burned their home”, “Everything froze again until dawn”, “Migratory birds are flying”).

Wartime brought to life many new proverbs and sayings. Proverbial appeals, eyewitnesses say, were written on billboards and displayed at crossroads: “ The bastard is crawling towards Leningrad and he himself is not happy; shoots his teeth at Moscow - he’ll get even stronger»; « Hitler won’t have to make a sea out of Leningrad and a field out of Moscow»; « Let's meet the Germans not with pies, but with batogs».

There are especially many proverbs about Moscow: “ The fascist eye sees Moscow, but the tooth is numb»; « Close, Hitler, Moscow, but you won’t bite»; « Don't let an acorn grow in the grass, don't be an enemy in Moscow»; « Moscow is like granite: no one can defeat it ».

Hatred of the enemy was expressed in the following proverbs: “ The fascist is disgusting - he is greedy for murder»; « If you fall into the hands of the Nazis, you will suffer torment»; « The Nazis are quick to kill and torture».

The restoration of guards units in the Russian Army was welcomed by the people as follows: “ Suvorov's covenant is sacred: the guards stand to death»; « The best army soldier is our guardsman»; « From the guards' grip the fascist seems to be on his heels»; « Guards glory is poison to enemies».

Dozens of new catchwords appear: “ The Nazis wanted to rest in Moscow, but they had to die near Moscow»; « The Nazis wanted to come to Moscow to visit, but they left their bones near Moscow»; « To Moscow - on tanks, and from Moscow - on sleds»; « The Krauts started a parade in Moscow, but did not return from near Moscow»; « To Moscow - “Hoh!”, and from Moscow - “Oh!”»; « Hitler went to Moscow, but Bitler left"(i.e. broken); " Hitler wanted to swallow Russia, but he choked on Moscow»; « Hitler walked towards Moscow with the royal crown, but flew away from Moscow like a wet crow».

The feeling of patriotism became the main factor in the great victory of the Russian People over the creators of the new world order.

(Emphasis in the text was made by the military-industrial complex "Sevastopol")